VT Sir (Chemistry in Everyday Life)

Chemistry in Everyday Life
Drugs & their classification

Drug : Chemicals of low molecular mass (100-500 u)
Which interact with macromolecular target & produce biological response.
Medicine : When biological response is therapeutic & useful these chemicals

are called medicines.
Potential poisons : When medicines are taken in higher doses than recommended,
then medicines are called potential poisons.
Classification of Drug
On the basis of Basis of drug Basis of Basis of

pharmacological effect action chemical str. molecular target
Useful for doctors All antihistamine inhibit Drugs having Drugs usually
because it provides common structure interact with
the action of histamine
them whole range of have similar biomolecules
which causes
drugs for treatment of pharmacological
particular problem.
inflammation in body.
activity
Eg. : Carbohydrates,
Eg. : Analgesics :
lipids, protein,
Pain killing effect
nucleic acid
Antiseptics : Kill stop
growth of microorganism Theses are called
target molecules
or drugs target.
Drug-Target Interaction
Enzyme : Protein which perform role of biological catalyst in body.
Receptors : Protein which are crucial for communication system in body.

Enzyme as Drug Target
1. Catalytic action of enzyme

2. Drug enzyme interaction
Catalytic action of enzyme : 2 function
(i) First function of enzyme is to hold the substrate for chemical reaction.
• Active site of enzyme hold the substrate molecule.
• Substrate binds to active site by ionic bond, H Bond, Vanderwall, dipole-
dipole interaction.
(ii) Second function of enzyme : Provide functional group that will attack
the substrate & carry out chemical reaction.
Drug Enzyme Interaction
Drug blocks the binding site of enzyme

It prevents binding of substrate & inhibit the catalytic activity of enzyme.
These drugs are called enzyme inhibitors.
This inhibition of binding of substrate takes place in two diff. ways :

(i) Drugs compete with natural substrate for attachment on active site of
enzyme. Such drugs are called competitive inhibitors.
This inhibition of binding of substrate takes place in two diff. ways :

(ii) Some drugs do not bind to active site, these bind to different site of
enzyme due to this shape of active site changes & substrate can’t
bind. These sites are called allosteric sites.
Receptors as Drug Target
• Receptor → Protein → Body’s communication process.

• Receptors are embedded in cell membrane.
• Active site of receptor projects out of surface of membrane.

Chemical
Message b/w 2 neuron & b/w neuron & muscles is communicated
Messenger :
by chemicals called chemical messenger.
Chemical messenger are received at binding site of receptor.
To accommodate a messenger shape of receptor site changes
due to which transfer of message is done into the cell.
Agonist : Drug which supports communication process by switching on receptor.
Antagonist : Drug which bind to receptor site & inhibit communication process.
Therapeutic action of different classes of drug
1. Antacids
2. Antihistamine Tranquilizers
3. Neurologically active drug Non-narcotic
Analgesics
Antibiotic Narcotic
4. Antimicrobials
Antiseptic & disinfectants
5. Antifertility drugs
Antacids
• Over production of acid in stomach cause irritation & pain
• In severe cases ulcer is developed in stomach.
Treatment → Antacids
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

Mixture of Al(OH)3 & Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
Excess use of NaHCO3 Better alternatives because
makes stomach alkaline these are insoluble & hence
& trigger the production do not increase pH above
of even more acid. neutral.
Antacids
Late on : Discovery
Chemical histamine : Simulates secretion of pepsin and HCl in stomach.
Drug (Cimetidine) (Tegamet) : Prevents interaction of histamine with
receptor present in stomach wall.
This results in release of less amount of acid
• This was largest selling drug in world.
• Until other drug came : Ranitidine (Zantac)
1. Antacids
Analgesics
Antibiotic Narcotic
4. Antimicrobials
Antihistamines
• Histamine is a potent vasodilator ( that widens blood vessel)

• It contracts smooth muscles in bronchi & gut
• It is used to treat high blood pressure.
• It is also responsible for nasal congestion associated with common
cold & allergic response to pollen.
Antihistamine : Brompheniramine (Dimetapp), Terfenadine (seldane)

Antihistamines
Ques. Why do above mentioned antihistamine not affect the secretion
of acid in stomach ?
Antiallergic and antacids both work on different receptor.
1. Antacids
Analgesics
Antibiotic Narcotic
4. Antimicrobials
Neurologically Active Drug
(a) Tranquilizers
(b) Analgesics
Tranquilizers
• Chemical used for treatment of stress, mental disease.

• Relieves anxiety, stress, excitement by inducing a sense of well being.
• These are essential component of sleeping pills.
Noradrenaline(hormone) → Plays a role in mood change

If level of Noradrenaline is low then person suffers from depression.
Antidepressant drugs are required.
Eg. : Iproniazid phenelzine

(Nardil)
Tranquilizers
Mild tranquilizer : Chlordiazepoxide & meprobamate (Relieves tension)
Equanil : used to control depression & hypertension.
Derivative of barbituric acid (barbiturate) are imp. class of tranquilizer

Barbiturates are hypnotic (sleep producing).
Eq. Veronal, amytal, Nembutal, luminal, Seconal, valium, serotonin
Tranquilizers
Trick : Equal → Equanil
Sharing → Serotonin
Vali → Valium
madam → Meprobamate
in → Iproniazid
Second year → Seconal
Very → Veronal
Low → Luminal
Number → Nembutal
Dia → Chlordiazepoxide
Attempted → Amytal
Phenyl → Phenelzine
1. Antacids
Analgesics
Antibiotic Narcotic
4. Antimicrobials
Analgesics (Painkiller) : Reduces / abolish pain without causing

impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, paralysis or other
disturbance of nervous system.
Analgesics
Non-narcotic Narcotic
(non-addictive) Used for relief of post operative
Aspirin, paracetamol pain, cardiac pain, pain of
Aspirin inhibit synthesis of chemical terminal cancer & in child birth.
k/a prostaglandis which simulate

inflammation in tissue & causes pain.
Analgesics
Nonnarcotic Narcotic
(nonaddictive)
Eg. : Morphine, Heroine, codeine
Used in relieving skeletal pain Morphine is also called opiates bcoz
due to arthritis. they are obtain from opium poppy.
Also reduces fever (antipyretic).
Prevents platelet coagulation.
Analgesics
Nonnarcotic Narcotic
(nonaddictive)
Because of antiblood clotting action In poisonous does these
aspirin finds use in prevention of produce, stuper, coma,
heart attack. convulsion & ultimately death.
Eg. : Novalgine, ibuprofen (Brufen)
Trick
1. Antacids
Analgesics
Antibiotic Narcotic
4. Antimicrobials
Antimicrobial
• Drugs used to destroy/inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes.

Ex. Bacteria (antibacterial drug)
Fungi (antifungal agent)
Virus (antiviral agent)
Parasites (antiparasitic drug)
• Antibiotics, antiseptic, disinfectant are antimicrobial drugs.
Antimicrobial
Antibiotics Antiseptic
&
disinfectants
Antibiotics
• Used to treat infection.

• Substance in low concentration inhibit growth of microorganisms.
• Syphilis disease → Treatment → Medicine → arsphenamine (salvarsan)
Spirochete bacteria
• More effective antibacterial agent (prontosil) was discovered,

which str was similar to salvarsan.
Discovery of sulpha drug.
• Effective sulpha drug is sulphpyridine.

Antibiotics
• Antibotics have two types of effect.

(1) Cidal (killing effect) (2) Static (inhibitory effect)
Bactericidal Bacteriostatic
(i) Penicillin (i) Erythromycin

(ii) Aminoglycosides (ii) Tetracycline
(iii) ofloxacin (iii) Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol : given in case of typhoid

dysentery, acute fever, urinary infection,
meningitis, pneumonia.
Antibiotics
Broad spectrum Narrow spectrum Limited
antibiotic antibiotic spectrum
antibiotic
Kill / inhibit wide Effective against
range of gram gram positive or Effective against a
positive & gram gram negative single organism or
negative bacteria. bacteria disease.
Ampicillin Penicillin G
Amoxicillin
Chloramphenicol
Antibiotic → dysidazirine →
Ofloxacin, vancomycin Toxic towards strain of cancer cells.
Trick : O C A V A
1. Antacids
Analgesics
Antibiotic Narcotic
4. Antimicrobials
Antiseptic
• Chemical which either kill/prevent the growth of microorganism.

• Antiseptics are applied to living tissues such as wounds, cuts,
ulcer & diseased skin surface.
Eg. : Furacine, soframicine, Dettol (mixt of chloroxylenol & terpinol)
Trick → D T C
• Bithionol (Bithional ) is added to soap for antiseptic property.
Antiseptic
• Iodine is a powerful antiseptic (2-3% of iodine in alcohol water
mixture is called tincture of iodine) → applied on wounds.
• Iodoform (CHI3) also used as antiseptic for wounds.
• Boric acid (H3BO3) in dilute aq solution is weak antiseptic for eyes.

Disinfectant
• Applied to inanimate object (floor, drainage system, instrument).

• Same substance acts as antiseptic & disinfectant both by varying
concentration.
Eg. : 0.2% Phenol : Antiseptic
1% Phenol : Disinfectant
• Cl2 in concentration of (0.2 – 0.4 PPM) in aq. Solution
Disinfectant
• SO2 in very low concentration.
Antifertility Drug
• Birth control pills contain mixt of synthetic estrogen & progesterone
derivative.
• Progesterone suppresses ovulation.
• Norethindrone (synthetic progesterone)
Widely used as antifertility drug.
• Ethynyl-estradiol (Novestrol) → Estrogen derivative
• it is used in combination with progesterone derivative.
Chemicals in Food
Chemical in food are added for

1. Preservation
2. Enhancing their appeal
3. Adding nutritive value
Artificial sweetening Agent
Natural sweetener → Sucrose


These add calories intake & so people prefer to use artificial sweetener.
Artificial sweetener Sweetness value in

comparison to cane sugar.
Saccharin
• It is excreted from body in
urine unchanged. • 550 times sweet than
• It is entirely inert & cane sugar.
harmless when taken
• Useful for diabatic person
(who need to control intake
of calorie)

Artificial sweetener Structure Sweetness value in
Aspartame
• It is methyl ester of dipeptide
• 100 times sweet than
formed from aspartic acid &
cane sugar.
phenylamine. O O O
• It is used in cold food & soft || || ||
OH – C – CH2 – CH – C – NH – CH – C – OCH3
drink bcoz unstable at | |
cooking temp. NH2 CH2
|
Aspartic acid part
Phenylalanine
Methyl ester part

Alitame
• High potency sweetener • 2000 times sweet than
• More stable than aspartame
cane sugar.
• Control of sweetness of food
is difficult.

Sucralose
• Trichloro derivative of sucrose • 600 times sweet than
• Appearance & tastes like sugar
cane sugar.
• Stable at cooking temp.
• Do not provide calorie.
Food Preservative
Prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth.

Eq. : Table salt, sugar, vegetable oil, sodium Benzoate,
salt of sorbic acid & propanoic acid.
Antioxidant in Food
• Help in food preservation by retarding the action of oxygen on food.

Eq. : BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene)
BHA (Butylated hydroxy anisole)
• Addition of BHA to butter increases shelf life from months to years.
• BHT & BHA are added with citric acid → To produce more effect.
• Sulphur dioxide & Sulphite are useful antioxidants for wine & beer,
sugar syrup, peeled or dried fruits & vegetables.
Q.1 Among the following, the narrow spectrum antibiotic is :
[2019]
(A) amoxicillin
(B) Chloramphenicol
(C) Penicillin G
(D) ampicillin
Q.1 Among the following, the narrow spectrum antibiotic is :
[2019]
(A) amoxicillin
(B) Chloramphenicol
(C*) Penicillin G
(D) ampicillin
Sol. Penicillin – G
Narrow Spectrum antibiotics
Q.2 Mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol acts as : [2017]
(A) antibiotic
(B) analgesic
(C) antiseptic
(D) antipyretic
Q.2 Mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol acts as : [2017]
(A) antibiotic
(B) analgesic
(C*) antiseptic
(D) antipyretic
Sol. Mixture of Chloroxylenol and terpineol is called dettol
which acts as an antiseptic.
Q.3 Which of the following is an analgesic ? [2016]
(A) Penicillin
(B) Streptomycin
(C) Chloromycetin
(D) Novalgin
Q.3 Which of the following is an analgesic ? [2016]
(A) Penicillin
(B) Streptomycin
(C) Chloromycetin
(D*) Novalgin
Sol. Novalgin is an analgesic.
Q.4 Bithional is generally added to the soaps as an additive to
function as a/an : [2015]
(A) Softener
(B) Dryer
(C) Buffering agent
(D) Antiseptic
Q.4 Bithional is generally added to the soaps as an additive to
function as a/an : [2015]
(A) Softener
(B) Dryer
(C) Buffering agent
(D*) Antiseptic
Sol. Bithional is added to soaps to impart antiseptic
properties. Structure of Bithional is:-
Q.5 Which of the following hormones is produced under the condition
of stress which stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver of human
beings ? [2014]
(A) Thyroxin
(B) Insulin
(C) Adrenaline
(D) Estradiol
Q.5 Which of the following hormones is produced under the condition
of stress which stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver of human
beings ? [2014]
(A) Thyroxin
(B) Insulin
(C*) Adrenaline
(D) Estradiol
Sol. Adrenaline is produced under the condition of stress
which stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver of human
beings.
Q.6 Artificial sweetner which is stable under cold conditions only is:
[2014]
(A) Saccharine
(B) Sucralose
(C) Aspartame
(D) Alitame
Q.6 Artificial sweetner which is stable under cold conditions only is:
[2014]
(A) Saccharine
(B) Sucralose
(C*) Aspartame
(D) Alitame
Sol. Aspartame is artificial sweetener which is stable only
at cold condition because it is unstable at cooking
temperature.
Q.7 Antiseptics and disinfectants either kill or prevent growth of
microorganisms. Identify which of the following statements is
not true- [2013]
(A) A 0.2 % solution of phenol is an antiseptic while 1 %
solution acts as a disinfectant
(B) Chlorine and Iodine are used as strong disinfectants
(C) Dilute solutions of boric acid and hydrogen peroxide
are strong antiseptics
(D) Disinfectants harm the living tissues
Q.7 Antiseptics and disinfectants either kill or prevent growth of
microorganisms. Identify which of the following statements is not
true- [2013]
(A) A 0.2 % solution of phenol is an antiseptic while 1 %
solution acts as a disinfectant
(B*) Chlorine and Iodine are used as strong disinfectants
(C) Dilute solutions of boric acid and hydrogen peroxide are
strong antiseptics
(D) Disinfectants harm the living tissues
Sol. Chlorine is disinfectants but Iodine is antiseptics.
Q.8 Which one of the following is employed as Antihistamine ?
[2011]
(A) Omeprazole
(B) Chloramphenicol
(C) Diphenyl hydramine
(D) Norothindrone
Q.9 Which one of following is employed as a tranquilizer ?
[2009]
(A) Chlorpheninamine
(B) Equanil
(C) Naproxen
(D) Tetracycline
Q.9 Which one of following is employed as a tranquilizer ?
[2009]
(A) Chlorpheninamine
(B*) Equanil
(C) Naproxen
(D) Tetracycline
Sol. Equanil is a tranquilizer [Everyday life].
Q.10 Asprin can be prepared by reaction of acetyl chloride with :
[1998]
(A) Benzoic acid
(B) Phenol
(C) p-hydroxy benzoic acid
(D) o-hydroxy benzoic acid
Q.12 Commonly used dettol is a mixture of : [1996]
(A) Chloroxyenol + Terpeneol
(B) Ortho-chlorophenol + Terpeneol
(C) Ortho-crosol + Terpeneol
(D) Phenol + Terpeneol
Q.12 Commonly used dettol is a mixture of : [1996]
(A*) Chloroxyenol + Terpeneol
(B) Ortho-chlorophenol + Terpeneol
(C) Ortho-crosol + Terpeneol
(D) Phenol + Terpeneol
Sol. Dettol is a mixture of chloroxylenal + Terpenol.
Q.13 Chloroform is : [1996]
(A) Antiseptic
(B) Anaesthetic
(C) Antipyretic
(D) Antibiotic
Q.13 Chloroform is : [1996]
(A) Antiseptic
(B*) Anaesthetic
(C) Antipyretic
(D) Antibiotic
Sol. Chloroform is used as an anaesthetic.

VT Sir (Chemistry in Everyday Life)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

VT Sir (Chemistry in Everyday Life)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs & their classification

Medicine : When biological response is therapeutic & useful these chemicals

On the basis of Basis of drug Basis of Basis of

Enzyme : Protein which perform role of biological catalyst in body.

Receptors : Protein which are crucial for communication system in body.

1. Catalytic action of enzyme

Catalytic action of enzyme : 2 function

Drug Enzyme Interaction

Drug blocks the binding site of enzyme

Drug Enzyme Interaction

This inhibition of binding of substrate takes place in two diff. ways :

Drug Enzyme Interaction

This inhibition of binding of substrate takes place in two diff. ways :

Receptors as Drug Target

• Receptor → Protein → Body’s communication process.

Receptors as Drug Target

Receptors as Drug Target

Agonist : Drug which supports communication process by switching on receptor.

Therapeutic action of different classes of drug

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

Therapeutic action of different classes of drug

• Histamine is a potent vasodilator ( that widens blood vessel)

Antihistamine : Brompheniramine (Dimetapp), Terfenadine (seldane)

Therapeutic action of different classes of drug

Neurologically Active Drug

• Chemical used for treatment of stress, mental disease.

Noradrenaline(hormone) → Plays a role in mood change

Eg. : Iproniazid phenelzine

Mild tranquilizer : Chlordiazepoxide & meprobamate (Relieves tension)

Equanil : used to control depression & hypertension.

Derivative of barbituric acid (barbiturate) are imp. class of tranquilizer

Therapeutic action of different classes of drug

Analgesics (Painkiller) : Reduces / abolish pain without causing

Aspirin inhibit synthesis of chemical terminal cancer & in child birth.

k/a prostaglandis which simulate

Because of antiblood clotting action In poisonous does these

aspirin finds use in prevention of produce, stuper, coma,

heart attack. convulsion & ultimately death.

Eg. : Novalgine, ibuprofen (Brufen)

Therapeutic action of different classes of drug

• Drugs used to destroy/inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes.

• Used to treat infection.

• More effective antibacterial agent (prontosil) was discovered,

Discovery of sulpha drug.

• Effective sulpha drug is sulphpyridine.

• Antibotics have two types of effect.

(i) Penicillin (i) Erythromycin

Chloramphenicol : given in case of typhoid

Therapeutic action of different classes of drug

• Chemical which either kill/prevent the growth of microorganism.

• Iodine is a powerful antiseptic (2-3% of iodine in alcohol water

mixture is called tincture of iodine) → applied on wounds.

• Iodoform (CHI3) also used as antiseptic for wounds.

• Boric acid (H3BO3) in dilute aq solution is weak antiseptic for eyes.

• Applied to inanimate object (floor, drainage system, instrument).

Chemical in food are added for

Artificial sweetening Agent

Natural sweetener → Sucrose

Artificial sweetening Agent

Artificial sweetener Sweetness value in

Artificial sweetening Agent

Artificial sweetening Agent

Artificial sweetener Sweetness value in