f es OVERVIEW OF ORGANIC REACTIONS Kinds: Common patterns describe the changes fS3_ Addition reactions ~ two molecules combine u a ene one molecule splits into two ° ‘+ Substitution ~ parts from two molecules exchange Rearrangement reactions ~ a molecule undergoes changes in the way its atoms are connected Reaction Mechanism ‘+ The mechanism describes the steps behind the changes that we can observe ‘© Reactions occur in defined steps that lead from reactant to product Steps in Reaction Mechanism ‘© Formation of a covalent bond (Homogenic or heterogenic) ‘© Breaking of a covalent bond (Homolytic or heterolytic) ‘© Oxidation of a functional group Reduction of a functional group Radical Reactions © Aradical can break a bond in another molecule and abstract, a partner with an electron, giving substitution in the original molecule * © Aradical can add to an alkene to give a new radi an addition reaction Polar Reactions © Molecules can contain local unsymmetrical electron distributions due to differences in electronegativities This causes a partial negative charge on an atom and a compensating partial positive charge on an adjacent atom The more electronegative atom has the greater electron density |, causing BNL 99-\9 we le Generalized Polar Reactions | clecnorie = Sexi poy trees ome nucleophile, an electron-rich species nucleophile to electrophile Using Curved Arrows in Polar Reactions * Curved arrows are a way to keep track of changes in bonding in polar reaction The arrows track “electron movement” Electrons always move in pairs Charges change during the reaction (One curved arrow corresponds to one step in a reaction, mechanism «The arrow goes from the nucleophilic reaction site to the electrophilic reaction site ‘+The nucleophilic site can be neutral or negati ‘+ The electrophilic site can be neutral or positively charged EXERCISE 1 1 Classify each reaction below as a(n}: addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement)wAerwping 0 ~$ mond 4 a Fo 2p - yonpad prhopyay « Sor i An ag suon2e2s Buymoyoy 2p wo4 pauLo4 sanpoud je Jo soumanAS a MEI pl prprhoyoyoun™ zasiouaxa apespjonnt ot» Ge ‘OH + FOHD on + 5) OH + EHD) a tio + HO ~W Sx uM mwaye paprRarouns 5H apeydo1 01 4B Jo a2udsbid 34 U2 Ua ‘sayem ‘apixo1p uoques BulDn} + war Tryoz seem Sen, weston. a - ~~ asiy GH + ND NV \ Ls a Bundt, epyewiaz’L Auoqueg — >t o=f — iae's “oO / \ NN pase a ee ud ‘ow née St St ee he ae (siuateosjezads yBnoup usdjo) uomppe ‘Aq stanpoud jnyasn anil 02 sajtydonsaya Auew yam 3300) « sana apap yeeeusxeyororg 4 \ quz + Ho: 22H + | / | H ae _ a {prousques e) ous Aua ‘@pIpo} auiz(/Ayzewopoy) eueyewopoyg [#Ho:.] zh inguuz a oN 7 Von] wz—thoy <— + AH a ou08e " 7 uonDead yyuis-suowuS HOPHOPH Sere Tome ON + PX, H ee sae jo vonippe —uoney eS 40 voNIppr PAH (% 02) eee sya tt: + fninneoye ninage ous HH 4 y § age . 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