Muhammad Ahmad (L1F20BSPH0040)

Prof. Nouman Shabbir

Optics S4

11th April 2022 Assignment # 01

 Distortion
In geometric optics, distortion is a deviation from rectilinear projection; a projection in which
straight lines in a scene remain straight in an image. It is a form of optical aberration.
Although distortion can be irregular or follow many patterns, the most commonly
encountered distortions are radially symmetric, or approximately so, arising from the
symmetry of a photographic lens. These radial distortions can usually be classified as
either barrel distortions or pincushion distortions.

Barrel distortion
In barrel distortion, image magnification decreases with distance from the optical axis.

Pincushion distortion
In pincushion distortion, image magnification increases with the distance from the optical
axis.
Mustache distortion
It starts out as barrel distortion close to the image center and gradually turns into pincushion
distortion towards the image periphery, making horizontal lines in the top half of the frame
look like a handlebar mustache.

The major causes of distortion include modal distortion, material dispersion, and waveguide
dispersion, in order of decreasing severity.

Modal Distortion
the input of a square wave (a digital signal) into a fiber. The output pulse at the other end
suffers, in general, from both attenuation and distortion. Modal distortion occurs because
propagating rays travel different distances in arriving at the output.
Material Dispersion
Even if modal distortion is absent, some pulse broadening still occurs because the refractive
index is a function of wavelength. Since no light source can be precisely monochromatic, the
light propagating in the fiber is characterized by a spread of wavelengths determined by the
light source. Each wavelength component has a different refractive index and therefore a
different speed through the fiber.

Waveguide Dispersion
The last pulse-broadening effect to be discussed is called waveguide dispersion, a
geometrical effect that depends on waveguide parameters. Compared with modal distortion
and material dispersion, waveguide dispersion is a small effect that becomes important only
when the other pulse-broadening effects have been essentially eliminated. However, its
presence is important in determining the wavelength at which net fiber dispersion is zero.
 Pupil

Pupil, in optical systems, the virtual image of an aperture associated with mirrors, prisms, and
lenses and their combinations. The Figure shows the case of an optical system composed of
two lenses with a stop between them.

The virtual image of the aperture for lens (as seen from the object point) is called the entrance
pupil. The amount of light leaving the object and traversing the system is limited, in effect,
by the entrance pupil, just as it is actually by the stop aperture. The image of the aperture for
lens II is the exit pupil. In general, an optical system has one effective aperture, and the
entrance pupil is formed by all lenses preceding the stop, whereas the exit pupil is formed by
all lenses following it.

In visual instruments, the exit pupil falls at the eye position. In the microscope and telescope
the objective acts as the aperture, its image is the exit pupil, and all light reaching the
objective passes through the exit pupil. Thus, it is important for the exit pupil to be no larger
than the pupillary diameter of the eye to take advantage of the light-gathering power of the
instrument.
 Windows

In optics, a window is an optical element that is transparent to a range of wavelengths, and

that has no optical power. Windows may be flat or curved. Windows are used to block the
flow of air or other fluids while allowing light to pass into or out of an optical system.

The material has to be transparent to a wavelength range of interest but not necessarily to
visible light. Usually, it is mechanically flat and sometimes it also is optically flat, depending
on resolution requirements. A window of this sort is commonly parallel and is likely to
be anti-reflection coated, especially if it is designed for visible light. An optical window may
be built into a piece of equipment (such as a vacuum chamber) to allow optical instruments to
view inside that equipment.

Surface flatness measures the deviation of the window from a perfectly flat surface. The
surface flatness of a test piece can be measured using an optical flat, which is a highly precise
flat reference surface. When the surface of the test window is placed against the optical flat,
fringes appear whose shape dictates the surface flatness of the window under inspection.
 Stops

Stops determine the light-collecting area and field of view of an optical system. We can find
the stops by tracing two rays called the marginal (or axial) ray and chief (or principal) ray.

Adjustable stops are commonly created from thin metallic leaf structures to determine the
amount of light which reaches a film or CCD detector. Shown at left is a laboratory stop
which determines the amount of light that reaches an adjustable slit for diffraction studies. It
was used to produce the single slit diffraction patterns shown to demonstrate the diffraction
phenomenon. Such structures are also used in cameras to set the f-stops for exposure
adjustment.

References:

➢ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(optics)#:~:text=In%20geometric%20optics
%2C%20distortion%20is,a%20form%20of%20optical%20aberration
➢ introduction-to-optics-3rd-edition_compress.pdf
➢ https://www.britannica.com/technology/pupil-optics
➢ https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-
notes/optics/understanding-optical-
windows/#:~:text=Optical%20Windows%20are%20flat%2C%20optically,sensors%2
0from%20an%20outside%20environment.
➢ https://www.montana.edu/jshaw/documents/2%20EELE582_S15_Stopspupils.pdf