3. R.C.C. STAIRS s the most suitable of all the stai Reinforced concrete is perhay materials for the construction o The various advantages of reinforced concrete stairs are given below - They have requisite fire resisting qualities to a great extent - They are durable, strong, pleasing in appearance and can be easily rendered non-slippery. - They can be designed for greater widths, longer spans and any height. - They can be moulded in any desired form to suit the requirements of the architect. - They can be easily cleaned. - The cost of maintenance is almost nil. - They can be pre-cast or cast-in-situ. - To change their appearance, R.C.C. stairs can be covered/finished with thin slabs of stone, marble tiles or terrazzo finish.DESIGN PRINCIPLE AND SUPPORT SYSTEM The choice of the type of stair to be adopted depends very much upon the size of the staircase hall and the loading condition. DIFFERENT STAIR ARRANGEMENT IN CASE OF R.C.C, Single Straight Flight Stairs Inclined Slab Stairs With Half Space Landings String Beam Stairs Crancked Slab Stairs Cantilever Stairs Spiral StairsSINGLE STRAIGHT FLIGHT STAIRS: Although simple in oe eat design and FE = 5 construction, is not : popular because of the plan space it occupies The flight behaves as simply supported slab, spanning from landing to landing. # a Seon ames san * The effective span/total horizontal going is usually taken as landing edge to edge by providing a down stand edge beam to each landing. * If these edge beams are not provided, the effective span would betaken as overall of the landings, resulting in a considerably increased bending moment and hence more reinforcement.INCLINED SLAB STAIRS WITH HALF SPACE LANDINGS: STAIR WITH SLAB SPANNING LONGITUDINALLY This type of stairs gives more compact plan layout and better circulation than the single straight flight stairs. The half space or 1800 tum landing is introduced at the midpoint of the total rise, giving equal flight spans, thus reducing the effective span and hence reducing bending moment considerably. In most designs, the landings span crosswise on to a load bearing wall or beam and the flights span from landing to landing. Fig MILE Intra concrete sac with hal pace lings1 2) The point of intersection of the soffits to the flights with the landing soffits can be detailed in any of two ways: INTERSECTION OF SOFFITS IN_LINE, BUT _NOSINGS OUT OF LINE IN THE PLAN: INTERSECTION OF FLIGHTS AND LANDING SOFFITS ARE OUT OF LINE O THE UNDERSIDE, BUT THE NOSINGS IN LINE ON PLAN ie. first and last riser in consecutive flights in line on Fy WL2 tc Sab conn wit ha sce ndags1) INTERSECTION OF SOFFITS IN LINE, BUT NOSINGS OUT OF LINE IN THE PLAN: i.e. first and last riser in the consecutive flights are not in line an ey rn tH ‘oistibution Reinforcement = (wh Section FIG. 1421 RCC. DOG LEGGED STAIR2) INTERSECTION OF FLIGHTS AND LANDING SOFFITS ARE OUT OF LINE ON THE UNDERSIDE, BUT THE NOSINGS IN LINE ON PLAN i.e. first and last riser in consecutive flights are in line Fa MILE inched slats conerete stair wth hall space LandingsSTRING BEAM STAIRS: STAIR WITH SLA. In this category, the slab is supported on one side by side wall or stringer beam and on the other side by a stringer beam Le. a string or edge beam is used to span from landing to landing to resist bending moment with the steps spanning horizontally. In this case, the waist slab is thinner and an overall saving in the concrete volume required can be achieved, but this saving in material is usually offset by the extra formwork cost required for string beam. The string beam can be either up stand or down stand in format and can be on both sides if stairs are free standing. LLY 190, 1438, STAIR SLAW SPAHRAWO HORIZONTALLY. ©Each step is designed as spanning horizontally with the bending moment equal to wIl/8, where w is the uniformly distributed load per unit area on the step, inclusive of the self weight. Sometimes, for wider steps, a central string beam spanning between the end walls or column is provided on which st slab is designed as slab cantilevering from both the sides of the string beamCRANCKED SLAB STAIRS: * These stairs are very often used as a special feature since the half space landing has no visible support being designed as a cantilever slab. s are induced with this form of * Bending, Buckling and torsion str design creating the need for the reinforcement to both faces of the landing and the waist slab. * Hence the amount of reinforcement required is high which can sometimes create site problem with regards to placing and compacting the concrete.CANTILEVER STAIRS: TT anpite They are also called spine wall stairs. They consist of a central vertical wall from which the flights and half space landings are cantilevered. The wall provides a degree of fire rm therefore used mainly for the escape stairs. Since both flights and landings are cantilevered the reinforcement is placed in the top of the flight slab and in the upper surface of the landing to counteract the induced negative moment. The plan arrangement can be a single straight flight or two flights with half space landings. ance between the flights and isR.C.C.SPIRAL AND HELICAL STAIRS Mainly used as accommodation stairs in the foyers of prestige buildings such as theatres, banks, commercial complexes etc. Can be expensive to construct- normally at least seven times the cost of conventional stairs. The plan shape is generally based on a circle; it is also possible to design an open spiral stair with an elliptical core, which is known as helical stairs. The spiral an be designed around a central large diameter circular column, where the steps are cantilevered from that, or in case of helical stairs, can be designed as open circular well.A large amount of _ steel reinforcement is used to resist the bending moment, shear force and torsional moment. The continuous slab varies in thickness from top to bottom- less at top and increasing at the bottom. There are two or three sets of reinforcement with top and bottom layer in each: — Continuous bars running the length of the spiral = Cross or radial bars — Diagonal bars laid tangential in two directions to the inner curve.LAYOUT OF A SPIRAL STAIRWAY The diameter of a spiral stairway (up! right), must be equal to the width of the tread multiplied by the number of steps and divided by Pi (3.1416). If we set out from a diameter larger than 2 m, it is advisable for the stairway to have a central wellhole instead of an upright, since the angle of the treads is excessively reduced. Rises of less than 18 cm should not be foreseen for spiral Stairways. ‘The tread line is not found iin the middle of the upright. Instead, it is separated, depending on the width of the ‘stairway, between 25 and 40 cm from the external part of the steps. The headroom must not be less than 220 cm. The last two steps, joined as one only, are normally used for the landing. if we divide the headroom under the landing upright between the number of steps, we shall obtain the height of the rise.CALCULATIONS TO BEAR IN MIND WHEN BUIL- DING SPIRAL STAIRWAYS The passage of a spiral stairway is the height covered by the steps when climbing a complete turn. The rise is equal to the division of the passage by the number of steps. The tread is calculated by dividing the circle's area onthe stairway’s ground-plan by the number of steps. In order to calculate the development of the railing, we must consider its spiral shape. This is the formula:& i ® 32 | Se Bor ES : Ss mas ae XN . 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