Network Flows 1. the flow in an arc is only in one directions 2, flow into a node = flow out of a node 3, flow into the network = flow out of the network Balancing Chemical Equations 1. add x's before each combo and both side 2, carbo = xt + 2(x3), set as system, solve Matrix ‘augmented __variables and solu matrix on(ths) coefficient coefficients only, no rhs matrix See) ‘maginitude (norm) of vector vis [fs Ivl| 20 ife0, kvsame direction magnitude = asy rat if ke0, kv opposite magnitude = | direction tov ist vectors in R" (n= VE (UT V2, oy dimension) vn) 1P2=0P2-OP1 displacement vector norm/magnitude of vector sqrt( (v1) It ay) Iv =0 MF v=0 it = Is unit vector u in same Ay wip v directasv e1=(10..)..en= standard unit (0,...1) in R" vector uy) = sqnt(ut-vty? + (02-029. (unm?) = [evil Vectors, Norm, Dot Product (cont) Sutvisuw2 — dot product, -tunve, {lull Ilvi| eos(@) and v are orthogonal if u'v = 0 (cos(@) = 0) a set of vectors is an orthogonal set if viv) tie] ‘a set of vectors is an orthonormal set iff vivj = if], and ji] = 1 for al (uv? s lulPiMi? oF Cauchy-Schwarz luv ful vil Inequality uy) Sd(uw)+ Triangle Inequatty ators) Huu] Hl * IL Ut v2... VAI= IVE + IZ + IVA ers ‘a vector equation with parameter t x=x0+ ty, erteesy solutin sot for 3 dimension linear equation is aplane if isa point on this plane m(x-x0) = 0 {(point-normal equation) Alex0)+By-y0)+C@%20) = x0= ° general/algebraic equation ‘two planes are parallel fmt = kn2, orthogonal if nt-ni Dea aon Lue eLolast (A+ B= (AN + (Bl (A- B= ANI - ei (All = (AD B= Ali (ABM = altb4j + 2i2b2) +... aikbky Inner Product (number) is u'v = uv, u and v Outer Product (matrix) is wv", u and v can be any size (alytsa (eayl = Kay (ase) = aT +87 (apy" = BAT {n(AB) = tr(BA) trquy") = trqvuty WA)=att+az2_+ | (AE= Ali Identity matrix is square matrix with 1 along diagonals, IfAls mxn,ACIn = A and Cima =A, square matixis — AB= = BA invertibie(nonsingular) it Bisthe inverse ofA B= At IFA hasno inverse, A isnot invertible (singular) dot(A) = ad -be + O's invertible Ais invertible: (asyt=etat eayy | atyteweyt KIA"), k20 oc ehieen elementary matrices are invertible AT = Ek Ek-1.. E264 TAI} > 1G At] (how to find inverse of A) Ax =bix= A'bSe ee Ric (cont) = A> RREF = 0 ~Acan be express as a product of & = Ais invertbie = Ax=0 has only the trivial solution ~ Ac =b is consistent for every vector b in e = Ae =b has esctly 1 solution for every bin a ~ colum and rowvectors of Aare linealy independent = detia) #0 - A= Oisnotan eigenvalue of A = TAis one to one and onto if not then all no, EAx =Eb->Rx=b', where b' = Eb (Ax-b) [A | b] > [EA | Eb](Rx =D) (but treat b as unknown: b1, b2.. For itto be consistent, if has zero rows at the bottom, b' that row must equal to zero Linear Combination of the vectors: vectvt +22 (use mattix to find c) Homogeneous Non-homog- Homogeneous Non-homog- xpis any solution of NH system ‘and xh is a solution of H exp th system Seer then witw2 are within S and kwt is within S =the zero vector Oi self fs @ subspace = RT is a subspace of all vectors = Lines and planes through the origin are subspaces = The set ofall vectors b such that Ax= bis ‘consistent, is a subspace IEW, v2, «ve is any set of vectors in R®, then the set W of alllinear combinations of these vector is a subspace We=(clv1 +622 +... ckvk}; care within real numbers. =the span of a set of vectors { v1, v2, .. vk) Is the set of all linear combinations of these vectors span (V4, V2, on ORD = ETM (QV, RD WS = (v4, v2, «vA then W = span(S) isa subspace ‘Ax = is consistent ifand only ifb is 2 linear combination of col(A) Pet if unique solution for a set of vectors, ten itis nearly independent clvt + ¢2v2... envn allthec=0 for dependent, not all the c = 0 Dependent if: ~a near combination of the other vectors =a scalar multiple of the other a set of more than n vectors in R” Independent if: =the span of these two vectors form a plane Linear Independent (cont) «list the vectors as the columns ofa matrix, row reduce it, if many solution, ten itis dependent -afler RREF, the columns with leading 1's are a maxmially linearly independent subset according to Pivot Theorem Diagonal, Triangular, Symmetric Matrices Diagonal all zeros along the Matrices diagonal Lower zeros above diagonal Triangular Upper zeros below the Triangular diagonal Symmetric it ATS A Skew-Symm T= A etricif del(A) = atjCtj + expansion along aCZ.. + anjCrj jth column det(A) = aitcit + expansion along a2Gi2...+ainCin the throw cy = (1 Mi ‘Mij = deleted ith row and jth column matrix = pick the one with most zeros to calculate det(a") = otis) delat) = tidet(A) del(AB) = del(A)deliB) —det{kA) = kde) = As invertibie iff det(A) not equal 0 - det of triangular or diagonal matrix is the product of the diagonal entries det(A) for 2x2 matix ad - beFeuer Recess ‘adi(a) = CT CT = matrix confactor off AT =(1/det(A))——ad(A)A= det(A) 1 aga) XT=del(A1)/ x2 = del(A2)/ det(A) det(A) xn = det(An) det(A) not equal 0 dei(A) ‘Anis the matrix when the nth column is replaced by b a hyperplane in atxt + a2x2... + an R" > ~ can also written as ax =b to find aPe ax = 0, ind the span I Als 2x2 matrix ~ |dot(A)| Is the area of parallelogram If Als 313 matrix - [det(A)| Is the volume of parallelepiped - subtract points to got three vectors, then. make it to 4 matrix to find the area/volume uxve-vx — kuxv)= (ku) x v= ux (ky) uxu=0 parallel vectors has 0 for cp. u@xy=0 vuxyso u xvis perpendicular to span {u, v} |lu x v= [lull vl sin(theta), where theta is the angle between vectors ert complex number ari (a+b) +(e +88) = (a +6) +0 +4) (a+ 1b)-(c+ 1d) =(a-0)+ (0-4) (2+ 1b) (© +id) = (ac + ba) + Wad + be) (a + bx) (6+ dx) = (ac + bast) + x(ad * be) Pe zearib zbar=a-ib the lengtimagnituds) of l= sqrttz xz vector bar = eait(a? + b?) z= 4i2=zbar/ ei? 2A f22= 2122" Z= f2|(c0s(0) +1 (Sin(0)) polar form = a) 122 = [eA] [z2| (cos(01 + 02) + | (sin(O1 + 62) 2422 = |21|/ 22I (cos(O1 - 02) + I (sin(6t - 02) zh =P(cosin) +isinin r= Be a) al he's = cos(a) + | sin(@) Pat =o 2122 = rir2el ©1 + 82) mee 2A e2= et /12 ol 1 re eee ed a dot{Al - A) = (-1)" detiA - Al) pa(A) = 3x3: dot(A- A); 212: dota - A) = solve for (Al -A)k = 0 for eigenvectors Work Flow: form matrix = compute pa(a) = det(Al- A) find roots of pa(h) -> eigenvalues of A = plug in roots then solve for the equation cura) f£R-> R™, n = domain, m = co-domain 1, x2, xn) = (1, ym) T:R"> R™ isa linear transformatin If {or any linear transformation, T(0) = 0 RO=[Tet) T(e2)] = [cos matrix for ~sin6] rotation {sind 0080] reflection across y-axis: The, y) = (XY) reflection across x-avis: T(x, y) 1%) reflection across diagonal y =x, Ty) = 0. » orthogonal projection onto the x-axis: T(x, y) =, 0) cthognal projection onto the y-axis: Ty) =Qy) u= (1 ||vi))v; express it vertically as ut and w A= (uty? wun, {utu2 «uaF contraction with 0: 4 (stretch) bx yl -> [hoe ky} compression in x-direction fx, yl > [hx y] projection matrix compression in y-direction fx, yl > bx, ky] shear in x-direction T(xy) = (x+y, yi bethy (1, ), ¥(0, 1)) shear in y-direction T(x) = (x, yx): Be(4, 0), (KH orthogonal projection on the xy-plane: [x,y q orthogonal projaction on the xz-plane: [x, 0, al orthogonal projection on the yz-plane: [0, y, a reflection about the xy-plane: x, ¥.2] reflection about the xz-plane: (x, -y, 2] reflection about the yz-pla iCr Rue al ‘an orthogonal transformation is a linear transformation T; R" -> R" that preserves lengths; [IT(u)l= full IFT) = tal <=> T(0)T0) = xy forall xy in Rm ‘orthogonal matrix is square matrix A such thataT= At 4. if Ais orthogonal, then sos AT and A 2, @ product of orthonal matrices is orthogonal 3. if Ais orthogonal, then del(A) = 1 or 4.11 Ais orthogonal, then rows and columns ofA are each orthonormal sets of vectors Kern Picea ker) isthe set ofall vectors x such that T(x) =0, RREF mattis, find the vector, ker(1) = span(v)} the solution space of Ax= 0s the nul space; all) = ker) range of, ran(T) is the set of veetors y such that y =T( for some x ran(T) = col({T}) = span{ [col4], {col2] => Important Facts: 41. T is one to one iff ker(T) = (0) 2. Ax= b, if consistent, has a unique solution iffnul(A) = (0); c= has oniy the trivial solution iff nul’) = (0} Important facts 2 1.7:R" > RM is onto ifthe system Tx = y has a solution xin R” for every yin R™ 2. Ax= bis consistent for every bin R™Ais, conto) if eo) = R" The composition of T2 with Tt is: T2* Tt (72° Ty= Tarp), T2° THERE» ‘compostion of linear transformations corres- ponds to matrix application: [12 + T1]= [11] 7 Kernel, Range, Composition (cont) T(er+e2)] = [Te] «(TEN rotate then shear * shear then rotale linear trans T: R"=2R™ has an inver: T is one toone, T1: RM > R", Tx=y <=> x= Ty for Reto Rn, (T'}= (17's (TT mim ‘ns identity transformation; Dn is identity mate eee S isa basis for the subspace V of R° it S is linearly idenpendent and span(S) = V = tne dim) row(A) = rows with leading ones after RREF kis the # of vectors, ‘col(A) = columns with leading ones from original A null(A) = free variable's vectors nul(AT) = after transform, the free variable vector ‘The Rank Theorem: rank(A) = rank(A) for ‘any matrix have the same dimension, rank(A) = #of free vectors in span «imrow()) = dim(ool(A)) = rank(A) dim (null) = nulty(A) Sa ce veR"|vew for allw <8) S'isa subspace of R; S* = span(S)' = W* row(A)'= null) subspace colfAy'=nua(A") nul)! = col) rank(A) + nullity(A) = Theorem a (k+ (wk) =n) ‘The Dimension Alsmxnmatix IfWisa subspace —dim(W) + dimov) = of" n