4. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Aortic Stenosis or enlargement of the aorta with a
 Failure of ductus arteriosus to close.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
 Continuous machinery-like murmur.
 Present or prominent radial pulse.
 ECG reveals left ventricular
hypertrophy
MANAGEMENT:
 Indomethacin- prostaglandin inhibitor
that facilitates closure of the Ductus
Arteriosus.
SURGERY:
 Ligation of PDA by 3 to 4 years old via
thoracotomy
Prostaglandins are responsible for
maintaining the patency of the ductus
arteriosus and the ductus closes
when this prostaglandin effect is
withdrawn
5. Pulmonary Stenosis
 refers to the narrowing of the
pulmonary artery causing congestion
to the right ventricle or pulmonic valve
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
 Typical systolic ejection murmur
 S2 sound is widely split
 A thrill may be present
 ECG reveals right ventricular
hypertrophy
MANAGEMENT:
 Balloon Sternotomy
 Pulmonary Valvotomy
 Grafting
6.
 Narrowing of aorta graft.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:  Monitor BP in all four extremities
 ECG reveals left ventricular
hypertrophy
 May exhibit symptoms similar to CYANOTIC HEART DEFECT
angina 1. Transposition of Great Arteries
MANAGEMENT: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
 Balloon Sternotomy  Cyanosis after first cry.
 Valvotomy  Polycythemia-increased RBC
production as a compensatory
mechanism of the body due to
7. Duplication of Aortic Arch decreased oxygen supply
 is doubling of the arch of aorta causing →Thrombus formation → embolus
compression to the trachea and CVAor stroke.
esophagus.  ECG reveals cardiomegaly.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: MANAGEMENT:
 Dysphagia  Palliative repair: Rashkind procedure
 Dyspnea  The catheter contains a
 ECG reveals left ventricular balloon that expands a
naturally occurring hole in
hypertrophy
MANAGEMENT: your baby’s heart.
 Closed Heart Surgery  Complete repair: Mustard procedure
 Redirect caval blood flow to
the left atrium which then
8. Coartication of Aorta pumps blood to the left
ventricle which then pumps
 is the narrowing of the aortic arch.
the deoxygenated blood to the
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
lungs.
 Absent femoral pulse
 BP higher in upper extremities and
lower in lower extremities.
2. Total Anomalous Pulmonary
 ECG reveals left ventricular
Venous Return
hypertrophy
 Epistaxis  is a situation wherein the pulmonary
vein instead of entering the left atrium,
MANAGEMENT:
it enters the right atrium or superior
 Closed heart surgery-surgical
resection of the narrowed portion and vena cava.
end-to-end anastomosis of the aorta
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: The medication alprostadil (Prostin VR  Tet spells or blue spells-short
 Open foramen ovale. Pediatric) helps widen the blood vessels and episodes’ hypoxia.
 Right to left shunt. keeps the  Growth and Mental retardation.
 Mild to moderate cyanosis. ductus arteriosus open. Breathing assistance.  X-ray reveals boot-shaped heart.
 Aspleenia- absent spleen MANAGEMENT:
MANAGEMENT:  Oxygen therapy after 1 month old.
 Reconstructing the heart 5. Tricuspid Atresia  Morphine Sulfate- to relieve hypoxic
 is the failure of the tricuspid valve to episode
open  Propranolol (Inderal) - beta blockers to
3. Truncus Arteriosus SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: decrease heart spasm.
 refers to a situation where in the aorta Open foramen ovale.  Palliative Repair: Blalock –Taussig
and pulmonary artery arise from one Right to left shunting. procedure (BLT)- anastomosis of the
common vessel with VSD. MANAGEMENT: subclavian artery to the pulmonary
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:  Fontan procedure -corrective surgery artery to increase pulmonary blood
 Cyanosis that connects the right atrium to the flow.
 Polycythemia pulmonary system via an ASD and
MANAGEMENT: VSD
 Modified Rastelli Procedure

6. Tetralogy of Fallot
4. Hypoplastic Left Heart  Birth defect that affects normal blood
Syndrome flow through the heart.
 is a nonfunctioning left ventricle.  It happens when a baby's heart does
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: not form correctly as the baby grows
 Cyanosis and develops in the mother's womb
 Polycythemia during pregnancy.  Complete Repair: Brock procedure.
MANAGEMENT: 4 ANOMALIES PRESENT: (PVOR)
 Administration of Prostaglandin-E, to P- ulmonary stenosis
keep ductus arteriosus open V- entricular septal defect
 Norwood procedure –palliative surgery O- verriding of aorta or Dextroposition of
to establish pulmonary aorta
 and aortic blood flow and create a R- ight ventricular hypertrophy
large ASD. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
 High degree of cyanosis.
 Heart Transplant
 Polycythemia
 Severe dyspnea-relieved by squatting
of knee chest position.
 Syncope-fainting.
 JONES CRITERIA FOR RHEUMATIC HEART  Aspirin when given with viral infections
DISEASE can lead to:
ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE  Reye's Syndrome
1. Rheumatic Heart Disease - Encephalopathy accompanied by fatty
 an inflammatory disease after two infiltration of organs such as liver and
weeks of Group A Beta Hemolytic brain.
Streptococcal infection.

 Sweet candies → No oral care →

Sore throat/tonsillitis2 weeks ago→
invaded by the Strep A-secretes
toxinsto the circulation inferior/superior
vena cava of theheart right atrium →
tricuspid valve → right ventricle->> TREATMENT:
mitral valve aerobic→ lungs →  Penicillin
pulmonary veinbacteria to form
 Salicylates
aschoff bodies.
NURSING CARE:
 Aschoff Bodies – rounded nodules in
 Complete bed rest.
the mitral valve containing
 Avoid contact sports.
multinucleated cells and fibroblasts
AFFECTED BODY PARTS:  Prepare for Culture and Sensitivity
 most common: throat through throat swab.
 musculoskeletal  Administer antibiotic to prevent
 cardiac muscles and valves recurrence
 integumentary  Give aspirin (ASA) as anti-
 CNS inflammatory