1 ANALYSIS OF PREVALENCY, INTENSITY, AND CORELATION OF PARASITE WITH

2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN MILKFISH (Chanos chanos) IN TRADITIONAL

3 POLYCULTURE PONDS OF KEDANYANG VILLAGE
4
5 ABSTRACT
6
7 This study aimed to examine the relationship between parasite prevalence in milkfish and
8 water quality in the Traditional Fishponds of Kedanyang Village, Gresik Regency. The
9 research was conducted for one month in April 2023. Random samples of milkfish were taken
10 from two ponds, with a total of 40 fish. Parasite examination was performed by observing
11 ectoparasites on mucus, gills, fins, and scales, as well as endoparasites in the fish's internal
12 organs. The identification results revealed the presence of two types of parasites in the
13 traditional polyculture ponds of Kedanyang Village, namely Dactylogyrus found in the gills
14 and Cappilaria sp. found in the digestive tract. The prevalence and intensity of these parasites
15 ranged from 2.5% to 5% and 1-2, respectively, which can be classified as low. The water
16 quality in the ponds was categorized as good and well-tolerated by the fish. Correlation
17 analysis showed that temperature, salinity, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate had a weak positive
18 relationship with parasite prevalence, while pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and biochemical
19 oxygen demand (BOD) had a weak negative relationship.
20
21 Keywords: Intensity, milkfish, parasites, prevalence, water quality.
22
23 INTRODUCTION

24 Milkfish is one of the leading fishery commodities in Indonesia. The production of

25 milkfish in Indonesia is quite high, so this fish is included in the top 10 fish with the highest
26 production in the country (Suharno et al, 2017; Arsad et al, 2019). The demand for milkfish
27 both domestically and abroad tends to continue to increase. Milkfish is one of the cheap
28 sources of protein, has good meat flavor, relatively affordable price, and can be cultivated in
29 polyculture with other commodities (WWF, 2014). In addition, this fish is able to tolerate
30 salinity up to 45 ppt (Dharma et al, 2019). This makes many farmers cultivate milkfish,
31 including in Kedanyang village.
32 Milkfish has a more stable growth than shrimp, besides that the shrimp farming
33 process mostly still adheres to the traditional farming system (Arsad et al, 2017). Traditional
34 cultivation is characterized by the absence of water quality control during cultivation and
35 low density (Prasetio et al, 2010). Controlling the environmental conditions of aquaculture is
36 important, this is to optimize the organisms that live or are maintained (Irawan et al, 2021).
37 Poor water quality in aquaculture can make fish easily stressed, causing disease in fish
38 (Maniagasi et al, 2013). The emergence of disease in fish is generally caused by

1
39 inappropriate environmental conditions that cause the emergence of parasites in fish
40 (Mas'ud, 2011). The development of diseases or parasites in these fish needs to always be
41 considered, so that large disease outbreaks can be avoided.
42 Parasites are small organisms that live outside or inside other larger organisms to
43 obtain food. According to Azmi et al, (2013) in aquatic organisms, especially fish, parasites
44 can be divided into two, endoparasites and ectoparasites. Endoparasites are parasites that
45 live inside the organs of the fish body and ectoparasites are parasites that live outside the
46 fish body. Several previous studies have shown that water quality is an important factor
47 affecting the presence of parasites in fish (Iriawan et al, 2021). With a better understanding
48 of the linkages between parasites and environmental conditions, this study is expected to
49 provide valuable insights for milkfish farmers in managing their ponds. Implementation of
50 appropriate management practices can help reduce endoparasite infections, improve fish
51 health and growth, and increase overall pond productivity.
52
53 RESEARCH METHODS
54 Research Location and Time
55 This research was conducted in Kedanyang Village Traditional Pond, Kebomas District,
56 Gresik Regency. The research was conducted for 1 (one) month in April 2023. Water quality
57 checks were carried out at the Gresik Regency Regional Health Laboratory.
58
59 Materials and Equipment
60 The materials used in this study include milkfish, ammonia test kit, NaCl, and distilled
61 water. While the tools used include a microscope, dissecting tool set, thermometer, pH
62 meter, DO meter, rake, bucket, Petri dish, tray, label paper, glass object, glass cover, digital
63 scales, ruler, stationery, and camera.
64
65 Sampling
66 The milkfish used were taken randomly (random sampling) from two ponds used in
67 raising milkfish in Kedanyang Village. Fish were taken as much as 5% of the fish population
68 in the pond. Each pond has a population of 400 fish, each pond was taken 20 fish, with a
69 total sample of 40 fish.
70
71 Data retrieval
72 Ectoparasite examination includes observation of mucus, gills, fins, and scales.
73 Observation of mucus on the fish body is done by scraping (Noga, 2010). Endoparasite
74 examination includes observations on the inside of the fish body, namely the liver, heart,
75 stomach, and intestines. Observations were made using a microscope with 100x
76 magnification.
77
2
78 Observation Parameters
79 The main parameters in this study were the types of parasites and the prevalence of
80 parasites attacking milkfish. Water quality measured included temperature, pH, salinity, DO,
81 ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, COD, and BOD. Supporting parameters included length and weight
82 of milkfish.
83
84 Data Analysis
85 The data obtained was then analyzed descriptively based on related literature
86 (Sugiyono, 2012).
87
88 Prevalensi
89 Prevalence describes the percentage of fish infected by a particular parasite in a fish
90 population. The calculation of prevalence uses the formula (Kabata, 1985) as follows:
𝑁
91 𝑃 = 𝑛 𝑥100%
92 Where P is the prevalence (%); N is the number of parasitized fish; and n is the number of
93 fish examined.
94
95 Intensity
96 Intensity describes the number of parasite densities that can infect fish can be
97 calculated using the formula (Kabata, 1985) as follows:
p
98 𝑃=𝑛
99 P = Number of endoparasites infecting the fish
100 n = Number of fish infected with endoparasites.
101
102 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
103 Parasites Found
104 Observations of 40 milkfish samples from two traditional polyculture ponds in
105 Kedanyang Village showed two types of parasites found, namely Dactylogyrus in the gills
106 and Cappilaria sp in the digestive tract.
107
108 Dactylogyrus
109 Dactylogyrus is a parasite that belongs to the monogenea group, which is a parasite
110 that has one life cycle and only requires one host to complete it (Schaperclaus, 1992). This
111 parasite was found attached to the gills of milkfish. Dactylogyrus sp. is a parasite that often
112 attacks the gills, especially in milkfish. This parasite lives in the body of the fish and will only
113 leave its host when the host dies, then hundreds of newly hatched Dactylogyrus sp. larvae
114 will look for a new host (Mas'ud, 2011).

3
115 Dactylogyrus is worm-like, measuring up to 2 mm in length and 400 um in body width,
116 has 2 pairs of eye spots on the interior end, and the mouth is located near the anterior end
117 of the body. Dactylogyrus sp. often attacks the gills of freshwater, brackish and marine fish.
118 Some previous studies also found dactyogyrus in milkfish (Scholz, 1999; Woo, 2016; Mas'ud,
119 2011; Riko et al, 2012).
120 Infection by the parasite Dactylogyrus sp has a harmful impact on fish, especially on
121 the gill organs. This parasite uses its hooks to invade the gills, which causes discoloration of
122 the gill filaments to become slightly pale. The infection can also cause damage and
123 destruction of the gill lamellae, as well as bleeding. As a result, blood clots and the respiration
124 process of the fish is disrupted (Scholz, 1999). This parasite has been recorded to infect
125 various fish species that have been cultivated in Indonesia, as reported by Hadiroseyani,
126 (2006).
127 According to research conducted by Shinn et al, (2004), high infestation of
128 monogenea parasites in the gills can cause various damages. These include erosion of gill
129 filaments, increased cell growth (hyperplasia), fusion of gill filaments, and rupture of blood
130 vessels in the gills (aneurysm). This damage can interfere with the function of ammonia
131 excretion from the fish body through the gills, as mentioned by Evans et al, (2005).
132
133 Cappilaria sp
134 Cappilaria sp is one of the fish parasites of the nematode genus that attacks the
135 digestive tract in fish (Reiny et al, 2011). This parasite is generally transparent in color with a
136 cylindrical shape, hair-sized diameter with the ability to move actively (Munar et al, 2016).
137 The abundance of Capillaria sp. parasites found in the intestine of milkfish is since the
138 intestine is an organ rich in food material, which makes it a desirable source of nutrients for
139 parasites. As mentioned by Robert and Janov (2000), the gut is a preferential site for parasites
140 due to factors such as the easy availability of nutrients and the presence of cell tissues, body
141 fluids, blood, and other food substances that can be found easily in the small intestine.
142 Axelrod (1989) stated that fish infected with Capillaria sp. with high intensity have a high risk
143 of mortality.
144
145 Parasite Prevalence and Intensity
146 The prevalence and intensity of milkfish disease in traditional polyculture ponds in
147 Kedanyang Village can be seen in Table 1.
148
149 Table 1. Prevalence and Intensity of Parasites in milkfish
Pond Parasite Prevalence Intensity
(5%)
1 Dactylogyrus 5 2

4
 Cappilaria sp 2,5 1
2 Dactylogyrus 5 1,5
Cappilaria sp 5 1
150 Source: Writer, 2023
151
152 In this study, milkfish reared in two different ponds were observed. Each pond was
153 examined for parasite infestation in the fish. In this analysis, the two types of parasites found
154 were Dactylogyrus and Capillaria.
155 In Pond 1, out of a total of 40 milkfish examined, it was found that 5% of the milkfish
156 were infected by the parasite Dactylogyrus. This indicates a low prevalence rate. Moreover,
157 the intensity of Dactylogyrus infestation in infected milkfish was 2 parasites on average. In
158 addition, there was also a Cappilaria infestation with a prevalence of 2.5%. The intensity of
159 Capillaria infestation in infected milkfish was 1 parasite.
160 Meanwhile, in Pond 2, similar results were found. Of the 40 milkfish examined, about
161 5% were infected with the parasite Dactylogyrus. The intensity of Dactylogyrus infestation in
162 infected milkfish in Pond 2 was 1.5 parasites on average. In addition, there was Capillaria
163 infestation with the same prevalence of 5%. The intensity of Capillaria infestation in infected
164 milkfish was 1 parasite.
165 Based on the results of the prevalence and intensity of Dactylogyrus and Cappilaria
166 sp parasites, the intensity values found are still not at a level that can cause losses in
167 aquaculture activities (Senni, 2002; Desrina, 2002).
168 Dactylogyrus sp parasites are only found in the gills of milkfish, this is in line with
169 research (Dhaneswara, 2018) which states that Dactylogyrus that attacks the gills shows
170 specific organ characteristics in attacking its host. Other studies have revealed that
171 Dactylogyrus infects gill tissue because the organ contains hemoglobin cells which are a
172 source of food that can be digested by the parasite (Qian et al. 1999).
173
174 Water Quality
175 Water samples were collected and measured in two traditional polyculture ponds in
176 Kedanyang Village. Water quality measurements include temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen
177 (DO), ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, COD, and BOD. The results of water quality measurements
178 can be seen in Table 2
179
180 Table 2. results of water quality measurements
Parameter Pond 1 Pond 2
Temperature (°C) 25,5 26,8
pH 7 6
Salinity (ppt) 14 13

5
 DO (mg/l) 4,5 4,2
Ammonia (mg/l) <0,1 <0,1
Nitrite (mg/l) 0,066 0,13
Nitrate (mg/l) 0,7 1,1
BOD5 (mg/l) 80 43
181
182 In this study, water quality measurements were taken in two different ponds, namely
183 Pond 1 and Pond 2. The results of water quality measurements recorded included
184 temperature, pH, salinity, DO (Dissolved Oxygen), ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and BOD
185 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand).
186 Based on the measurement results, the water temperature in Pond 1 was 25.5°C while
187 that in Pond 2 was 26.8°C. The temperature recorded is within the acceptable range for
188 milkfish (Rohman, 2019). The pH value of water in Pond 1 is 7, while in Pond 2 is 6. The
189 difference in pH value between the two ponds indicates a slight acidity in Pond 2 water.
190 The salinity of water in Pond 1 is 14 ppt, while in Pond 2 is 13 ppt. Both salinity values
191 are within the range suitable for milkfish (Dharma et al, 2019). The DO (Dissolved Oxygen)
192 content in Pond 1 was 4.5 mg/l, while in Pond 2 was 4.2 mg/l. Although the DO value is
193 slightly lower than ideal, it is still within acceptable limits for milkfish survival (Reksono, 2019).
194 The ammonia content in both ponds was less than 0.1 mg/l, indicating good water quality
195 because low amounts of ammonia do not adversely affect fish (Harijianto, 2017).
196 The nitrite content in Pond 1 is 0.066 mg/l, while in Pond 2 is 0.13 mg/l. The nitrate
197 content in Pond 1 is 0.7 mg/l, while in Pond 2 is 1.1 mg/l. Nitrite levels are safe for milkfish
198 growth is less than 0.30 mg/L (Ahmad et al., 1993). Nitrite content in pond 2 shows above
199 the threshold for milkfish. This can be one of the causes of parasite prevalence values in
200 pond 2 higher than pond 1.
201 BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) in Pond 1 is 80 mg/l, while in Pond 2 is 43 mg/l.
202 Lower BOD5 values in Pond 2 indicates a lower level of organic pollution compared to Pond
203 1. However, the BOD5 content in both ponds classified into heavily polluted (Boyd, 1990).
204 BOD content in water is caused by two things, namely sedimentation and effective
205 deoxygenation of river / reservoir water bodies and waste (Sukadi, 1999).
206
207 Correlation of Parasite Prevalence with Environmental Conditions
208 The results of statistical analysis in the form of correlation coefficient (R²) between
209 water quality and parasite prevalence in milkfish. The results of the temperature regression
210 equation with parasite prevalence obtained the equation y = 24.407x0.0478 with R² = 0.3333,
211 there is a weak positive relationship between temperature and parasite prevalence. Each unit
212 increase in temperature will contribute to an increase of 24.407x0.0478 in parasite
213 prevalence The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.3333 indicates that 33.33% of the

6
214 variation in parasite prevalence can be explained by variations in temperature. This is in line
215 with Iriawan's research, (2021) that the correlation coefficient between temperature and
216 parasite prevalence shows a low value.
217 The correlation between salinity and parasite prevalence obtained a regression
218 equation y = 12.178x0.0713 with R² = 0.3333, there is a weak positive relationship between
219 salinity and parasite prevalence. Each unit increase in salinity will contribute to an increase
220 of 12.178x0.0713 in parasite prevalence. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.3333
221 indicates that 33.33% of the variation in parasite prevalence can be explained by the variation
222 in salinity. For the correlation between pH and parasite prevalence, the regression equation
223 y = 8.0186x-0.148 with R² = 0.3333, there is a weak negative relationship between pH and
224 parasite prevalence. Each unit increase in pH will contribute to a decrease of 8.0186x0.148
225 in parasite prevalence. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.3333 indicates that 33.33%
226 of the variation in parasite prevalence can be explained by the variation in pH.
227 The correlation between DO (Dissolved Oxygen) and parasite prevalence obtained a
228 regression equation y = 4.7821x-0.066 with R² = 0.3333, there is a weak negative relationship
229 between DO and parasite prevalence. Each unit increase in DO will contribute to a decrease
230 of 4.7821x0.066 in parasite prevalence. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.3333
231 indicates that 33.33% of the variation in parasite prevalence can be explained by the variation
232 in DO. In the correlation between ammonia and parasite prevalence, the regression equation
233 y = 0.082x0.1013 with R² = 0.3333, there is a weak positive relationship between ammonia
234 and parasite prevalence. Each unit increase in ammonia will contribute to a 0.082x0.1013
235 increase in parasite prevalence. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.3333 indicates that
236 33.33% of the variation in parasite prevalence can be explained by the variation in ammonia.
237 The correlation between nitrite and parasite prevalence obtained a regression
238 equation y = 0.0363x0.652 with R² = 0.3333, there is a weak positive relationship between
239 nitrite and parasite prevalence. For nitrate, the regression equation y = 0.47x0.4347 with R²
240 = 0.3333, there is a weak positive relationship between nitrate and parasite prevalence. Each
241 unit increase in nitrite will contribute to an increase of 0.0363x0.652 in parasite prevalence.
242 Each unit increase in nitrate will contribute to a 0.47x0.4347 increase in parasite prevalence.
243 The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.3333 indicates that 33.33% of the variation in
244 parasite prevalence can be explained by the variation in nitrite. The same value was also
245 obtained for nitrate.
246 The correlation between BOD5 and parasite prevalence obtained a regression
247 equation y = 138.26x-0.597 with R² = 0.3333, there is a weak negative relationship between
248 BOD5 and parasite prevalence. Each unit increase in BOD5 will contribute to a 138.26x0.597
249 decrease in parasite prevalence. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.3333 indicates that
250 33.33% of the variation in parasite prevalence can be explained by the variation in BOD5.
251

7
252 CONCLUSIONS
253 Identification of parasites in traditional polyculture ponds in Kedanyang Village
254 revealed two types of parasites, Dactylogyrus found in the gills and Cappilaria sp found in
255 the digestive tract. The prevalence and intensity of these parasites were low. Water quality
256 in the ponds used is still in the good category and can be tolerated by fish. Correlation
257 analysis revealed that temperature, salinity, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate had a weak positive
258 relationship with parasite prevalence, while pH, DO, and BOD had a weak negative
259 relationship with parasite prevalence.
260
261 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
262 We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our parents for all their support
263 throughout this research. Without their presence and dedication, we would not have been
264 able to achieve anything. Their moral support, valuable advice, and boundless love have
265 given us the strength and spirit to complete this journal. We appreciate the sacrifice of time,
266 energy, and experience they have given us. Words are not enough to express how grateful
267 we are to them. Thank you, mom, and dad, for everything you have done for us.
268
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