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    While Kurt Lewin is often cited as the originator of action research in 1944, there is evidence that other researchers were using similar techniques earlier. Specifically, J.L. Moreno was conducting inter-action and action research as early as 1913 to improve social situations. Moreno considered social improvement as a goal of research, while taking an active participant observer role. Later, Lewin built upon Moreno's ideas and research strategies to further develop the action research paradigm.

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    While Kurt Lewin is often cited as the originator of action research in 1944, there is evidence that other researchers were using similar techniques earlier. Specifically, J.L. Moreno was conducting inter-action and action research as early as 1913 to improve social situations. Moreno considered social improvement as a goal of research, while taking an active participant observer role. Later, Lewin built upon Moreno's ideas and research strategies to further develop the action research paradigm.

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    19 views1 page

    1.1 Action

    Uploaded by

    Cynthia Anahi
    While Kurt Lewin is often cited as the originator of action research in 1944, there is evidence that other researchers were using similar techniques earlier. Specifically, J.L. Moreno was conducting inter-action and action research as early as 1913 to improve social situations. Moreno considered social improvement as a goal of research, while taking an active participant observer role. Later, Lewin built upon Moreno's ideas and research strategies to further develop the action research paradigm.

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    Within the research literature, the origin of action research is not clear.

    Holter and Schwartz-Barcott (1993, as cited in Masters, 1995) stated that


    Kurt Lewin, a German American psychologist, was the first to study action
    research in 1944. In the light of Lewin, it is not possible to separate the
    research from the action needed to solve a problem, hence the importance
    of ensuring the researcher’s involvement in the research process.

    However, there is evidence of the use of action research prior to Lewin. In


    the words of Petzold (1980) and Gunz (1986), the idea of action research
    had already begun in 1913. They argued that not Lewin but J. L. Moreno,
    a Rumanian physician, social philosopher and poet, was the first to use
    terms such as inter-action research and action research. Besides he
    considered the improvement of social situations as an aim of research.

    Sociology Phycology

    Kurt Lewin
    J. L. Moreno

    - Mix of theory, research and practice - Diagnose, interpret and guide


    - Social actions not previously planned - Outside planned change
    - Investigator: Social investigator and - Investigator: Participant observer and
    cooperator experimental researcher
    - Investigated: Active role, co-actor - Investigated: Passive role, cooperator
    - Spiritual and social levels - Scientific focus

    Table 1, Perspectives of the origin of Action research


    Note: Adapted from Gunz, 2006

    In few words, it can be said that Moreno’s ideas and research strategies
    constituted the impulse for action research paradigm developed by Lewin
    (Altrichter & Gstettner, 1993).

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