AoPS Community 2014 Balkan MO Shortlist

Balkan MO Shortlist 2014

www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c914499
by parmenides51, tenplusten, shivangjindal, Orkhan-Ashraf 2002, arberig, dizzy, lfetahu

– Algebra

A1 A1 Let a, b, c be positive reals numbers such that a + b + c = 1.Prove that 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) ≥

1
9 + 15abc

A2 Let x, y and z be positive real numbers such that xy + yz + xz = 3xyz. Prove that

x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x ≥ 2(x + y + z) − 3

and determine when equality holds.

UK - David Monk

A3 A3 The sequence a1 , a2 , a3 , ... is defined by a1 = a2 = 1, a2n+1 = 2a2n − an and a2n+2 = 2a2n+1

for n ∈ N.Prove that if n > 3 and n − 3 is divisible by 8 then an is divisible by 5

A4 A4 Let m1 , m2 , m3 , n1 , n2 and n3 be positive real numbers such that

(m1 − n1 )(m2 − n2 )(m3 − n3 ) = m1 m2 m3 − n1 n2 n3

Prove that
(m1 + n1 )(m2 + n2 )(m3 + n3 ) ≥ 8m1 m2 m3

A5 A5 Let n ∈ N, n > 2,and suppose a1 , a2 , ..., a2n is a permutation of the numbers 1, 2, ..., 2n
such that a1 < a3 < ... < a2n−1 and a2 > a4 > ... > a2n .Prove that

(a1 − a2 )2 + (a3 − a4 )2 + ... + (a2n−1 − a2n )2 > n3

A6 A6 The sequence a0 , a1 , ... is defined by the initial conditions a0 = 1, a1 = 6 and the recursion
an+1 = 4an − an−1 + 2 for n > 1.Prove that a2k −1 has at least three prime factors for every
positive integer k > 3.

A7 A7 Prove that for all x, y, z > 0 with x1 + y1 + z1 = 1 and 0 ≤ a, b, c < 1 the following inequality
holds
x2 + y 2 y 2 + z 2 z 2 + x2 6(x + y + z)
z
+ x
+ y
≥
1−a 1−b 1−c 1 − abc

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– Combinatorics

C1 The International Mathematical Olympiad is being organized in Japan, where a folklore belief
is that the number 4 brings bad luck. The opening ceremony takes place at the Grand Theatre
where each row has the capacity of 55 seats. What is the maximum number of contestants
that can be seated in a single row with the restriction that no two of them are 4 seats apart
(so that bad luck during the competition is avoided)?

C2 Let M = {1, 2, ..., 2013} and let Γ be a circle. For every nonempty subset B of the set M , denote
by S(B) sum of elements of the set B, and define S(∅) = 0 ( ∅ is the empty set ). Is it possible
to join every subset B of M with some point A on the circle Γ so that following conditions are
fulfilled:
1. Different subsets are joined with different points;
2. All joined points are vertices of a regular polygon;
3. If A1 , A2 , ..., Ak are some of the joined points, k > 2 , such that A1 A2 ...Ak is a regular k − gon,
then 2014 divides S(B1 ) + S(B2 ) + ... + S(Bk ) ?

C3 Let n be a positive integer. A regular hexagon with side length n is divided into equilateral
triangles with side length 1 by lines parallel to its sides.
Find the number of regular hexagons all of whose vertices are among the vertices of those
equilateral triangles.
UK - Sahl Khan

– Geometry

G1 Let ABC be an isosceles triangle, in which AB = AC , and let M and N be two points on the
sides BC and AC, respectively such that ∠BAM = ∠M N C. Suppose that the lines M N and
AB intersects at P . Prove that the bisectors of the angles ∠BAM and ∠BP M intersects at a
point lying on the line BC

G2 Triangle ABC is said to be perpendicular to triangle DEF if the perpendiculars from A to

EF ,from B to F D and from C to DE are concurrent.Prove that if ABC is perpendicular to
DEF ,then DEF is perpendicular to ABC

G3 Let 4ABC be an isosceles.(AB = AC).Let D and E be two points on the side BC such that
D ∈ BE,E ∈ DC and 2∠DAE = ∠BAC.Prove that we can construct a triangle XY Z such
that XY = BD,Y Z = DE and ZX = EC.Find ∠BAC + ∠Y XZ.

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√
G4 Let A0 B0 C0 be a triangle with area equal to 2. We consider the excenters A1 ,B1 and C1 then
we consider the excenters ,say A2 , B2 and C2 ,of the triangle A1 B1 C1 . By continuing this pro-
cedure ,examine if it is possible to arrive to a triangle An Bn Cn with all coordinates rational.

G5 Let ABCD be a trapezium inscribed in a circle k with diameter AB. A circle with center B and
radius BE,where E is the intersection point of the diagonals AC and BD meets k at points K
and L. If the line ,perpendicular to BD at E,intersects CD at M ,prove that KM ⊥ DL.

G6 In 4ABC with AB = AC,M is the midpoint of BC,H is the projection of M onto AB and D is
arbitrary point on the side AC.Let E be the intersection point of the parallel line through B to
HD with the parallel line through C to AB.Prove that DM is the bisector of ∠ADE.

G7 Let I be the incenter of 4ABC and let Ha , Hb , and Hc be the orthocenters of 4BIC , 4CIA, and
4AIB, respectively. The lines Ha Hb meets AB at X and the line Ha Hc meets AC at Y . If the
midpoint T of the median AM of 4ABC lies on XY , prove that the line Ha T is perpendicular
to BC

– Number Theory

N1 N 1 Let n be a positive integer,g(n) be the number of positive divisors of n of the form 6k + 1

and h(n) be the number of positive divisors of n of the form 6k − 1,where k is a nonnegative
integer.Find all positive integers n such that g(n) and h(n) have different parity.

N2 N 2 Let p be a prime numbers and x1 , x2 , ..., xn be integers.Show that if

xn1 + xn2 + ... + xnp ≡ 0 (mod p)

for all positive integers n then x1 ≡ x2 ≡ ... ≡ xp (mod p).

N3 N 3 Prove that there exist infinitely many non isosceles triangles with rational side lengths,rational
lentghs of altitudes and, perimeter equal to 3.

N4 A special number is a positive integer n for which there exists positive integers a, b, c, and d
with
a3 + 2b3
n= 3 .
c + 2d3
Prove that
i) there are infinitely many special numbers;
ii) 2014 is not a special number.
Romania

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N5 N 5 Let a, b, c, p, q, r be positive integers such that ap + bq + cr = aq + br + cp = ar + bp + cq .

Prove that a = b = c or p = q = r.

N6 Let f : N → N be a function from the positive integers to the positive integers for which
f (1) = 1, f (2n) = f (n) and f (2n + 1) = f (n) + f (n + 1) for all n ∈ N. Prove that for any natural
number n, the number of odd natural numbers m such that f (m) = n is equal to the number
of positive integers not greater than n having no common prime factors with n.

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