§ Differentiate prokaryotes from eukaryotes.

§ Discuss the parts of a cell.

§ Discuss the different cell membrane specializations.

§ Differentiate the types of junctional complexes.

§ Discuss the stages of cell cycle.

§ Differentiate mitosis from meiosis.

§ Differentiate parenchyma from stroma.

§ Discuss cell renewal and death.

§ Classify cells based on architecture.

• Cells and extracellular material together comprise all the
tissues that make up the organs of multicellular animals.
• basic structural and functional unit.
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
• Composed of
phospholipid bilayer
• Selectively permeable
• Separates cells from
other cells
§ Lipid bilayer
§ Hydrophobic chains
§ Hydrophilic heads

§ Proteins
§ Integral membrane
proteins
§ Peripheral
membrane proteins
§ Carbohydrates
§ Glycoproteins
§ Glycolipids
§Specializations
§ Junctional Complexes
§ Invaginations
§ Microvilli
§ Flagella
§ Cilia
Junctional Functions
Complexes
Macula Adherens/ Couples intermediate
Desmosome filaments to plasma
membrane at regions of
cell-to-cell adhesion
Zonula Adherens Couples actin cytoskeleton
to plasma membrane at
regions of cell-to-cell
adhesion
Zonula Occludens/ Seals adjacent cells
Tight Junctions together to inhibit passage
of molecules between them
(control of permeability)
Nexus/ Creates a conduit between
Gap Junctions two adjacent cells for
passage of small ions and
informational
macromolecules
Examples
Stratified epithelia of
mouth, esophagus,
vagina, skin
Intercalated discs of
cardiac muscles
Epithelium of urinary
bladder, GIT; Inter-
endothelial contacts of
brain capillaries
Epithelial, muscular,
and nervous tissues
§ Vesicular pits
§ Participates in
endocytosis
and
exocytosis
CILIA FLAGELLUM MICROVILLI
Short numerous Long, singular Numerous thin
membrane extensions membrane extension membrane fold
supported by supported by projecting from the free
microtubules microtubules cell surface: supported
by microfilaments
Move substances over Propels sperm Increase membrane
cell surface surface area for greater
absorption
§ The cytoplasm is the
semisolid, semiliquid, gel-
like substance that hold the
internal structures of the
cell. It also serves as a
medium of transport.
§ It holds all the organelles
(meaning “little organs”) of
the cell.
§ CYTOSOL: part of the
cytoplasm that included
molecules and small
particles but not organelles
§ ORGANELLS
§ CYTOSKELETON:
determines the shape &
motility of the eukaryotic
cells
§ INCLUSION BODIES
• Very small,
dot-like
structure
• Made in
nucleolus
• protein
synthesis
• Smallest
organelle but
makes one of
the most
important
molecule for
life, proteins.
• Manufactures
various
organic
compounds
• Also serves as
a transport
membrane
across the
cell
• Have two
types: smooth
ER and rough
ER.
• .
§ synthesizes
proteins for
secretion,
incorporation
into the plasma,
membrane, and
as enzymes
within
lysosomes.
• Lipid
biosynthesis,
• Detoxification of
potentially
harmful
compounds,
• Sequestration of
Ca++ ions
• Series of stacked,
flattened, membrane-
limited sacs or
cisternae and tubular
extensions
• Functions in transport
of molecules made by
the ER via transport
vesicles.
§ Two-membrane system

§ Outer membrane and inner

membrane arranged in
numerous folds called
cristae
§ In steroid-producing cells,
inner membrane is in
tubular cristae
§ Provide most of the energy
to the cell
§ In the form of?
• It produces energy in
the form of ATP
(adenosine
triphosphate)
molecules.
§ Organelle near the nucleus
that contains the centrioles
and form which the spindle
fibers develop in cell
division
• Small, spherical-
shaped
• It produces hydrolytic
enzymes called
lysozyme that digests
and destroys
molecules and
organelles that are not
needed anymore by
the cell.
• It protects the cell by
destroying foreign
substances.
• The molecules to be
destroyed are carried by
the vesicles.
• AUTOPHAGY: removal of
excess or nonfunctional
organelles and other
cytoplasmic structures
§ Microbodies

§ Small spherical,
membranous organelles
§ Crystalloid inclusion,
nucleoid
§ Production and degradation
of H2O2
§ Degradation of fatty acids
§ Very small abundant protein complexes

§ Degrade non functional polypeptides

§ also remove proteins no longer needed by the cell
Functions
§ Determine cell shape and cell defense

§ Placement of organelles in the cell

§ Cell movement
§ Placement for anchoring mRNA and help the translation of
mRNA become polypeptide
§ Important component in cell division
§ Microtubules

§ Microfilaments
§ Intermediate filaments
§ Non-branching long,
hollow cylinders composed
of tubulin protein
§ Provide network “railroad
tracks” for movement of
organelles within the cell
§ Provide movement for cilia
§ Provide movement for
chromosomes during cell
division
§ Actin protein monomers organized into 2 thin intertwined
protein filaments
§ Maintain cell shape

§ Support microvilli
§ Separate two cells during cytokinesis ( process of cell division)

§ Facilitate change in shape (e.g muscle contraction)

§ Provide structural support

§ Stabilize junctions between cells

§ Strong and stable

§ Provide mechanical strength and resistance to shearing forces

§ Keratins

§ Vimentin

§ Neurofilament
§ Lamins
§ Accumulated metabolites but have little or no metabolic
activity
§ Not present in all cells

§ LIPID DROPLETS (Adipocytes)

§ GLYCOGEN GRANULES

§ PIGMENTED DEPOSITS
§ MELANIN
§ LIPOFUSCIN
§ HEMOSIDERIN
§ “Command center of
the cell”
• Dark, spherical-shaped
structure
• Stores the genetic code
DNA
• Covered by bilipid
membrane (like that of
plasma membrane) called
nuclear envelope
• Contains a denser,
darker sphere in the
center called
nucleolus.
• The nucleolus contains
the RNA that contains
the code to make
proteins in the
ribosomes.
§ Consists of DNA and all of
the associated proteins
involved in the organization
and function of DNA
§ 2 types

§ HETEROCHROMATIN

§ EUCHROMATIN: Contains
regions of DNA undergoing
active transcription
§ 4 DISTINCT PHASES
§ MITOSIS
§ Interphase
§ G1
§ Time gap between mitosis and DNA replication
§ Longest and most variable
§ Period of active RNA and protein synthesis
§S
§ Period of DNA synthesis
§ G2
§ Gap between DNA duplication and the next mitosis
§ Preparation for mitosis
§ PROPHASE
§ METAPHASE

§ ANAPHASE
§ TELOPHASE
§Necrosis
§ Accidental cell death
§ A pathologic process
§ Cells are exposed to unfavorable physical
or chemical environment
§ Rapid cell swelling and lysis
§Apoptosis
§ Programmed cell death
§ A physiologic process
§ Activation of an internally encoded suicide
program
§ Controlled autodigestion
§ Loss of mitochondrial function and caspase
activity
§ Fragmentation of DNA
§ Shrinkage of nuclear and cell volume
§ Cell membrane changes
§ Formation of phagocytic removal