strings in Python 7.1 INTRODUCTION after going through Conditional Constructs in the previous chapter, we will now discuss Strings —an important sequence/collection provided by Python. Think about beads or anything you might string together. You place one bead ata time on to the cring, Eventually, you end up with some type of ornamentation—perhaps a necklace or a tree land, But the point is that these items are made up of individual beads. The same concept used for a necklace made up of beads holds true for strings in computer. When you see a sentence, you understand that it is made up of individual characters that are strung Fig. 7.1: String in Real World The language creates a structure that holds ‘gether by the programming language you use. and not the computer, knows that so many “dividual characters together. So, the language, alphabets or numbers in a row (each number being represented as a character) make a string ° 4 sentence. in Python too, like in real life, we deal with strings. Noy ‘i the question arises— Where have we seen strings before? ¥ecal the simple programs that we have discussed in the previous chapters,yp rs Ht M/NOF NAN. Cog | iy A program to display a Hello message” to the arser Hhat combine the Python code for this: aroun = | 20 2018, 1 | etd on wind nsec for Spout (h iter on ai TRESTARTH ci/Users/proet/Appbata/Toca/ Progra aPrython eython de 32/p400 AULD In the above example, the sentence we have typed in print() method, Le “Enter your name, a string, Even though you see a sentence, Python sees a specitic number of characters, Shnilay, the output message displayed as “HelloRinku” is again a string. So, we CAN say A SLETR More op less behaves like a variable holding characters or alphabets inside double quotes 7.2 WHAT ARE STRINGS In Python, a consecutive sequence of characters, which are enclosed or surrounded by singe ("') or double (“") quotes, is known as a string, This sequence of UNICOD! include a letter, a number, special character, whitespace or a backslash, eh eters may Astring may be specified by pl the member char: of the sequence within quotes (single, double or triple). Python String, ’ Python treats single quotes the same as double quotes. f In the above example, we have a string with the names of fruits and space in betweet viz. Mango#Apple#Grapes (where # indicates a space) enclosed inside single quotes this representing a string value assigned to the variable ‘Fruits’ Like other integer variables, stilts are also declared in the same manner using assignment('=") operator, Triple quotes are typically used for strings that span py_steing = "Python Strings” multiple lines. For example, Fruits = ‘Nango apple Grapes 7.3 CREATING STRINGS | Strings are among the most popular data types in Python, We can create them by sit! enclosing characters in quotes (single, double or triple). Python treats single quotes the as double quotes. Sometimes, triple quotes can be used in Python but they are general) to represent multiline strings and doc strings. An empty string is that has 0 characte Creating strings is as simple as assigning a value to a variable 8 For example, strl = "Hello World str2 = "Python Programming Es B Fy cs 5 Fy 2 FA 5 3 2 E A re[Bi Python 3.90 Shett fle_Edt Shell Debug Options Window Help thon 3.9.0 (tags/v3.9.0:9cf Ey seo7l Givi UaD64) | on sneer Oct $2020, 15:34:40) (HSC Type "help", “copyright", “credits* formation. >>> strl= >>> str] ‘Hello World’ or "license()" for more in Hello World” | >>> str2s'Python Programming’) ~ !Toxt can be enclosed wit >>> str2 or double quotes; both are tre | ‘python Programning’ i |as stings ) >>> Ln9 Col: Fig. 7.2: Creating a String {CIM Text can be enclosed within single or double quotes; both represent a string, Iso. python does not support a character type; these are treated as strings of length one, thu: considered a substring. For example, ‘2’, ‘b’, ‘c’ are all strings of length one. swe know, double quotes and single quotes are used to represent string in Python language and both are interchangeable. But when a string contains special characters such as quotes, we need to escape them (i.e., with a backslash “\’ character in front of them to indicate the special nature of the character). The different ways to include quotes inside a string are: (i) Escape the single quote by placing a backslash before it or use double quotes instead of single quotes as the enclosing quotes. >>> as “This is Neera\'s pen.” >>> print (a) ‘This is Meera's pen. 7 >>> batirite an article on 'AI' briefly." >>> print (b) Write an article on 'AI' briefly. (ii) Ifthe string contains double quotes, we can use single quotes to represent the string and vice versa so that we don’t have to escape the quotes. >>> extiirite an article on "AI" briefly." >>> print(e) ; Write an article on "AI" briefly. (li) If there are both single and double quotes in the string, we need to escape the quotes otherwise it results in a syntactical error. fal call you."" >>> de'she said, "I\'11 call you."* >>> print id) She said,*r*11 call you." >>> | SM: An escape Tequence characters represented as a string with one byte of memory, 5 5 Et = ts = ma 2 3 Cy ed z> Empty String ers inside, having length zero. An empty string is.a string without any char’ >>> print (str) >>> ates | >>> print (str) As is evident from the above example, string str does not hold any value, i.e. it is an empy string, Therefore, when we print an empty string, a blank space gets displayed in the next ing If the statement is very long, then it can be shifted to multiple lines with the line continuatioy character ('\’), But it shows the result in the same line. For example, left Shel_Oebup Options Window Hep Python 3.6.5 (v3.6.5:£59¢0930b4, Mar 28 2018, ~ 16:07:46) [usc v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or “license()" for more, information. split in two lines de> pesst(ad Here 19 a 2ine opli in evo Lines If you wish to display the output on the next line, then the use of escape sequence ‘\ becomes mandatory. For example, “let ‘Debug Options Window Hep python 3.6.5 (v3.6.5:£59c0932b4, Mar 28 2018, ~~ 16:07:46) (MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)} on wind? Type "copyright", "credits" or “license()" for more information. >> cxtve are Indians \n and ve love cur country" >>> print (c) ve are Indians and ve love our country E4 i A ej Ey = 3 5 A 2 a 3 a = 3 EA 5 éwe can also use escape sequence (\t) to provide horizontal space in the output. for example, +6.5:£59¢0932b4, Mar 28 2010, c 35707546) (Msc v.1900 32 bit (Intel)} on wind Type "copyright", "credits" or “license()" fo x more information, o> ale"Kane\t class \t secticat >>> ad="RIYA\ XT \t bt >> print (al) Wass class section >> pritt (a) HR OM > Multiline Strings Multiline strings are represented using triple single(") or triple double (“"""""”) quotes. Python 3. 09324, Mar 26 2018, 1 © v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or “license()" for more informa tion. boo sett 'Tni multiline example" >>> print (s) This is a multiline string ‘students ve study computer science Programing language is python ing isa sequence of characters. We can create them simply by enclosing characters in quotes oak | CTMEA stein Sale, double or triple). i ACCESSING CHARACTERS (INDEXING) IN A STRING isp." A€cess individual characters of the string by using the subscript or index value, which "own as indexing. ~>> varl = "Hello Horld* >>> print (varl (0]) z >>> print (varl (4]) ° >>> print (varl[-8]) 1 >>> print (varl [-6]) >>> print (varl[-5]) a >>> We can't use float or other types for index as this will result in TypeError. Trying to access# character out of index range will raise an IndexError. We can start index value either from the left or from the right. Left or positive index starts from0 and ends with I-Lwhere | is the length of the string and right or negative index starts from-1 to length of the string. For example, varl ='Hello World!" Positive Index Olt? 13 ]4 {5s ey,r eyes) var HeEev ty lfo wliolt rfaf! Negative Index 22-1] 0] 9 | 8 [ys asta Here, each element or character of the string is associated w by its index value. To access any subscript of a string, we us the index. i A ith an index and can be access e the square brackets along"15 TRAVERSING A STRING pesversinga string means accessing each cha “ racter one after the other by iterating through the gements of a string using either for or while loop. iterating through string using for loop zach character of the string can be accessed sequentially using for loop. This is done using ihe indexes, and iterating over it results in displaying the elements of a string, one character atime. @ ‘computer science! n str print (i) HOTeCaOO Inthe above code, the loop starts from the first character of the string ‘str’ and automatically ends when the last haracter is accessed. yooserno (0) Iterating through string using while loop Like for, while loop can also be used for string traversal. Each element of the string is accessed one by one and while loop iterates till the end of the inputted string, which can be determined using standard library function, len() function. a RESTART: #String traversal using while loop gest-py str = "python Programing!" 7 index = 0 y flen() function to get length of string fe while index ‘Hello "eWorld? Nello World" >>> >>> print (¢) Good Morning * Morning” [Python 3.6.5 (v3.6. 900 32 bit (intel)] on win32 Type “copyright”, "credits" or "License()" for more information| >>> 2 #tbook! Traceback (most recent call last): File "cpyshell¢1é>", line 1, in 2 +"book" TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for + 746) ‘int* and ‘str! TypeError will be CIM: You cannot add ‘str’ and ‘int’ objects. To use ‘+’ operator, data types should be the same. For example, 6+3=9 — #addition ‘6’ + ‘3 = 63" #concatenation But the expression— ‘6'+3 shall generate an error as shown in the above output window, 1.6.2 Replicating Strings The * operator creates a new string by repeating multiple copies of the same string, File Edt Shell Debug Options Window Help >>> 3*'Hello * ‘Hello Hello Hello >>> 2812" 129" However, you can use concatenation operator ‘+’ with numbers and strings separately for performing addition and concatenation operation respectively. Using replication operator *, Python creates a new string that is a number of repetitions of the put string,Practical Implementation-1 : al rin an input Write a program to count the number of occurrences of a characte! Putted string (Implementing String Traversal) - function to count the number of times a character occurs in a fstring str = input("enter a string: ") Lo. ch = input ("enter the character to be searched: “) count = 0 for character in str: if character == ch: ‘count += 1 Print ("Nunber of times character"/ch, "occurs in the string \ is:", count) a RESTART: C:/Users/preeti /appData/Local/Programs/Python py Enter a string: Python is easy and Interactive Enter the character to be searched: e . Number of times cter e occurs in the string is: 3 Practical Implementation-2 Write a program to input a string from the user and print it in the reverse order withox: creating a new string. [fProgram to display string in reverse order str = input ("enter a string: ") for i in range(-1,~-len(str)-1,-1)+ print (str(iJ,end='") a RESTART: C:/Users/preeti/AppData str py Enter a string: Reversing string gnirts gnisrever 7.6 SPECIAL STRING OPERATIONS String can be manipulated using operators like concatenate (+), repel operator like in and not in. ion (*) and membersti ‘OPERATIONS Str1 > str2 Stringirange) Fig. 7.4: Common String Operations 7.6.1 Concatenating Strings 7 Concatenation refers to creating a new string by adding two strings. The + operator j2i"*” concatenates strings written on both sides of the operator and creates a new string. | (CTM: To concatenate means to join. “A Es e = fs = z 3 2 2 rs 3S 2 £ 5 3 ulCUTIES CuPCMT ls Lule. For example, >>> str= "python" >>> str * 3 fusing variable str ‘pythonPythonPython! bos ty) Lise Traceback (most recent call last)? . File “", line 1, in tee TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type ‘str! CTM: The * operator has to either have both operands of the number types (for performing multiplication) or one string type and one number type (for replication). It cannot work with boty Operands of string types. The last statement shall result in an error because strings can’t be multiplied; one operand ha to be an integer value. 7.6.3 Membership Operators Python offers two membership operators for checking whether a particular character exists the given string or not. These operators are ‘in’ and ‘not in’ ‘in’ operator: It returns true if a character/substring exists in the given string. not operator: It returns true if a character/substring does not exist in the given string. To use membership operator in strings, it is required that both the operands used should be of string type, i.e. in not in WY in "Hello True False >>> 'HEL' in ‘Hello! ~ False >>> ty! not in 'Hello! True >>> 'H' not in "Hellot | False j jello in Python being case-sensitive >>> strl="ny" >>> string='my book’ >>> strl in string True CCTM:TTo Use’membership operator in stings, its required that both the operands uuea should Bee. string type. 7.6.4 Comparison Operators You can use relational/comparison operators (>, <, Python compares strings using ASCII, rather UNICODE y, are also called Ordinal Values. o seriné ==, !=) to compare tw! alue of the characters. Unicode"python starts by comparing the firs quence (character-by-character comparison) " they are Equal. it goes on to the next element, and So on, until it finds elements that differ Subsequent elements are not considered (even if they are big) t element from each se Here, strl is “Mary” and str2 is "Mac", The first two characters from str and str2 (M and M) are compared. As they are equal, the Second two characters (a and a) are compared. Since they arealso equal, the third two characters (r and c) are compared. Because 'r hes greater ASCII/ Unicode value than 'c’, strl is greater than str2, ‘tim > tiet aise >>> "Eree" I= "freedom" True >>> "arrow" > “aron" Tre >>> "right" >= "left" True >>> "teeth" < "tee" False >>> "yellow" <= "fellow" False >>> “abet > 0H True In all the above examples, Python compares using values (called Ordinal Values). For most common characters, the ASCII and Unicode values are same. The table below gives the most common characters and their ordinal values: Table 7.1: Common Characters and their Ordinal Values Ordinal Values Characters I 79 to 19" "to ‘2! to v3 = a al TM: Python compares two strings character by character according to their Unicode values, until it Finds elements that differ. Subsequent elements are not considered. 185 String Slicing favsuring Te nothing buts sabeetee tral Slicing j i set of values. A slice of a string is nothing but a substring. This tracted sate ne F eraetas| slice. Chunk of characters can be extracted from a string using Slice operator with two indices in square brackets separated by colon ([:]). The syntax is: Here end is excluded Strings In Pythonby returning charteters falling between the Stary h ation through examples Python will return a stice of the string position till end=1, Let us understa s » shows a string code show Me having ait y first line of the Example 1: Consider the given code, the alphabets in the uppercase. alphabet_string = “ABCDES sliced_string = alphabet_s! tring (6:15:21) print (alphabet_string) print (sliced_string) = 2a NS Tas e eee ee 2[xTe[u[nfofrfopris{t w]x]y[z alphabet string The second statement is going to extract a slice out of this particular string startin from the 6" position and points to 14" position instead of 15" position as shown below, ‘alphabet_string = TIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY 2 sliced_string = alphabet_string[ print (alphabet_string) print (sliced_string) pins 3 ss JN Bes ey 20 (aoe eRE DE sol [eles pee alphabet_string >>> | er C:/Users/preeti/AppData_ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPORSTUVEXY2 GHIJKLMNO | Fig. 7.5(a): String Slicing Using Step Value as) ‘end’ position is to be excluded. Step 1 ensures that all characters from index position 6°!" Position 14% are sliced out. Hence, statements 3 and 4 shall give the output as GHIJKLMN 7 In case the step value is taken as 2 as shown in Fig, 7.6(b) extracting a substring starting from 6" position to 14% element since step value is 2. n Wy the output shall be obtained Position but skipping the adi#© Ed & 2 rs 2 = 8 8 5 a 5 B éfae_(3RFermat Run Options Window alphabet_string = “apcpsrciigia iShGRSFUVERTE shiced_string » atphabet_stringt¢ OnSTUVKYZ print (alphabet_string) ~ print (sliced_string) Zz alphabet_string Fig. 7.5(b): String Slicing Using Step Value as 2 ence, the output displayed is “GIKMO", fuample 2: Consider the given string A = "SAVE MONEY": String A s[altvTe MT O[N[E]Y Positive Index olifz[3[a;sfe[7]|elo9 Negative Index =10| -9 [ -8 | -7 [-6 | -s [a | -3 [2 [1 Here, print statement prints the subscript starting from index 1 and ending before index 3, soit will print AV (1* and 2" index). OW »>a: 3) ‘save Omitting the first index directs the Python interpreter to extract the substring till the second index starting from the beginning, i., index 0. (@ >a [32] NEY" Omitting the second index directs the Python interpreter to extract the substring till the end of the string starting from 3" position. @ >> t2y VE MONEY* Omitting both the indices directs the Python interpreter to extract the entire string starting , 0m Otill the last index. 8) oa5 For negative indices, the Python interpreter counts from the right side (also shown above). | Here, start index is -2, but end index is not given, so it will start printing from index -2 F&M ; Seen meals ES 2d will print all the characters till the end (~2 starting point till index ~1). = s fared >(fF) >>> Atr=2) "SAVE MON" Omitting the first index direc the beginning, Since the negative Index Indie entire string except the fast two letters Is printer pretorto start extracting Ihe Substring, os slteing from the end Of he string hy the Python Inte (g) >>> AL+:21 "SV OE! ‘This will print alternate character from the string. Practical Implementation-3 Program to input name and print the pattern as pive' (if name is ‘ANAND’), A AN ANA ANAN ANAND 1 below using string slicing: A prog. cleaner Se ——— te te oe pane ind print the pattern 92 given Below usin seine eUEteing: Me nace Ae 'ARMID'), output. should ber f i i | mA hoy i namesinput ("Enter any nano is for 4 in_ range (0, Len (name) #11 RESTART: C2/Users/preeti print (name(0%4)) siicing.py Enter any nase: ANAND 7.7 STRINGS ARE IMMUTABLE Strings are immutable means that the content of the string cannot be changed after it® created. Let us understand the concept of immutability with the help of an example. >o>stri='Student' >>>strl(3]="P' TypeError: ‘str1 object does not support item assignment. Python does not allow the programmer to change a character in a string. As shown in the 0% example, str1 has the value ‘Student. An attempt to replace ‘d’ in the string by ‘p’ disp!" TypeEtror. TIM Sirings are immutable, ie, once created, strings cannot be changed. ; ES atlSTRING METHODS AND BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS “non provides several built-in functions a sto easily modify and manipulate strings. “efor on elements of a string in our code, «redefined in Python programming langua sing, object functionName() tetus understand these methods, We can think of functions as being actions that we Built-in functions/string manipulation functions are 'ge and are readily available for use. The syntax is: 1, len()—This method returns the length of the string, syntax: len(str) Here str is the string, For example, >>> word='Good Morning’ >>> len (word) 12 f >>> stri='This is Meera\'é pen! >> len(strl) 19 2. capitalize()—This method returns the exact copy of the string with the first letter in uppercase. Syntax: str.capitalize() Here str is the string. For example, >>> stri=!welcome' >>> strl capitalize () "elcome! >>> stri='Welcome' >>> stri.capitalize() ; "Welcome" — a Pract ‘actical Implementation-4 “te a program to accept a string (a sentence) and return a string having first letter of each “ord in capital letter: Stee Fed stri.split() for 320 TE avcapitanizeoe* * print (str2) IAL @ s FS S ts 3 S S CAEd S ra = = a oo & 5 3 4. replace()—This function reptaces all the occurrences ofthe olds tm tak er Bo ad = usc v.1900 32 bit (In | fvenon aiecs”qbesrcuncousabl, tar 2 2018, 16107840) (HEC 9-19 tei} on wins? for sore information. fp Seloe, sree or “cee” P= RESTART: C2\CHAPTER 6\PFO"_2-PY ingest bn ately pyeten Liga Seg te Ste? hton sete nt lek split()—The split() method breaks up a string at the specified separator and returns aj, of substrings, Syntax: str.split((separator, [maxsplit]]) The split() method takes a maximum of 2 parameters: + separator (optional)—The separator is a delimiter. The string splits at the specifi separator. If the separator is not specified, any whitespace (space, newline, etc string is a separator. + maxsplit (optional)—The maxsplit defines the maximum number of splits. The defauk value of maxsplit is -1, which means no limit on the number of splits. For example, seoeaseeesusnecoccosccaccos= RESTART? Shell o> x "blues redigreen’ Doo xesplit("") (blue', *zed", 'green') de> texte'Love’ your country" >>> print (text .split()) ['tove', your", ‘country') Here, separator is not specified, so by default, space is a string separator The second argument ‘maxsplit’ is optional and its default value is zero. Ifan integer valu ‘n’ is given for the second argument, the string is split into ‘n+ string S. os foceng: eine va) (thet "raluerysorenges ink} >e>' print grocery. split(':"s3}) tnaxspiit de URed', ‘Blt range: Pink") ae P35‘ print grocery. 9p1it(:",5)) ('Red', Blue’, Yoranges, dane) 237 pelaetoroctey-spLHEC:',0) teaxspiit $5 0, a0 it w | Syntax: str. replace (old, new) = 4 3tring example 33> print (stel replace (25, s32721° FFhwae was 2 stting example op strae “cole correc 35> print (str2-replace(‘co1g", + hot coffee! not")s, find()—This function ts used to se. string. The find() method retur given string. If the rch the first occurrence of the substring, in the given Ns the lowest index of the substring if it Is found in the ubstring is not foun str.find (sub, start, end) na iss Here, sub:is the substring which needs to be searched in the given string start starting position where substring is to be checked within the string end: end position is the index of the last value for specified range >>> word = “Green covolution® 23> results word.tind('Grcen') 2> print tresuity >>> result word.find('green') >>> print (result) oy >>> resulteword.tind("e", 4) >>> print eauity >>> resultevord.find(en",5) >>> print (result) a >>> rosult-word.find('o', 11,14) #Finding letter ‘0! >>> print (result) # trom 1ith to 1én position a Inthe last statement, letter ‘o’ is to be searched for starting from 11" to 13" position (as index 14 ‘sexcluded in search). Since ‘o’ lies at 14" position, it will result in an unsuccessful search and shall return -1 as the output. 6 index()—This function is quite similar to find() function as it also searches the first occurrence and returns the lowest index of the substring if it is found in the given string but raises an exception if the substring is not present in the given string. Syntax: index (substring, start, end) p> ste index('He110") >> stri.index(*ni*) Teaceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in str. index (*Hi") Waluegrror: substring not found Dos. isalpha()—This function checks for alphabets in an inputted string, It returns True if the string contains only letters, otherwise returns False. Syntax: str.isalpha() >>> str = *Good" >>> print (str. isalpha()) True is present in the string, Returns True as no special character or digi 322 stris"this is a string” >>> ai Fay goTint (str: -isalpha()) Returns False as the st g contains spaces. Ke 5 5 fS = [ le & = aComputer Science with Python-XI 10. >o> strle*Working with «..Pythonl!™ >o> prant(str].isalpha()) False cial characters and spaces False as the string contains spe Returns Inum()—The isalnum() method returns True alphabet letters (A-Z, a-z) and numbers (0-9). ric: (space) ! # % & ? etc. ifall the characters are alphanumerij, ample of characters that are not alphanume syntax: string.isalnum() For example, I Ix = texti.isalnum() FE |prine oo RESTART: C:/Users/preeti| tunc.py False The above function shall return output as False since the text contains space also. pREL= "Pythons texti.isalnum() [print (x) RESTART: c:/Users/preetil tone-py As is evident from the second example, the output returned is True since text includes only text and numbers. isdigit()—This function returns True if the string contains only digits, otherwise False Syntax: str.isdigit() >>> str = "123456" >>> print (str1.isdigit ()) True Returns True as the string contains only digits. >>> str] = "Ram bagged 1st position" >>> print (str1 isdigit (1) false Returns False because apart from digits the string contains letters and spaces title()—This function returns the string with first lette in T of eve in the string uppercase and rest in lowercase. ry word in tl Syntax: str.title() >>> strl = “hello ITS all about sTRINGs! 1+ >>> stri.title() ‘Hello Its All About Strings!!* >>> itle() returns a version of the string where each yw a ; ch word is title-ca cased.count()—This function returns num trove do not give start index at length of the string, nber of ti and end index wh mes substring str occurs in the given ae then searching starts from index 0 and en gmtax: Str count (substring, tri = Kelle World! Helte Keltor tr1.count ("Hello*, 12, 25) Start, end) Sov stei.count (‘He110") Jower()—This function cony erts all the uppercase letters in the string into lowercase. gyntax: Str. lower () go> strl= "Learning pytkox= p> print (strl.lover()) | earning python ee gob Wlowerense i Mesa nlone ¢ ett oil simply return the string. ooo strl= "learning python" >>> print (strilower ()) learning python 13. islower(). Syntax: —This function returns True if all the letters in the string are in lowercase. >> strl = oe print (strl.islower()) 14. upper() This function converts lowercase leters in the string into uppercase, Syntax: str.upper () 3? varie thelcone! 222 Faint (war upper ()) coe already in uppercase, then it will simply return the string. B23 Yaris sezcoue - Print (vari upper or ico ‘supper() S }—This function returns True if the string is in uppercase, yatax: Str. isupper() >>> Strle =; - = 7 SrgPESRE (Stet supper 0) >> stereo. >> stone ry Pet str sisupper ()) _ PAL A Ss = SS 3 = a & =after removing the space(s) from the Lf ory, 16, Istrip() This function returns the sti string. Syntax: stristripQ or str.lstrip(chars) chars (optional)—a string specifying the set of characters to be removed from the left, 4 combinations of characters in the chars argument are removed from the left of the string until left character of the string mismatches. >>> strl= "Green Revolution" >>> print (stri.1strip()) Green Revolution Here no argument is given, hence, it removed all leading whitespaces from the left of the string. >>> str2= "Green Revolution” >>> print (str2.1strip("Gr")) een Revolution >>> str2= "Green Revolution" >>> print (str2.1strip("rs")) een Revolution Here, all elements of the given argument are matched with left of the str2 and, if found, are removed. Practical Implementation-5 Write a program that reads a line and prints its frequency chart like, + Number of uppercase letters + Number of lowercase letters + Number of alphabets + Number of digits line = input “enter a line Jowercount = uppercount = 0 digicount = alphacount = 0 for a in line: if asislower(): jowercount += 1 e1i¢ a.dsupper(): uppercount += 1 elit avisdigit(Q): ‘digicount += 1 if a.isalpna(): ‘Alphacount += 1 print ("wunber of uppercase letters Print ("Number of lowercase letter: print ("Number of alphabets: UbPezcount) o¥ercoun '» alphacount) mat) Print ("Humber of digits:", digieounty Cea eee oieBem Ctr al Enter a line:Python for BIG data | unbor of upporcase letters: §° -°2> | umber of lowercase Letterss 4S | urber of alphabets: 16 Nunber of digits: 4 17. rsteip(—This function removes all the tr Syntax: estrip( @ or ailing whitespaces from the right of the string. str.rstrip (chars) chars {optional} —a string specifying the set of characters to be removed from the right. alleombinations of characters in the chars argument are removed from the right of the string until the right character of the string mismatches, >>> strl= "Green Revolution >>> print (str1.rstrip()) Green Revolution Here, no argument is given, hence, it removed all leading whitespaces from the right of the string. >>> strl= "computers" >>> print (strl.rstrip("rs")) Compute Here, the letters ‘rs’ are passed as an argument; it is matched from the right of the string and Temoved from the right of the str. 18. strip()—This function returns the string after removing the spaces both on the left and the right of the string. Syntax: str.strip() >>> strl =" Hello ITS all about STRINGs!! —* >> stri.strip() ‘Hello ITs all about STRINGS!!" >> 19, isspace()—This function returns True if the string contains only whitespace characters, otherwise returns False. Syntax; str.isspace() >> stries # ?>> print (str1.isspace ()) True >> ateter —eython" 5 yyehion = >> print, i ” = raise nt (str1,isspace ( = , . a. 20. istite—the itite() function doestt take any arguments. returns True ifthe string 'S properly “ritle-cased’, else returns False if the string isnot a "title-cased” string or an gk Empty string. a basynta | : str. istitlea | ; >>> print (ste istitied)} | H | 39> 30 TALL Learn python* | d>> print (s.istitied)) | False | be ee tihis ts ¢ spor" | 2 35> print(s.istitied) & Tree | 2>> ge “pyTHON 25> print(s.istitze()) False 21. join(sequence)—This function returns a string in which the string elements have bee, joined by a str . i ya string separator: 24. syntax: str. join(sequence) Sequence—Join() takes an argument which is of sequence data type, capable of returning its element one at a time. This method returns a string which is the concatenation of eat element of the string and the string separator between each element of the string. b> stete 112045" de> strde ‘abcd! do gett 33> ante" 3>> s.join(stri) S55 sjoin(ste2) . Srasdea-5" ‘anoecea! - 22. swapcase()—This function converts and returns all uppercase characters into lowercase and vice versa of the given string. It does not take any argument. str.swapcase () The swapcase() function returns a string with all the cases changed. >>> stri= “Welcome” >o>_strl.swapease () "WELCOME | >>> str2= "PYTHON" 35>. str2.swapcase () “python! ob> se "pYThox™ >>> s.swapcase() "pytion" 23. partition(Separator)—Partition function is used to s specified separator and return a tuple with three parts: + substring before the separator; plit the given string using + separator itself; + a substring after the separator. Syntax: str.partition (Separator) Separator: This argument is required to separate a strin returns the string itself followed by two empty strings poe str3e ‘xyztoma: 33> stra-partition( Cayzigeail.cost, it 18. If the separator is not foun within parentheses as tuple- EU) TAS CurE A TUla ule.sere, Separator IS NOL FOUN, So returns eae *Hardvortpays op ee erate) » fork", "pays') Here, sv parts: 1) substring before separator, ie, Tuard"y eparated in three 2) separator itself, i, ‘work’, and 3) substring part after separator o>> sted ste2.partition(: >>> print (stra) Cardworkpays', +4, +4) “y >>> strS= str3.partition(+0+) >>> print (str5) xyz") 0, "gmat com) 24, endswith()—This function returns True if the given string ends with the specified substring, else returns False, Syntax: str.endswidth (substr) foe ae*areiicial teelivgence™ b> avendswith( Intelligence!) ‘Teue ‘bop avendswith (artificial) ‘ralse 25, startswith()—This function returns True if the given string starts with the specified substring, else returns False. Syntax: str.startswith (substr) >>> be'Nachine Learning” do> bystartswith ("Mac") ‘True >>> b.startswith(*learning') False Above functions in a Nutshell: >>> “Hello World” upper () . Lower () ‘hello world" >>> "ello World". lower () «upper () "HELLO WORLD? P2> Helo Worle tind(wor", 146) > “Helio World". find ("vor") >>> "Hello World® .isalpha() Ee r1d* Asalphé >>> “uelio worte".tsalnun() Fatse >> “123¢" tsdigit Tee oe 335 s12n¢9" 22, 1am saaigit 0 Pag Het© World” endsvitn("Wor}6") D> 7 ep" Trae Bete Worta* vendawients10") Rise Trae Helle World® startswith("#e120") Rello Wort” endswith ("Wor") he string itself, followed by two empty strings. ‘Hard’, @ Strings in Python7.9 OTHER FUNCTIONS ; ors are stored in intege In internal storage or memory of the computer, the charact peciinas The integer vat. A specific value is used for a given character and It [s based on ASCH ¢¢ here are differ, numbers assigned to capital letters and small letters n and chr Python provides two functions for character encodings ord() and chr) ord()—This function returns the ASCH/Unicode ds che tht >>> ord(ch) 98 >>> ord ("A") 65 (Ordinal) of the character. © chr()—This function returns the character represented by the inputted Unicode/Ascy number. >>> chr (97) tae >>> chr (66) tpt R snemone BYTES > Asstring is a sequence of characters. > We can create them simply by enclosing characters in quotes (single, double or triple). > Positive subscript helps in accessing the string from the beginning. > Negative subscript helps in accessing the string from the end, > ‘+! operator joins or concatenates the strings on both sides of the operator. ‘The * operator creates a new string concatenating multiple copies of the same string. Operator ‘in’ returns true if a character exists in the given string. Operator ‘not in’ returns true if a character does not exist in the given string, Range Slice gives the characters from the given range using You can use relational operators (>, <, > ) to compare two strings. Python compares two strings character by character according to their ASCII values. steings are immutable means that the content of the string cannot be changed after it has been created There are many built-in functions for working with strings in Python, Python provides various string functions like len(), capitalize(), find(), ete split() method returns a list of all words inthe string using sep as the delimiter string, uppert) method returns a copy of the string converted into uppercase characters, {sdigit() method returns True if all the characters in the string are digits, otherwise returns False. count()function will return the total count of a given element in a string index{) function returns index position of substring strip() function performs both Istrip() and rsteip() on string, Computer Science with Python-XI| pieeTIVETYPE QUESTIONS , SSS s.fillin the blanks fa) Astring is @ Of characters, ss ~~ Subscript helps in accessing the string from the beginning, ee + SUBSCTIpt helps in accessing the string from the end. - the strings on both sides of the operator. ~ method returns the lowest index ofthe substring I itis found in the given {a) ‘¥ operator .. (e) The string, (f) vsesmnnnnnnnnen FUNERION returns the exact co PY Of the string with the first letter in uppercase {g) Strings cannot be modified as they are ., ° : soe data types. (h) The sequential accessing of each of the elements in a string is called string fi) ~ “membership operator returns True if a character or substring exists in given string 0 a (i) find() function returns (se (m) « An) ssessstssetseen returns False. $9 Part of the string containing some contiguous characters from the string. when substring is not found in the main string. est index of the substring if itis found in a given string, method returns the low: ~ function is used to count how many times an element has occurred in a list. ~ function returns True ifthe given string starts with the specified substring, else 2, State whether the following statements are True or False. {a) An empty string is a string that has zero number of characters. (b) The last index number of string is length-1 or -1. (¢) “abe” * 2 will give abc*2 as output. (d) Multiplication operator (*) replicates the string. {e) We can combine two strings with the help of & operator. (1) When we compare “A” != "a", it will give True as an output. (3) String allows forward and backward type of indexing. (h) In Python, asc() function returns corresponding Unicode value of a character. (i) Size of \\" is 2. () Multiple tine string created with the help of triple quotes will include end line character in the length. (ky Astring is a mutable sequence of one or more characters 3. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) {a} Which of the following is not a Python legal string operation? (i) ‘abe’ + ‘abe" (ii) ‘abe’ *3. (iii) ‘abe’ +3 (iv) ‘abe’tower( ) (6) In Python, string + and * represents which of the following operations? = (i) Concatenation, Replication (ii) Addition, eae (iii) Neither (a) nor (b) a Both (a) and (b) (€) Which of following is not a valid string operation? (i) Slicing i Concatenation (iii) Repetition (iv) Floor “ i 2 (4) How many times is the word “Python” printed in the following statement: $= ‘I love Python’ for ch in s{3:8): ) time 8 times (ii) 3 times (iv) Stimes es £9) whi rect syntax of String Slicing? Which of the following is the correct sy (i) String name(start : step) : end () String name[start : end] (iv) String_name (step Mi) String name(step + endl Ss c= a i A & = a start] aaracters of “Digital India” (1) Whatis the correct Python code to display the last four characte " ° W) stri-a w) ote (asl (wy mer (eas (1 stetia; {e) What will be the output of the following code? strl= “Hove Python.” strlen = ten(stet) print(strlen) oo (i) 29 (ii) 24 uae (h) What will be the output of the following code? Strl= ‘My name is digital’ ‘Str2=Ste1[3:7] strlen = len(Str2) print(strlen) (ya (ii) 14 (ii) 24 iv) 34 (i) Which method removes all the trailing whitespaces from the right of the string? (i) tolower() (ii) upper() Istrip() (iv) rstript) (i) To concatenate means to (rey (ii) join (ii) split (iv) mattiply () function will always return tuple of 3 elements. (i) index() (ii) split() partition() (iv) strip() (I) What will be the output of the following code? A="Virtual Reality’ A.replace('Virtual', 'Augmented') (i) Virtual Augmented (ii) Reality Augmented Augmented Virtual liv) Augmented Reality (m) What will be the output of the following? print ("ComputerScience".split ("ex",2)) (i) ("Computer", "Science"] (ii) ("Comput", "Science"] (ii) ("comput", "erScience"} (iv) [*Comput", "ex", "Science"] SOLVED QUESTIONS === 1. What is a string? ‘Ans. A string is a sequence of characters where each character can be a letter, number or special symbol Wé can enclose characters in quotes (single, double or triple). 2, What is slicing in string? ‘Ans. Slicing returns the substring from the gi n string using slicing operator [: 3. What is traversing a string? ‘Ans. Traversing a string means accessing each character one after the other by iterating through the elem of a string using either for or while loop. Write the output of the following statement: strl = ‘This is Nohit\'s "CS" book" print (len(str1)) ‘Ans. 25 . Consider the string str="Green Revolution”. Write sta ing Fy ro display the last four eharacters. ements in Python to implement the follow’ (6) To display the starting index for the substring ‘vo’, (c) To check whether the string contains ‘vol’ or not, (d) To repeat the string 3 times. nce with Python-X1str (-43) pw reion" r.find("vo") ‘in str true qa) str"? . sgreen Revolution Green Revo} «what willbe the output of the following programmin yenamaZing™ print (x(381,"and",x(32]) int (21772) ,"and", x(-4:-2}) print (x(2:7], "and", x{-4:-1]) 1g code? ing and Art Me ading and 24 ating and Zin 1. Consider the following code: stal=input ("Enter @ string:") while Len (STR1) <: if STRI[-1] STRI=STR1[ elif ‘a’ in STRI: STRI = STR1[0]+'bb! elif not int (STRI(0]): STR = 'E'+STRI[1:]+!'2" else: STRISSTRI+'*! print (STR1) What will be the output produced if the input is: @) tbzz (b) abed 4s, (a) bec {b) endless loop because ‘a’ will always remain at index 0 2 }#e! & Write the output of the following code when executed: ‘Text="gmail@com" dslen (Text) ntext=" for iin range (0,1): if Text [i] .isupper(): ntextentext+Text [i] loner () elif Text [i] .isalpha (I+ ntext-ntext+Text [i] upper () else: ntext=ntext+'bb" Printintext) ® S#AZLbCoM in the following statement? % "ow many times is the word ‘HELLO’ print Python rocks" °F ch in s(3:8]: Prine pane, Ms syeteHedto") bh» Strings in Python20. Find the output of the following: word = "green vegetable: print (word. find('g", 2)) Print (word. find('veg", 2)) print (word.find(*tab', 4, 15)) print (word. find(*'eg', 6,8) Ans. Output: 8 6 10 -1 11, How can you create an empty string? Ans. An empty string can be created by using either double quotes ("”") or single quotes (°’) and assigning yeni toavariable. i 12. Differentiate between indexing and traversing of string. ‘Ans. Indexing: Accessing individual characters of the string by using the subscript or index value is cae: indexing. The index specifies the character to be accessed in the string and is written in square brackets|) Traversing: Accessing each character one after the other by iterating through the elements of a sting Using either for or while loop. 13. Why is string an immutable data type? ‘Ans. The contents of the string cannot be changed after it has been created; that is why it is an immutate data type. For example, Ste1='Sound’ Stri[0]="?" would result in — TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment. 414. A string called str contains whitespaces at the left of the string as given. str=" Python Program" Write the command to delete the spaces. ‘Ans. The commandis:str-1strip() 115, What will be the value stored in bval upon execution if two strings str1 and str2 are taken as “Delhi” “New Delhi"? (i) bval = stri > str2 (i) bval = stri.lower() < str? Ans. (i) False (ii) False 16. Write a Python code to access each character, one by one, of string ‘hello’, Ans. for ch in thello print (ch) Output: h e 1 1 ° 17, Write a program to count the number of vowels inthe string ‘pineapple’. ‘Ans. Code: word = ‘pineapple’ count = 0 for letter in word: if letter in ("i', "ut, tat, * countscount~ 1 print (count) Output: 4 stone Computer Science with Python-XIrv wnat willbe the output of the following pro We © PaNDarloL" ntr { in range(len(str)): if strli} supper ( row nstr + strtiy FAM shipper? slower () nstr = nstr + str[i] -upper() print (nstr) ays The output is: andARiEL 18. Write the output of the following program: stre"CBSE Digital India" for i in range (len (Str)-1,0,-1); if Str(i).isupper(): print (Str[i].lower(),end="") elif i%2==0: if Str(i].islower(): print (Str[i) .upper () , en: else: print ("@",end="") ‘Ans. INI@ATId@esb 20. Write a program to check whether the string is a palindrome or not. ‘Ans, Code: str=input ("Enter the String:") islen(str) pel-1 index=0 while (indexmaxlength and i.isalpha()==True: print (i) maxlength=x maxwor print ("Substring with maximum length is:*,maxword) (CCEA ua TueUoutput: enter 2 sting:Hello Python ello python string with maximum length iss sgt a program {0 remove Vowels from a string, gerivinput ("Enter string:") Python, i in range(len(str1)); if strl[i] not in “ieouaaoruen: str2= str2+stri(i] print ("Original strin. SretNew string ie ‘output: original string new string is We are learning python" r lrnng pythn” 27. What will be the output of the following program? res] = ("SKy"] res2 = ("TRE") nes} = ["LiMIT"] 11 = lentmesi) 12 = len(mes2) 13 = len(mes3) n= 11412413 for C in range(1,n): if (C84 == 0): print (mes2) 12-12-12 else: if (C83 == 0): print (mes1) qe i-1 else: print (mes3) 3-13-11 Ms (Linrty (tinerey Write a program to input a string having some cigits and return the sum of digits present in this string. "ainput ("Enter a string with digit: 0 for iin a: Af Lisdigit: c nt (i) Print (cy "Find the output of the following code: S*"Vow Python Print (len (s)) fag gS O18 f-11) He a 5 = ES iS 3 cHUNSOLVED GUESTIOnS SS 1. How does * operator behave on strings? 2. Explain function split() with an example. 3. How many times is the word ‘HELLO’ printed In th python rock: for ch ins: print ("ilello") Write the output of the following: >>> x="hello” >>> print (x[1:-2]) 5. Write the output of the following: 1¢ following statement? (a) string = "Hello Madam, I love Tutorials" substring = "Madam" if string. find (substring) Print ("Python found the substring! ") else: print ("Python did NOT find the substring (b) 5 = "Strings in Python" print (s.capitalize()) print(s.title()) 86-s.replace("in", “data type") print (s6) 6. Find the output of the following: word = "work hard" result = word. find ("work") print (Substring, ‘work", found at inde: result = word. find(*har') print ("Substring, ‘har ' ,found at index:", result ) result ) Af (word. find(*pawan') !=-1): print ("Contains given substring ") else: print("Doesn't contain given substring") 7. Consider the foll mySubject: mySubject = "Computer Science" What will be the output of the following string operations? {i) print (mySubject [0: len (mySubject) }) (ii) print (mySubject [-7:-1]) (iil) print (mySubject (::2)) (iv) print (mySubject [1en (mySubject)-1]) (v) print (2*mySubject) (vi) print (mySubject (::-2)) (vii) print (mySubject (:3] + mySubject(3:]) (viii) print (mySubject . swapcase()) (ix) print (mySubject.startswith(*Comp*y) (x) print (mySubject.isalpha()) 8, Write the Python statement and the output for the following: (a) Find the third occurrence of “e’ in ‘sequence’. (b) Change the case of each letter in string ‘FuNcTion’, (c) Whether ‘Z’ exists in string ‘School’ or not. Fa 5 = = 8 a 3 BA A ce4. comiget the ting ste =“Globa Warming wate statements in Python to implement the f {a} To display the last four characters, io} To replace all the occurrences of letter ollowing; “an the string with **", sp wate the outPut of the following program code - vi vvirus-virus! tt ["Fundamentals", “og, = "" #no space int (al. join(str)) Python" | 11, What will be the output of the following code? qext_ = "Mind@Work!" = len (Text) atest ri in range(0,1n): £ Text (i].isupper( aText = nText + Text [i] lower () elif Text {i].isalpha(): aText = nText + Text(i) .upper() else: nText = nText + print (nText) 12. Input the string ‘My School’, Write a script to partition the string at the occurrence of letter ‘h’ . 13. Write a program to convert a string with more than one word into titlecase string where string is passed ‘as parameter. (Titlecase means that the first letter of each word is capitalized.) 14. Write a program that takes a sentence as an input parameter where each word in the sentence is separated by a space. The function should replace each blank with a hyphen and then return the modified sentence. 15. Write a script to partition the string ‘INSTITUTE’ at the occurrence of letter ‘T’. 16. What will be the output of the following programming code? stre"My Python Programming print (str((-5:-H) print(str(1:5)) print(str(:-4)) print (ste[0:1) print (str(:13-4]) print (str(:3]) 17, Write a program to count the number of each vowel in a given 18, Write a program that reads a line, then counts how many times the word "s' appears in the line and displays the count. 18. Write a program to remove ‘(if any) from a string, string. CASE-BASED/SOURCE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS js a company that deals in maintaining the phone numbers of 1 AB i Ud. Bialing pNetweris Eve * code automaticaly at the time of adding the phone number in Customers globally. It prefixes the are its database. £10 digits and two dashes, a dash each aft wi for a phone number of 10 digits a a dash each after area ite @ program that prompts for 2 P yrample, 017-555-1212 is a legal input. Display if the phone code a umbers. For € Gigits and dashes at specific places): A A = ts IS a Sy tAAns. ae EAT ASDSHAR ROTC TAT ONTY EST Aeon ne fu ta tom hee Qe Wee 0 — ‘code for adding phone nusbers in the proper COrmat [P stnpue (tater shone wusber 1") Weagth Bust be 32 Se Tentpy Sand Tepe val = Le vats EINE (py"is voniay otset Print ip, "is Lavalier) RESTART: C:/Users/preeti/appData/Local/ casestudy1. 223098888 is invalid 333) | RESTART: C:/Users/preeti/AppData/Local/ casestudy1.py | Enter Phone Number :989-234-3377 989-234-3377 is valid | 2, Kids Elementary Technolo, ies help nursery children to improve their handwriting and writing skills sus as word formation, ‘recognition of lower and uppercase letters and small sentences formation. Write a program that should prompt the child to type some sentence(s) followed by “enter”. It shoul then print the original sentence(s) and the following statistics relating to the sentence(: + Number of words ‘+ Number of characters (includin + Percentage of characters that ig white-space and punctuation) are alphanumeric Ans. Gr Rte GOR TR RS (64 tem Ton Optom inion hep Rares 3 = input (“enter a sentence 7 > number of words = 1 Rusber“of"characters = ten(s) 3 it ftsaimung aun Sere a tytnet® iS a space means there ‘6 fumber_of words += 1 ne bad print ("rusher f Tords ace muaber of vords) PEIRE (ounbes_of characters’ sre snieegee ra Hest percentage ot casaccers thaw are SERAEASES®) another word +81_nu2*100/16n(s), Enter a sentence : nunber of words are ‘Rusber_of, DTU Ce aur Rol LU Dec