[Pensble as oxygen for dhe body—a piychie actuality of over ‘vnelming signiheance. Prsuuably the payche does née touble Hull about our eategories of tealty fort everything that works i real. ‘The investigutor of the puyche smust not conte ie itl his consciousness, else he weils fom his ight the abject of ‘ns investigation. On the contrary, to recognize #3 all he mast learn to see how differenti is fom consciousness. Nothing is ‘more probable than that what we eal avon is very real for {he psychemfor which reason we eannoc take psyche Felity bbecommensitable with conscious reality. To the pychologst there is nothing more lauous than the atude of the msion- ty who pronounces the gods of the "poor heathen” tobe mee fon. Unfortunately we sil go Dlundering along in the same degmatie way, af though otr socalled realty were not equally full of ilusion. In pychic life, as everyubere in Our ‘experience, all things Ghat work are reality, tegurdls of the ames man chooses to bestow on them. To take these realities for what they are~not oisting other namet on them—that is fous busines. ‘To the pxyche Spies ho les eptie for being tamed sexs must repeat uhat these designations and the changes sung upon them never even remotely touch the ewence of the pros: (es we have described, Tt eanact be compas by the tations] ‘ccepts of the consciousmind, any mare thn ie el; andi for tis reaon that my patients consitentlytaen to the Tepe: sentation and interpretation of symbols asthe more adequate nd elective course ith this have sad prety well everyting I can say bout iy therapeutic aims and intentions within the broad Esra ‘work of lecture. Ie ean be ao more than an incentive to Thought, aad Tahal be quite content if such it hae been. v PROBLEMS OF MODERN PSYCHOTHERAPY « _Pmchaheoy oe semana mind yp vg Teh ty SRG Meh ‘Stat v9 ES ech Decne mah ap of common pth et neyo whe srs ound Beet area et pete Piel pe Rat tacit Ror erp acs sa Sear ie Sy Pa a el Tina oedipal SU Seeds Satine erate a aia SAPs ata aera Rete at sie a eae ay ey Te SoS gs eee ee SICRNTA Sense oy a ee Merton oS ina yet ee sate cs SATs Wh ts pe Tene See Ea eth ele a Secchi erin hae ret ie ea a To PERN dain! ttc yon {emu prod” hme oe Ee eral ra eecaehe es Edenh seinbera Tim aartnaecee needa age eri Te tte nn nr mane tian ees ROSE ST peel nee akc cee Ses cela Bie eRe mo soon ors ‘Eos ea estes eee cy ores ccs TAD jtagadenaN antof omallnioded persocs co at cherselves up on ie thrones cout easy lengen the ono pyeaooge by mento citer syteme noe inladed ender “mela pyclogy ‘There ae in fact many diferent ethos, sami eey and belies which areal war oth one anther, chiey bere ‘hey all misunderstand one antes and efecto git one a aie heir de. The manysitednesy he verity of pyc log opinions in ov ay cing ew than ssi, not totay confuing forthe gman os 1 Oa texcbook of pula, we find numerous rem ‘lies te mos dive ind presi for ¥en dine ‘ay sly conte that noe of these remedia a pare an eficacoun So nen any dflernt wae of approsing ‘he prche ate recommended, we say rex astted tht none of {hem eds with absolute cetainy tthe goles fall tose scat with fanatic, ‘The very maaber of proet day [ryholgis isa contesion of perpen. The diay oie dng accom tothe oye godly beng bore in por oy ae he payee sf nseen tobe» horned problem ao ase iewace's expesicn Is small wonder thetore the eons {oath ths lave rice herp on molilying, Bs nm one ‘Ete and then from acter. "Te sare of contaditery sand Point and opinions nthe inva wl, PT reader wll double agree th in speaking of py choanlyis we should not confine ourselves toi tarot Eonnatin, ut shuld ean genera wih he etecemey and {sles ofthe aos contnpary ender, which ea ¥p umécr the term "anata ppebology." to ave the pr. Tem of he payee von he why the den interest in he burma pyche as 2 datum of experience? For thous of ere twa ot aT wih merely to vane thin apparent leant question otto newer In weal snot tev, beaut the ape, 2 the ack fou presen ay incre poychology hanes at Gt subterranean cancion wath tis quetion, sno AL tha nom pcs under the apn Hen of “ppc: als” has ts onigin in media race, comers mes e's medal phology Ths peyehcogy Bes te da tBkable stomp of te dctor’scomaing soon aac be ech ‘ot only in terminology ts 48S Uo et ap. u —— ll Everywhere we come atom assumptions which the decir Ra take over from natral cence and okgy this hat ha Inne contributed to the divorce between suderm preelony su the aadenle or humane lence for peyehlogy xpi thing in erms of trtinal nature, wheres the ater se, re grounded inthe intellect, The distance beeen mind and ate, difical wo bridge at bes. sll further crs by 1 medial and biloical nomendate whi fen strikes ‘orouhly mechanical, and more often than not severely vee: taxes the Bestinentonel undesasnding 3 1 avingexprened the hope tat the fonegoing general mars may not be oot of place in ew of the confeon of {erm cetng i hs el, Lahoud now Tike wo tor othe a ‘sit im tard and serutine the achievements of nail 0 w= ict the endeavour of oor pacioogy are wo exam nary heterogenous iis only wit the gress dialer hat ‘ve ca take up broadly intsive standpoint. Hf therfore, Tey to divide the aims and resus of these endeavour imo ‘erin clases o ater sues doo wth the expres rr tion approprinte 10 purely provsina] wndriking wih tay be objected, jm ap arbitrary a the surveyors rang toa of ndicape, Be thes lemay. I would venue gad {he som foal of cu dings ender the aspect of fon sngen, ‘ately conten, elucidation, education, sod tansornaton, Ta nw ped 0 da de sapenac ua eri sa "The ime begining of all ansytel eareat of the wu scene niin npn he antes ee ser the wo hive no diet er eonnetion, st rather ftom a common ications pyle rot, ts diel ora on Sider tose a once the elation betneea the groundick of ay ‘Sana and the Felis istaton ofthe contesions sme “Once the human mind ha sceeded sn Sventing the en of in man hal rcourae to pychic concealment; o,f analy {al place, rpreion arose Anphing conericd lease ‘The posesion of secs ect likes pyc pon that alien ates det poesor fom the comma. sal ds, ths phon may be am ivaiable matics, een an estat Precondition of indivdwatdiferentation, so mach se that ‘venom the rive Teel man fels an ese nad at 6 aally invent seceus their posession afequars him from d- Solving ia the features ow of unconcious eommanity life ‘and hus [om deadly peril co his wou Ie sa well known fact {ht ehe widespread and very ancient ite of nition with thelr mystery cults subserved cis instinct for diferentaton, Even the Christan sacraments were loated upon sr "mytrie” in ‘he carly Chaveh, and asin the ce of bape, were celebrated Inyecioded spoctand only mentioned ner the veil of allegory. up secret thared with several persons is as beneficial at & merely private secret is destructive. The latter works Hike 3 burden ‘of uit, cuting off the wnforeunate poseser fren ‘communion with bi fellows. But, If we are consious of what ‘we are concealing. the harm done is decidedly ew haa It we do not Knaw hat wee are represing_ot even that we have re pesions at all In thie cae the hidden content ix no longer Consciously Lepe secrets see are concealing it even from ou felvex Te then spits off from the conscious mind at am inde- pendent comples and lea 3 sort of teparce existence in the nconiciows prybe, where it ean he either interfered corrected by the consiout mind. ‘The complex forms, 0 10 insure selEcontained payehe which a experince lps peculiar fanasplie ofits own. What e all fantasy i simply spontaneous psychic acivity, and it wells up ‘wherever the Inibitive ation ofthe conscious mind abates OF, {sin sleep, ceases aliogether. In sleep, fantasy takes the form of reams. But in waking life, too, we continue wo dream beneath the threshold of consciousnes, expecially when under the inf tence ofrepresied or ather unconscious complexes, Incidentally, ‘anconiions contents are on no account composed exclsivly of omplexer that were once consciows and subsequently became lunconsious by being reprened. ‘The unconscious, t0, basis (own speibe contents which push up from unknown depths and fradually reac consiousnes. Hence we should in no vite pi fre the unconscious payche a a mere recepacle for contents isarded by the contious mind. ve “All unconscious conten, which either approach the thre old of consciousness from below, or have sunk ony slightly beneath it affect che conscious mind. Since the coment doos ‘ot appear as such in consciousness, thee eflets are necessarily Inciect. Most of eur “lapses” are traceable 40 such distur» so ‘ances, 38 ae all neurotic symptoms, which are nearly always Jn medial parlance, of peychogenic nature, the exceptions e- ing shock effets (eellahock andthe ike). "The milder forme ‘ftneuross ae the Iapiesof consciousness mentioned above ge sips of the tongue, suddenly forgetting names and dates, inadvertene dumsines lading to injures and acldent, ene Understandings nd socalled hallucination of semory, as when we think we have sid something oF dane something, or faulty Apprehension of chings hear andl sid and 30 on, va Mt all thee fnmances 4 thorough investigation can show lhe exience of some content which, in an indiect and wh ‘conscious way, i datrting the performance of the conscious mind. wa Generally speaking. therefore, an unconscious secrete more injurious than a comcious one, Thave sen many patents who, ata snule of dfn crcumtances that unght well ave driven weaker atures to suicide, wometimes developed ‘dl tendency but, because of their inherent reswonableness, prevented ie fom becoming conscious and in tht way genet Hal am unconscious sicdecomplex. This unconslots urge to suicide then engineered all kinds of dangerous accident as for instance. sudden atack of giddiness on some exposed place, hesitation in front of a mouorear, mistaking comosive Sublimace for cough mixture, 2 sudden rest for dangerous ‘crobatics and so forth. When ic was poble to make the #ul ial leaning conscions in these cases, common sense ould inter vvene asa sluary check: the patients could chen consciously ecognize and avoid the situations chat tempted dhem to sellde- 9 All personal secret, therefore, have the effect of sin or ‘gull, whether or not they ae, from the standpoint of popular fBorality, wronglal secrete we Another form of concealment isthe act of holding some: ‘hing back. What we oly hold back are emotions or alec Here too it must be stresed that selfrearatat is healthy and Deneseal it may even be a virtue That ia why we find ell icpline to be one of the earliest moral arts even among primitive peoples, where it has is place in the initiation cere ‘monies chiefly inthe form of ascete continence and the stole endurance of pan and fer, elf resraine sere practised within a4 secret society ab an undevtaing shared with other But it selfeesraie only personal water, unconnected with any Tigh vies, irmay Become a injurious the peronal vce Hence the wellknown bad moods and initabiey of the over Virtuous. "The affect withheld likewise something we com eal, something. we can hide even from ours at it ‘which men pattcuanly excel while women, with very te cxceptons ate by nalute averse 10 dongs injury tothe allect. When an fet i withheld es jon 8 lating ad ost fs disurbing in its effects 3b the unconecions secre and jst {© gulcladen. Tn the same say that avore seems to beat t trig if we have the advantage af a ecret over the ret of ha ‘anit. so she ake it amis if we wisfold our emovions fom ‘nr feow men, Nacure decidedly bors a vacuum in this re fects hence there enetbing mare unendurabe in the tng ron than a tepid harmony based on the wibolding of affec The teprewedemoions ate often of kind see with 0 keep sea [But more often dere is no seeree worth mentioning, only et ont wich ve Eco uncom hough eng tie “The ‘tespecive predominance of screts or of inhibited ‘motins is probably responsible for the eiferen forme of et fois. AU any fate the hysterical subject who Is very fee with his emotions is generally the pouetor of secret while the hardened prychastheniesulers rom emotional indigestion, ‘at To chevth eres and hold back emotion itt pyc demeanour for which nature finally visits us muh sckres that i when we do theve things im private Bat when they redone in communion with other they sy nator ad fy ‘ven count as wel virtues Te von rear practesd for one fei slone that it unvholsome. Ie is 1 if man haf an in Allenabe right to behold all that i dav, peste, pid an tril fo hi fellow mentor such, ofcourse are the things me cep scret in order to protet ourche. Ie sens to be sn Jn the eyes of nature to hide out inferiority jut ax much a 89 live entirely on our inferior side, There would spear to bes tort of conscience in mankind which severely puns every ‘one who docs not somehow and at sonse tesa whwicer to his vinous pride, cease to defend an st hie ond Intend’ conte himilt fallible and hsmam, Una he ex do 2 il ‘his, an Impenetrable wal hots him of fom the val fling {tat he int man among omer men. ° sa thin explains the exrondnarysigncance of gernine. scripted conkeioars tot Ut wer probaly Kooy {Salle nidaon vita and myucry eu saci wo "Thee iss ming from the Greek myeries "Give phat thou tam, and thin thou wie recive” v9 Wemay well ake thn saying at mow for te st stage in prchoterapeui treatment. "The beginnings of prchonna aie fet ohn cla Shan the wie tlctroy ofa eien troh; even the ame tht wan given eo the tit ‘mctod-catharsin or Ceamsing-ie fair term inthe as {Sle of iiation. The early etre metiod conited in ‘cing he patie with or without the parapherala of hyp uC touch wih he hntrtand fh ind, hene i ‘ite which the yoga asteme othe Ene dvr a mediation te contemplation Tn contra to ome. ower, the ete to observe the aporadie emergence whether ithe form of Frags or of Kling of tone im tepreseneons which de {sa uhenelves inthe Sarmes fom the tule ran ofthe “ecm nd mn sade fr she red {Sit thing sepesel and forgot come back gu, Ta isa gain in Tc though often pinta one, forthe inferior ei een the worthless belongs tome my shadow and ie ‘Bcutetance tnd mas How m1 be santa thot ae Inga shadow? I rust have 1 ca ie ao if Lam o be Whol Zou by becoming conscious of my shadow T remember one tore cha am human being ike any thee, Atamy ta {hi redicovery of my own nolenes temaine pits Ml fly eorethe ene conditon from which the nets hy {epic complex, sprang Privacy prolongs my ioban A the damage ony paral mended. De through cote 1 throw mpl into the ara 6 homaniy agin feed a as fom the Duden of oral exe, The gon of the atari method {i contonnot merely the feel recognition of the facts withthe end, butte confrmaion byte hen and he ‘un rene of suppreaed emotion. ss may ely De magne the eect of wich 2 onion ‘on simple soles very gest. as curative seul ae often ‘Menlbing: Vee would ox wid ose the mn acer * 38‘of our chology at this wage merely in the tat at some fulleres are cited but ther inthe stem ean b lays upen the sgiicance of conifleion, For ths cgerns ot all Al ol ws are somehow divide by our sxe, bs esd of seeking to crs the gu on the fmt ridge of eoateeon ne ‘hoot the treacherous makes of opines sad tion ‘Now 1 am fr trom wishing to emtncate« general ecm, 1 would be dificult wo magne anything ore Ress tae A wholesale confeion of ss. Prchagy ply esate a face that we have here a sore spot of frac impontanes Ae the nex stg the nag of cosine ce can fot he tached dey, becuse itn problen with qlee ary pind Rae ee vm J of coun obvious that the new pychology would tave remained atthe sage of conesion had ration proved Seta pana Frat and foremor, however it noc leees [optic big tke pe cl samt the waa ther to pete the down Om the cont, nay a them-and forthe most part complied, highiyconscocs Penonrate so firmly anchored in conscious tat reg ‘an py them lose. They develop the tow Vent teases, {9 any aumpt to push conniouiness ade: they wane to ak ‘with the doctor on the consroor plane and go Ins eee explanation and dscusion of thet ditealee They ba doe nought conte already, they ny they do not lane oes to the unconscious for ta. For mich parent's somes tot sigue for approaching the unconscious is need, sat This one fact whieh atthe out sees rence the application ofthe cathartic method. The other free Veale ltr on and Teas sage into the proba ot Ge ‘onfeston bus oured, the nero fon raided, of es {he sympome ae no longer vl, Ta pant cols wt lami a curedit depended on te decor slog ee or expecially se-eannot get amy. The paseee aoe eed {o the doctor through the eonfaion I is seg aan Je sachet i tril severe, tee o's Sad eke ae sifeasly enough, and mon caro, there are ewes ey asachent develop the patient got aay apnea eee Bathe now wo facinaed by te hincrand of Mo ed ‘co ‘hac he continues o prc eats om imi te pei ‘of his asptton toe. He is Bound tothe uncnsciot, to inset and not to the dacer. Cemy he same fate bas Be fallen him ss once befell "Tacos and Peirhou bi compan fn, who wren down o Hades obring back the gods the Aunderword. Thing on the way they me down to Test fo a hie only co dts they ho grown fat the rock en ‘ould moe “These carious and wforecn ethane need saci tion jo in much s+ Ge fistmentioned cme toe tht proved naccemble wo eathas Isp he fact eat the wo Eegorics of prilents are apparently quite elfeent, elacda ‘ionic fo a prcily the sie point-tat i where the problem of foacon ais, an wa cote cogil by rea The is immediatly bviowr with patient who hake tundergone catris especally chy remuin bound t0 the ftoctn The sme son of thing had sendy been observed as {Ge uapeasat result of hypnotic rement lth the fee ‘echiansof sche ere no underod: Ie now fu fit thatthe ature ofthe ie im question cerresponde more ot {so the sclaon Deon fate and a) The patio fle nwo sor of hilduh dependence fom which he canon dee fend himself even by ational inaght. "The faton tines ctreonary poets sgt sw eeing aa ‘Specs of bing fd hy frees quite ie onary expe Fence Since the tthe real ofan eacomesons proce He ‘eruciur mind ofthe pasent ca tell ur noting aboot ‘Bence he question at of bow theme ical to De me Skye oe ding wth 3 mu fran, ee ‘pmpiom Acy induct by the twestmect. Toe smash ‘Sunvard sign of te tation iat the “feingoned™ mem: frymage ot the father transfered tthe dot, 9 that ‘lee he ike i or ot the doctor sppeas inte roe ofthe Ine and wa urs the pet ita hl, Nataly the r7ikeTanglot father being found aguin-erien so restore the {amily station of chien. Freud gave to this soptom the sppropriate mine of "untaerence” ‘That there should be 8 ‘rain dependence on he door who hat helped You pet or‘ecly nonnal and humanly undetandable phenomenon: What ‘is abormal and unexpected ithe exstorinary toughnes of the de ands Imperviuanes to conscious earns swe Tis one of Frew’ outstanding achievements to have Plained the nue ofthis te, or atleast the biologie epee ‘€itvand ts ta have fasted an important advances poy. ‘chological Knowledge. Today fe hasbeen lncontesaly prose hae the ie caused by unconscious fontaien, ‘Thee loses Dave athe main what we may cll 3 “incewuous” Chae see we een cain te bt Uy {etiam anconcous for we Can haly expece such fanesio, barely conion at best to come out even fa the mat pe lous fonfesion. Although Freud always peaks of Inca Asics as though they were teprene, futher eperionce has shove hatin very many eae they wee never the coments ff the conscious mind at all of were conscious only ar the ‘aquest adumbratony, foe which reson they could Hot have bce represed intentionally. It tore probable that the est fanics were always enenialy unconscios and eained fo until postive dragged Into the ligt of ay by the ana "ye etn it ty a hinge Lncomsciou isa reprehensible Intrerene with nature. It'S something like a surgical operation oo the pyche, DUL abso, lotely aecesary inasmuch a the inostfamtaer a the cane ff the traarence and its complex syenptoms, which ee Bo les abnormal for being am acti produer ‘While die cathartic method reores to the ego such con ‘cous at are capable af besoming conse and shot orally tbe components of the consciow mind, the proce of Hesing ‘tp the transference Brings t light contents which re hardly fer capable of becoming cosine fn that form This tthe ‘dima ditnedon between te sage Of contesion aed the ‘sage of lucida ver We spoke calicrof eno categories of patents: those who rove inipervious to catharsis snl those who develop 2 fxaion {ker cars, We have jst deal with those whote feation tes the frm of aan. ty bese tesserae ope who, a ltady Mentioned. deveop no attichment (o the docor bot rater to thie own unconstios,uhic they ‘become entangled sin web, Here the Pagel lapis nok ‘en lll ‘cnsered to any himan object boc remaine » fay, ab Shogh sr ache exert the sme pul andres nthe se Ue dos the taaerence The ft category, the people who Canoot yldenucveruavecvely to tbe, Cat be ee cro in the ight of Freadan exch Even belore they tae along for tatent they sod nan ioe relaton- ‘Sip wo thir paren deriving fom fat nthe, ine pedence, andl powcr which eobled them suctaflly {9 withtind the chars They ae mstly carat, diler tated persnaites who, unite he eter, id noe fal ep Te veumns to the emo activity ofthe para Sy ‘rather esurped this acuity by uncom ending ‘Senate ce parent sa "Fated wah the phenomenon of tamierene, mere ene fenion is ot no ava ie was fortis reson at Fread a vento subweantil modietons of Brewers oil exh ie mched. What he now paced he cle the nerpre the meted 1a Ths Torker sep i quite gil, forthe watfrence re Indep bn pti toa of Serteie Ho wnfee this the ee the layman can hardy appreciate; ut the ac. tor who nds himself suddenly entangle m2 web 0 cm prenenaibleand fie moons set ital wo eles He fut interpret the tanference-expi to the pie what te is projcing upon the door. Since the pict himll dows ot know wisest te doctor blige to ob feist serp of ana he can sbiain from the paint 0 ana Fla incrprenion’ The foe ned mene eoperane Profle this Lind are_drexme, Freud whereore proceed wee rin eam ues fr theta of wae he a Savropeened basnme teemnpele with rely, a BU procs Gconred the incntron content ef which 1 have fpoken, Naturaiy the investigation revealed nou merely ie enous matral in the nrer sow ofthe word, But ‘very encefvable Kind af Skh of which hasan atere is eapable™ Sd ite notorious that» ifetime would be quel 2 make reas Yuh inventory ot va The reat of the Freudian snbod of euidlon te 2 minute caboraion of man's shades tmexamped in ny prone mat ee se og - ill il