Introduction of Management

Post Graduate Program of Magister Management UNISBA , 5th Sept 2020

Dr. Hj. Hendrati Dwi Mulyaningsih., SE., MM., CT., CECP

CONTENTS

Management ( What, Why, How ) 01

Business Environment 02

Relation between Business, Economic

system & Management
03

Case Study 04
PART 01
Introduction of Management
 What is Management ?

Management is the act of directing a group or organization through series of executive,

administrative and supervisory position ( Katz, 1955) 01
Management is getting things done through people. In bring about this coordinating of
group activity, the manager, as a manager plans, organizes, staffs, direct and controls the
activities other people ( Koontz & O’Donnel, 1982) 02
.
Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling
the effort of organization members using all other organizational resources to
active stated organizational goals ( Stoner, 1995) 03
Management is translating strategies into operations ( Baker,
2014)
04
4 Main Function of Management

Operation Finance

01 02 03 04

Marketing Human Resource

In Business Context, there are 4 field of study in Management

MARKETING OPERATION

HUMAN FINANCE
RESOURCES
4 Main Process of Management

Planning Leading/ Directing

01 02 03 04

Organizing Controlling
 The Main Objective Of Management

• Getting maximum results with minimum effort

• To secure maximum output with minimum effort & resources
• à all of it refers to efficiency and effectivity

Penggunaan sumber daya Pencapaian sasaran

HPP Tinggi à HPP rendah Efficiency Effectivity Profit Rendah à Profit Tinggi

Successful
Management
Management in some perspective

As an Activities 01 03 As a Profession

As an Arts of Study 02 04 As an Organization to achieve something

Level of Management

Top Level Management

Middle-level Management

First / low level Management

Managerial skill

Top Management
Conceptual Skill

Middle Management Human Skill

Technical Skill
Lower Management
PART 02
Business Environment
 Ruang Lingkup Business

Business : organizations that provide goods or services that are then sold to earn profits. (Griffin, et. al) Enter
01 Title

Bisnis adalah suatu kegiatan usaha individu yang terorganisasi untuk menghasilkan dan
menjual barang dan jasa guna mendapatkan keuntungan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan Enter
masyarakat (Hughes & Kapoor). 02 Title

Bisnis adalah sejumlah total usaha yang meliputi pertanian, produksi konstruksi,
Enter
distribusi, transportasi, usaha jasa dan pemerintahan, yang bergerak dalam bidang
membuat dan memasarkan barang dan jasa ke konsumen. 03 Title

Bisnis adalah usaha-usaha yang dilakukan oleh pihak pemerintah

Enter
dan swasta baik yang mengejar laba ataupun tidak (Brown &
Petrello). 04 Title
Dari beberapa definisi diatas dapat terlihat bahwa bisnis meliputi:

Kegiatan/usaha individu,
organisasi maupun
• Kegiatan/usaha individu, organisasi maupun pemerintah
pemerintah.

Menghasilkan serta menjual

• Menghasilkan serta menjual barang dan jasa
barang dan jasa.

Memenuhi kebutuhan dan

• Memenuhi kebutuhan dan keinginan manusia.
keinginan manusia.

Memperoleh
• Memperoleh keuntungan/manfaat.
keuntungan/manfaat.

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Motivasi Bisnis

For-profit : Money Motive

Yaitu motivasi untuk mendapatkan keuntungan/laba, dimana laba merupakan:
• Bagian dari tujuan untuk menjaga kelangsungan bisnis.
• Insentif atau pendorong untuk berusaha lebih efisien.
• Standar perbandingan dengan bisnis lainnya.
• Penghasilan bagi pemerintah dari pajak yang dibayarkan

Not-for-profit : Dual Motive / social and profit motive

• Social Entrepreneurship

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Social Entrepreneurship , Social Enterprise and Value Creation

• The fundamental activity of Social • Social enterprise is expected to provide

Entrepreneurship is patterned activity in new innovative business models in social
the two things at the same time that social field and able to assess the social needs
motives and profit motives but the largest in their society.
share in this activity is social
consciousness, not profit-maximizing.
Profit Social
Orientation Orientation

Social
oriented ComDev

Growth Fostering &

Voluntary

Income
Profit Empowerement

oriented
Social Entrepreneurship - Social Enterprise
( Ganados et al , 2011; Bessant, 2009; Light, 2009 )

• is as the activity developed by individuals or

groups of people to create, sustain, distribute and/
Social or disseminate social or environmental value in
innovative ways through enterprise
Entrepreneurship operations, which could be either a social
enterprise, non-profit, private or public institution

• is an organizational form with primarily social

Social Enterprise
drivers that undertakes innovative
business operations in order to be auto-
sustainable and guarantees the creation,
sustainment, distribution and/or dissemination of
social or environmental value
Social Value Creation

• The value creation that we have known in

the business or commercial entrepreneur
obviously is in financial

• In the context of Social Entrepreneurship

the value creation is in their consumer value
whereas the consumer or society has their
surplus ( consumer or society surplus)
example : Aravind Eye Care, Grameen Bank,
Ashoka Fellowship

• New social value can be realized through

purchasing and supporting of goods and
services provided by social enterprises. They
will come to recognize significant social
problems, share their values and then
become involved with community and social
problem-based activities, so social value is
realized through people’s experience and
practice. ( Tanimoto, 2009 )
Social Enterprises Boundaries

Non-Profit For-Profit
Dependency Self-sufficiency Sustainability Sustainability

Social Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs

Non profit with For-Profit with

earn income mission driven
strategy strategy

Mission Growth Profit Growth

Example :
Example : Example :
Sickkids Example :
Ashoka
Foundation,
Foundation Grameen Bank Samsung,
Canadian Apple
Cancer Society
Typology of Social Enterprise in Indonesia
( Hendrati et al, 2017 )

Social Valuable For-

Non-Profit Setting Not For-profit Setting Profit
Activities
(Exclusively Social Goal ) (Dual Contrary Mission) Setting
(Extremely Social)
Voluntary Sector Public Sector Voluntary Sector Private Sector
Social Economy Market Economy
Non profit with earn For-Profit with mission Profit
Social Activism
income strategy driven strategy Oriented
Social Service
Social Enterprise
Enterprise
Non-Profit Organization Not-For-profit Organization
Philanthropy
Environmentalist Mandatory Participatory

Complementary Integrated

Dependency to
donors Self-sufficiency Sustainability

Multi-Stake Holder Corporation

Public Service,
Foundation , NGO Cooperative Commercial
NGO Enterprise
Micro-Loans Institutions
 Entrepreneurship in Islamic Context

• Entrepreneurship is a prominent part in Islamic economics – integration between

entrepreneurial livelines and religion/ an integral part of its religion
• Basic concept of entrepreneurship in Islam stand on a mutual relationship ( partnership &
participation), alturism and goodwill
• Entrepreneurship closely considers some principles of thought :
1. Islam encourages an entrepreneurial development
2. Resources ownership perspective – agent of trust
3. Social motive perspective – being useful for society toward most valuable person
Treasure in Islamic perspective ( Al-Hadid :7 )

Allah is the • Human must be realized that their treasures

are “ amanah” ( just given) and should be
ABSOLUTE prudently and faithfully managed
• The value of a given treasure is
OWNER determined by its contribution.

• A person who is given a mandate by Allah ( Khalifah )

Humanbeing • Treasure is the most prominent issue in Islamic

economics ; clear position in Al-Qur’an and Hadits :
• 1.The way how treasure is generated

As an agent of • 2. The way how treasureis managed

• 3. And the way how to spend

TRUST
 Social Entrepreneurship in Islamic context

Islamic beliefs :
• Khalifah-duty-create prosperity and usefulness of the earth ( Al-An’am : 165) à
Their role in economics is To achieving economics prosperity together
• Their work NOT JUST for personal gains/self interests but also for the COMMON
GOOD à to rise mutual independence in society
à Every activities relate with creating prosperity ( profit motive) has to be
balanced with the usefulness and value to others ( social motive )
Islamic social entrepreneurship conceptual framework

Islamic Social Enterpreneurship

People Development Spiritual Development

“Habbluminannas “ “Habbluminallah “

Profit Motive Social Motive

 3 basic thought of Islamic Social
Entrepreneurship

3 basic thoughts of Islamic social entrepreneurship in social justice and

social welfare :
1. Fard-al Kifayah commitment
2. Almsgiving model on ZisWAF
3. Market failure and government failure
PART 03
Relation between Business, Economic system & Management
Implikasi Ilmu Ekonomi terhadap Bisnis

• Ilmu ekonomi merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana cara manusia

dan masyarakat menggunakan sumber-sumber yang terbatas untuk
memuaskan kebutuhan yang tak terbatas (William F Schoell).
• Ilmu ekonomi juga merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana cara
masyarakat mengalokasikan sumber-sumber yang terbatas untuk
keperluan produksi dan distribusi barang dan jasa (Musselman dan
Hughes).

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Masalah pokok dalam ekonomi

• Barang atau jasa yang dibutuhkan tidak selalu tersedia atau tersedia
dalam jumlah yang tidak mencukupi.
• Adanya kebutuhan dan keinginan yang tidak terbatas yang tidak
sebanding dengan ketersediaan sumber daya yang terbatas

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Sistem Ekonomi

Adalah struktur organisasi masyarakat, yang berusaha mencari

keseimbangan antara kebutuhan yang tidak terbatas dengan sumber yang
terbatas, dengan menjawab beberapa pertanyaan berikut:
ØKomoditas apa yang akan diproduksi?
ØBerapa jumlah yang akan diproduksi?
ØBagaimana cara memproduksinya?
ØBagi siapa komoditas diproduksi (atau siapa mendapatkan apa)?

May 13, 2023 amasemt-pbisnis1 29

Hubungan Bisnis dan Masyarakat

• Bisnis dalam bentuk lembaga juga dikenal dengan istilah rumah tangga
produksi (RTP) yang selalu berhubungan dengan konsumen atau rumah
tangga konsumsi (RTK).
• Hubungan antara RTP dan RTK dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut:

Alam, tenaga, modal, skill

Upah, bunga, laba, rente

RTP RTK

Daya beli

Barang dan jasa

May 13, 2023 30
Hubungan antara RTP dan RTK (Lanjutan)

• RTK menyediakan faktor-faktor produksi berupa sumber daya alam,

tenaga kerja, modal dan ketrampilan (skill) untuk RTP. Kemudian RTP
akan membayar harga faktor produksi berupa upah buruh, bunga modal,
rente tanah dan laba pengusaha.
• Selanjutnya faktor-faktor produksi diolah dan diproses oleh RTP untuk
menghasilkan barang dan jasa. Kemudian RTK membayar barang dan
jasa tersebut dengan daya belinya.

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 Hubungan antara RTP dan RTK (Lanjutan)

• Hubungan diatas akan terus berputar dan semakin meningkat.

• Majunya RTP akan memberikan kontribusi berupa meningkatnya pendapatan
dan kemakmuran RTK yang akan meningkatkan daya beli masyarakat.
• RTP yang makin berkembang membutuhkan semakin banyak faktor produksi
yang disediakan oleh RTK untuk menyediakan kebutuhan barang dan jasa
RTK.

May 13, 2023 amasemt-pbisnis1 32

 Dua Jenis Daya Beli Masyarakat

• Daya beli efektif

Yaitu permintaan terhadap suatu barang yang kemudian diikuti dengan
membayar harga barang tersebut.
• Daya beli potensial
Yaitu permintaan berupa keinginan yang tidak selalu diikuti dengan
tindakan membeli.

May 13, 2023 amasemt-pbisnis1 33

Kategori Bisnis

• Memproduksi barang-barang, misalnya:

• Manufacturing
• Construction
• Agriculture
• Mining
• Memproduksi Jasa, misalnya:
• Wholesale and retail
• Transportation and utilities
• Finance and insurance
• Hotels
• Other services

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PART 04
Case Study
 Mengapa Sektor Jasa Terus Mengalami Perkembangan?

• Adanya perubahan pada demografi dan gaya hidup masyarakat

• Barang-barang dan teknologi yang kompleks membutuhkan jasa
• Kebutuhan akan saran-saran profesional (professional advice)
• Hambatan masuk (barriers to entry) yang rendah.

Case Study : Tourism & Hospitality Industry

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Main References
The History of Management Thought. Daniel A. Wren.
2005.Wiley&Son Publishing
Paradigma Baru Managemen Indonesia. Frans Mardi Hartanto. 2009.
Mizan Press
Management 6th edition. Schermerhorn et al. 2017. Wiley & Son
Publishing
The Evolution of Management thought 7th Edition. Daniel A. Wren &
Arthur G, Bedeian .2018. Wiley&Son Publishing
Management : A very short introduction . John Hendry.2013. Oxford
University Press
A History of Management Thought. Morgen Witzel. 2012. Routledge
Taylor & Francis
Thank you for your attention