Caste; what is it?

First of all, some background. A caste system is a way of dividing a society into differently ranked
tiers of people. Although much of the caste system was defined by early Hindu Scriptures the
system became what we know it as today under colonial rule. Both the Portugese and subsequently
the colonial British regime segmented groups by caste and gave senior administrative jobs to
higher castes. Lower castes were denied access to basic healthcare and education and often
shunned entirely from society, left to do jobs considered ‘unclean’ such as waste disposal, toilet
cleaning and cremation. Dalits, also known as ‘untouchables’ who were considered to be outside of
the caste system, suffered particularly badly under this system- stories abound of ‘untouchable’
children being spat on and forced to bathe in the same water as animals.

Thanks to the tireless efforts of pioneering social campaigners like B.R. Ambedkar, caste
inequality was forced onto the agenda. After India achieved independence, quotas on employment-
known as ‘reservations’ were introduced into the Constitution, and discriminating against the lower
castes was made illegal. By 1990, the quota rose to about 49%, and it applied to groups that were
classified as "Other Backward Classes”, "Scheduled Castes," and "Scheduled Tribes" (groups of
historically disadvantaged indigenous Indians).

The problem

So why the resentment from the higher castes? Surely the reservation system merely serves as a
means of rectifying a major inequality in Indian society? Well, the answer is complex. Higher caste
children are finding it very difficult to get jobs that they previously would have gotten easily. SCs,
Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backwards Classes (OBCs) applying for government positions
don’t need to achieve as high grades as those from higher castes, therefore fostering feelings of
frustration and resentment. Sociologistshave suggested that Patels are feeling the pinch of ‘neo-
middle class syndrome’- while they aspire to achieve a better life, education remains expensive, as
do the other trappings of middle class life such as a car and a house. Meanwhile, well-paid jobs
remain scarce despite claims of an ‘economic miracle’ in the state.

However, the reservation system cannot be dismissed as token gesture—it is clearly responding to
a very real inequality. The people who benefit from the reservation system—including women,
Muslims and the disabled—compromise more than two-thirds of the population of India. Patels,
meanwhile, compromise only one-seventh of the population of Gujarat and are significantly
overrepresented in the state’s economic and social elite, but still feel that they are being unfairly
treated.

It is also very difficult to tell the difference between people opposing reservations based on actual
grievances and those simply upholding the same prejudices that have contributed to inequality in
the first place. People who say that positions should 'only be given on merit' are possibly ignoring
the fact that inherited privilege in some groups (compared to centuries of disadvantage in other
groups) has created a very uneven playing field. It's much easier to achieve 'merit' in India if you

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come from a background of wealth and opportunity. Add to this the fact that marrying outside of
your caste is highly frowned upon, meaning wealth stays within a small number of families, and it
is hardly a surprise that progress has been slow.

Why we should take notice

The levels of poverty amongst these groups is shocking. As Jasmine Rao put it ‘though illegal, the
caste system continues to be one of the key drivers of inequality in India’. Many of India’s 220
million Dalits remain excluded from society, with around 30 million trapped in quasi-slave labour
paying off the ‘debts’ of their ancestors. Meanwhile, a 2014 report found that 44% of people from
Scheduled Tribes and 34% of those from Scheduled Castes were living below the poverty line. By
all standard measures- life expectancy, infant mortality, rate of infectious disease- lower castes are
massively disproportionately affected. If you want to wipe out extreme poverty in India, then
redressing economic, social and political inequality between the castes is essential. Lower castes
continue to be denied proper education, or any education at all. Tinkering around the edges isn't
going to solve a problem this widespread, it's going to require something bold.

Solutions

The question then, is are reservations the way to tackle this imbalance between the castes? Well,
there has clearly been a significant increase in public sector employment for OBCs, SCs and STs,
which has also coincided with a drop in poverty amongst these groups. Since 1950 the number of
lower caste people in senior managerial positions has also increased tenfold and in 2007 India
elected its first Dalit Chief Justice. But reservations and quotas by themselves are not enough. In
fact, many critics of the reservation schemes have suggested that allocating jobs can serve as a
dangerous distraction from truly tackling the long-term disadvantages faced by lower castes. What
is urgently needed is continued improvements in educational opportunities from an early age for
children from lower castes. Reservations can offer a realistic pathway into government jobs for
people from lower castes, but it's education that has the power to make the next generation highly
competitive in other lines of work that the government doesn't control recruitment for (banking, IT,
journalism etc). A 2014 report found that Dalit schoolchildren still comprise the majority of
dropouts, largely due to being required to work for the sake of their families' survival.

It is crucial that leaders in India continue to challenge the mindset of those who seek to maintain
the status quo. Of the Dalit children who stay in education, the majority are still forced to sit in the
back of class and banned from touching mid-day meals. Similarly, a recent survey found that 65%
of health workers still refuse to visit SC and ST settlements at all, denying basic care to some of
India’s most vulnerable people. Violence against Dalits remains rife. As long as this kind of
prejudice remains progress will continue to stall. Modi, himself a member of an Other Backwards
Class but at risk of alienating his core support of Gujurati Patels, has been very reluctant to
challenge prejudicial language during these recent anti-reservation protests. If the Indian

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government remains committed to tackling extreme poverty then they must find longer term
solutions to caste inequality than are currently in place.