SOS HERMANN GMEINERSECONDARY SCHOOL, JIMMA

Physics Grade 10

UNIT: 4

ELECTROMAGNETISM
4.1 Magnetism

The force between magnets

The magnetic force -is the force exerted between magnetic poles, producing magnetization force between
magnets.

If you bring two bar magnets towards each other, then you will feel either a force of attraction
between them or a force of repulsion.

There are two properties of magnets. These are:

i. Like poles repel each other. and

ii. Unlike poles attract each other.
i.e North pole repel North pole or south pole repel south pole, but North pole attract south pole.

The attractive or repulsive force of a magnet is greater at the poles than at its middle portion.

The Earth’s magnetic field

The Earth has a magnetic field that can be detected using a compass.

A compass needle is like a small suspended bar magnet. Its north seeking pole will point to the
Earth’s North Pole.

Magnetic domains

-Domains regions within a magnetic material which have uniform magnetization.

The ‘N’ end of one magnet is up against the ‘S’ end of another, and the two effectively
cancel each other out (Figure below). We call these magnetic domains.

Fig. Magnetic domains

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Figure above shows the steel when it is fully magnetized. Notice that there are a large number of north poles at
one end of the bar, and the same number of south poles at the other.

When the domains are lined up, then the material is magnetic. If the domains are arranged randomly, then the
material loses its magnetism.

Magnetic substance-is a material attracted by a magnet.

Magnetic materials have atoms that act as tiny magnets which is called domains.
Magnetization- the extent or degree to which an object is magnetized.

-is the process by which an originally non-magnetic body, such as iron, cobalt and nickel or their alloys is
changed into a magnet.

Magnetic shielding

A magnetic shield- stops the equipment from being affected by a magnet.

-Magnetic shielding comes in various forms depending on the equipment that needs to be protected.

The best magnetic shield is the combination with the smallest angle of deflection of the compass.

 Homework

Review questions Page 125

-Question #1 - #6

4.2 Concepts of magnetic field

 Magnetic field- is a region where a magnetic force may be exerted.

 It exists in a region of space if a moving charge there be experience a force due to its motion. If you
put a compass down in a magnetic field, it will experience a force that makes it set in a particular
direction.

Magnetic field lines/flux

 Magnetic flux –is a measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area.
 The lines of force start on the north pole of the magnet and end on the south, just as they did
with the horseshoe magnet.
Where the field is strongest (close to the poles), there the lines of force are closest together.

Magnetic field lines around a current‐ carrying wire

Magnetic fields are not only produced by metal magnets.

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An electric current will cause a compass needle to deflect. In other words, an electric current gives rise
to a magnetic field.

The magnetic field lines pattern of a current-carrying wire is as shown in Figure below.

× means current into paper,

• means current out of paper

The right-hand rule

 It used to determine the direction of magnetic field lines around a straight current- carrying
wire.
 Hold the wire with your thumb going in the direction of the conventional current.
 The way your fingers then wrap round the wire is the way the field lines go.
 The magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance r away from an infinitely long straight wire
carrying a current, I:

The magnetic field strength at a point due to a straight current-carrying wire/ Magnetic field

strength at a point due to a current carrying wire

 a current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field.

 The current-carrying wire will experience a force, F.
 The strength of the magnetic field, B, produced by a current-carrying wire, depends on:
• the force, F
• the current flowing through the wire, I
• the length of the wire, L.
 Force = magnetic field strength × current flowing through the wire ×length of wire.

F=B×I×L

Where F = force in N, B = field strength in Tesla (T), I = current in A and L=length in m.

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Magnetic field of a solenoid

 Solenoid- is a coil of wire in which a magnetic field is created by passing a current through it.

The currents in each side of the coil both contribute to the overall magnetic field. The field is strong
in the center of the coil but weaker outside the coil.

The magnetic field lines pattern of a current loop is as shown in Figure below.

The magnetic field lines pattern of a solenoid is as shown in Figure below.

To specify the polarity of a solenoid using the right-hand rule, a current flowing in a clockwise
direction will behave like a south pole so a current flowing in an anticlockwise direction will
behave like a North Pole see fig. below.

Strength of magnetic field in a solenoid

The strength of the magnetic field in a solenoid (again given the symbol B) depends on:
• the number of turns of wire per meter of length, n.
• the permeability of free space, µ.
• the current flowing through the wire, I. The
formula is:
Field strength = permeability of free space × number of turns per meter of length × current
B = µ0nI where
 Homework

Review questions Page 132

-Question #1 - #6

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4.3 The magnetic force

 As the charged particle is moving in a magnetic field the force acts on it is

experienced.
 The factor on which the force on current-carrying wire depends up on:

- The strength of the field

- The current flows through the conductor
-The length of the conductor
-The angle between the field and the conductor.
F = BILsin𝜃

 The factors on which the force on a moving charges in a magnetic field depend.
-The field strength, B
-The size of the charge, q and
-Its velocity, v.
F = Bqv

 We can determine the direction of force acting on a moving charge using right-hand rule.
Magnetic fields and the centripetal force

The centripetal force can be found using the equation:

𝑚𝑣 2
Fc = …………(1)
𝑅

Where F is the force, m is the mass of the particle, v is the velocity and R is the
radius of the circle in which the particle is travelling.

A charged particle moving in a magnetic field will move in a circular path.

F = Bqv ………………. (2)

Up on equating the two equations, we get:

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The motor effect

 Motor effect- a current carrying wire or coil can exert a force on a permanent magnet.

 A magnet exerts a force on a current-carrying wire.

 The motor effect is the effect the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor
in a magnetic field.
 The motor effect tries to stop the dynamo effect.
Demonstration of the motor effect

A length of fairly stiff copper wire is bent into a square U-shape and is hooked over at the ends. It is allowed to
dangle from the ends of the rest of the circuit as shown, so it can swing freely but the electric current can still be
fed into and out of it.

As soon as you switch on the current, you will see a force acting in the direction shown on the wire carrying the
current as fig. below.

Reversing the current makes the wire move the opposite way, and so does reversing the direction of the magnetic
field. Notice that the wire moves not in the direction of
the magnetic field, but at right angles to it.

Fleming’s left-hand rule

-used to predict the direction of the movement produced by the motor eff ect.

-Hold the thumb and first two fingers of your left- hand at right angles to each other.

The first Finger -points along the magnetic field

The second finger- shows the Conventional Current, and

The Thumb -points in the direction of the Thrust (movement).

Magnetic force between two parallel current-carrying conductors

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  Two parallel wires each carrying a current will interact with each other.
 If the currents are both flowing the same way, they attract one another;
 If the currents are both flowing in opposite currents going opposite ways they repel each.

Ampere
States that: if one ampere is flowing in each of two parallel wires 1 m apart in a vacuum, then the force on
each wire due to the other will be exactly 2 × 10–7 N on every meter length.
 From the above equation, we can get this value if I1 and I2 is 1A, r is 1m, the length is 1m and
𝜇 0 = 4𝜋x10−7 T.m /A. Therefore, the force would be the same as 2 × 10–7 N.
Force on a rectangular current-carrying wire
Consider a coil of length L (as in Figure below) and N turns carrying a current I.

 The plane of the coil makes an angle θ with the magnetic field.
 The magnitude of each force F will be BILN.
 These two forces provide a torque, a turning effect, on the coil.
 The total torque is the sum of the two moments.
 The distance the left-hand force acts from the pivot is d, which is
b/2cosθ (where b is the full width of the coil).
Therefore its moment is F × 𝑏cosθ.
2
 The two forces combined give double this moment, which is Fbcosθ.
 Torque on the coil = BIAN cosθ A = L × b.
The electric motor
 Electric motor- is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 The components of electric motor are - magnet, rotating coil (armature), split ring
commutator, brush, source of electric energy and switch.
 For dc motor

 The current in one wire creates a magnetic field that extends out to where
the second wire is.
 The current in this second wire then experiences a force due to the motor effect.

The magnitude of the force which two wires that is a distance (r) r apart, each of length (l) and carrying-
currents of I1 and I2 is given by:

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  When electric current passes through a coil in a magnetic field, magnetic force produce a
torque which turns the dc motors.

 For ac motor
 As in the dc motor case, a current is passed through the coil generating a torque on the
coil. Since the current is alternating the motor will run smoothly only at the frequency of
the sine wave.
 Moving coil galvanometer
 The greater the current flowing around the coil of an electric motor, the more strongly it
will try to turn.
 This suggests a way to measure the size of a current: let it flow through a motor, and make
the coil try to turn while it is held back by a spring.
 The bigger the current, the further the coil will manage to stretch the spring. This is the
basis of the moving-coil galvanometer.

 Homework

Review questions Page 140 -141

-Question #1 - #10

4.4 Electromagnetic induction

Magnetic flux and magnetic field strength
 Magnetic flux = magnetic flux density (magnetic field strength) × area
Ø=B×A
 The unit for magnetic flux is T m2 because B has the unit T and A has the unit m2.
Electromagnetic induction
 It is the production of voltage across a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field.
 It is the process of generating a current by relative motion between a wire and a magnetic
field.
 It is known as the dynamo effect. i.e a way to cause to flow round that circuit as fig. below.
Fig. Demonstrate the dynamo effect.

 When a wire is moved through a magnetic field, a current is generated by the dynamo effect.
 Dynamo effect tries to stop the motor effect.
 Induced e.m.f. -voltage produced by electromagnetic induction.
Laws of electromagnetic induction
There are two laws of electromagnetic induction. These are:
1. Faraday’s law -magnitude of the induced current and
2. Lenz’s law-direction of the induced current.

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 1. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction: states that
 The induced emf in a closed loop is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux in the loop.
 The dynamo eff ect means that a voltage will appear whenever a conductor cuts through a magnetic
field as Figure below, which shows an end-on view of a wire being moved between the poles of a
magnet.

 Fig. An end-on view of a wire being moved between the poles of a magnet.
 At A the wire is cutting through the field and so a voltage is created in it.
 The same thing happens at B, but because the wire is cutting through the field in the opposite
direction the voltage will be the other way round.
 At C, however, even though the wire is moving in the magnetic field no lines of force are being cut,
and so no voltage is generated.
 The law of emf is given by:

The magnitude of emf depends on:

 The speed
 The magnetic field strength
 The number of turns.
Ư
So for N coil, ε = -N .
∆𝐭

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 2. The Lenz’s law
 The direction of the induced current is such as to oppose the change that is causing it.
 The negative sign indicates the direction of emf or (current).
 It applies to any situation in which the dynamo effect occurs.
Inductors
 A component such as a coil in an electric circuit the main function of in which is to produce
inductance.
 An inductor is essentially an electromagnet.
 The dynamo effect comes into play whenever the magnetic flux through it is changing.
 All electromagnets possess inductance.
 Inductance is defined as the property in an electrical circuit where a change in the electric
current through that circuit induces an e.m.f. that opposes the change in current.
Types of inductance
a. Self-inductance
b. Mutual inductance

a. Self-inductance
 Self-inductance occurs when a current is first switched on in a coil and the build-up of
the magnetic flux induces a voltage in the coil that opposes the battery in the circuit to
delay the build-up of current.
 The induced e.m.f. depends on the rate at which the current in the coil is changing.
 Induced e.m.f. = a constant × the rate of change of the current.
 Induced e.m.f. = L × the rate of change of current through the coil.
In symbol’s, this is written ε

Where L = coil’s self-inductance in Henry (H) Its SI units are v.sec/A

It depends on the coil itself

- Its geometry,
- the number of turns on it,
- What its core is made from.
Mathematically L= ∅
𝑰
𝐼 = current in A.
∅ = magnetic flux in Wb.
b. Mutual inductance
 Occurs when a changing current in one coil induces a voltage in a neighboring coil.
 When the flux from one coil threads through another coil, an emf can be induced in either one
by the other.
 The coil that contains the power source is called the primary coil, Np
 The other coil in which an emf is induced by the changing current in the primary is called the
secondary, Ns.
 Mutual inductance occurs when a coil is in close proximity to another.

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  The mutual inductance M of a pair of circuits is defined by:
e.m.f. induced in one circuit = M × (rate of change of current in the other circuit).

The unit of M will also be the henry, H.

M – Constant mutual inductance.

A simple a.c. generator

 Generator –is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.
 The Comparison between the actions of d.c. and a.c. generators.

d.c. generator a.c. generator

Turns half a turn by motor effect
Coil is turned rather than turning by
then would stop unless battery
motor effect
leads could be reversed
Split ring commutator reverses
Slip rings connect to outside circuit
direction of current automatically

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Transformer
 Transformer – is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another, usually with
a change of voltage.
 Is used to step-up or step-down the voltage.
 The emf induced the secondary coil Vs is proportional to the primary voltage Vp and on the ratio
of turns of the secondary coil Ns to turns on the primary coil Np.
𝐕𝐒 𝐍𝐒
=
𝐕𝐏 𝐍𝐏
 Based on the number of turns of coil, we can classify transformer into two. These are:
A. Step down transformer
 If the number of turns in the primary coil is greater than the number of turns in the secondary
coil the transformer is called step down transformer.
 Np> Ns
 The output voltage of the transformer is less than the input voltage of the transformer is called step
down transformer.
 Vs<Vp
B. Step up transformer
 If the number of turns in the primary coil is less than the number of turns in the secondary
coil the transformer is called step down transformer.
 Np> Ns
 The output voltage of the transformer is greater than the input voltage of the transformer
is called step down transformer.
 Vs.<Vp
 In both type of transformers, the ratio of Vs to Vp and Ns to Np are equal i.e

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The ideal transformer equation
There are two ways in which a transformer may heat up:
1. Eddy currents may be induced in the iron core. Laminating the core has very nearly solved
this problem.
2. The resistance (in ohms) of the windings of the coils themselves could cause heating.
 The power at the output of the transformer is:
 In an ideal transformer, the electric power delivered to the secondary circuit equals the
power supplied to the primary circuit.
 An ideal transformer dissipates no power itself.

Pint = pout but p = VI

Thus, VpIP =VsIs or VinIin =VoutIout

Where: p – power, V- voltage and I- current.

Up on rearranging these we get.

 Where Vout - is the alternating voltage produced in the secondary coil, and Vin is the alternating
voltage which is applied to the primary coil, for Ns and Np
 If the voltage is stepped up, then the current is stepped down by the same factor.

 Homework

Review questions Page 153

-Question #1 - #15

End of Unit Questions Page 154

-Question #1 - #16

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