High-Voltage Engineering

Part II
WS 2017/18
Dirk Uhrlandt
University Rostock /
Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology Greifswald

2. Basics of electromagnetics

Agenda

 Electrostatic field
 Methods for calculation

 Quasi-stationary currents

 Electromagnetic waves

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 2

1
 Comparison of field types

field type electrostatic quasi-stationary current magnetic

source charge 𝑞 = current 𝐼 = magnetic flux Φ =
‫[ 𝑉𝑑 𝜌 ׮‬As] ሶ
‫𝑗 𝐴װ‬Ԧ + 𝐷 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ [A] ‫𝐴𝑑 𝐵 ׭‬Ԧ [Vs]
𝐴

flux 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝐼 𝑑Φ
𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 = 𝑗 = 𝛾𝐸 = 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻 =
density 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
density 𝜌 = 𝛻𝐷 ሶ =0
𝛻(Ԧ𝑗 + 𝐷) 𝛻𝐵 = 0

force Coulomb 𝐹𝐶 Lorentz 𝐹𝐿

𝐹𝐶 𝐻 from Biot-Savart
field 𝐸= , 𝐸 = −𝛻𝜑
𝑞

„voltage“ 𝑑Φ
𝑈𝑖𝑛𝑑 = ‫𝑠𝑑 𝐸 ׯ‬, 𝑈𝑖𝑛𝑑 = −
𝑈 = න 𝐸 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 = න 𝐻 𝑑𝑥

energy 1 1 1
𝑤= 𝑞𝑈 = 𝐶𝑈 2 𝑤 = 𝐿𝐼2
2 2 2
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 3

Electrostatic field

Coulomb force 1 𝑄1 𝑄2 source and

between two point 𝐹12 =
charges
4𝜋𝜀 𝑑 2 force

𝜀 = 𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 , 𝜀0 =8.85 10-12 As/Vm permittivity of free space

Electric field of a 1 𝑄1 𝑟Ԧ
𝐸1 (𝑟) =
point charge
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2 𝑟
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 4

2
 Electrostatic field

Electric flux density – electric field

𝑞 without
q+ A 𝐷= 𝑛 = 𝜀𝐸 dipole
𝐴 moments
+ + + + +

x

+ + + + +

∆𝐷 ∆𝑞
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝐴 density

- - - - - Charge density
q-
𝛻𝐷 = 𝜌
඾ 𝐷 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ = ම 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑞
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 5

Electrostatic field

Force on a point charge

in an electric field 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞+ 𝐸 field and
potential

+ + + + + Electric potential
𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝐹𝑧
𝜑= =
𝑞 𝑞
q+ +
z
Voltage
- q-
𝑈12 = 𝜑2 − 𝜑1
1 1
1
Ԧ 𝑥Ԧ = න 𝐸𝑑 𝑥Ԧ
= න 𝐹𝑑
𝑞
- - - - - 2 2

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 6

3
 Electrostatic field

Equipotential lines
Electric field

𝐸 = −𝛻𝜑

Poisson’s equation

𝛻𝐷
𝛻𝐸 = = −𝛻 𝛻𝜑 = −𝛻 2 𝜑
𝜀
𝜌
− = 𝛻2𝜑
𝜀
charge density

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 7

Electrostatic field

Homogeneous field Field of a point charge

𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 1 𝑄1 𝑟Ԧ
2 𝐸=
𝛻 𝜑 = −𝛻𝐸 = 0 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2 𝑟
1 𝑄1
𝜑=
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟


E

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 8

4
 Electric field

Inhomogeneous field due to space charges in the medium

(e.g. homogeneous distribution 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡)
𝜌
𝛻 2 𝜑 = −𝛻𝐸 = −
𝜀
+ 𝐸 𝑧 = 𝐸1 𝑧 + 𝐸0
+ 𝑧
+ + 𝑈 𝑧 = − න 𝐸 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = −𝐸1 𝑧 2 − 𝐸0 𝑧 + 𝑈0
+
+ 0
+ +
+ + E
+ +
+
+ +
+ U
+

z
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 9

Electric field

Medium with dipole moments

E dipole Polarisation vector

𝐷 = 𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝐸 = 𝜀0 𝐸 + 𝑃
𝑃 + 𝜀0 (𝜀𝑟 −1)𝐸
medium 𝜺𝒓
vacuum 1
air 1,00059
benzene 2,28
propanol 18,3
water (0-3 GHz) 80
polyethylene 2,4
glycerin 42,5
glass 6-8
wood 2-4
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 10

5
 Electrostatic field

Conducting body or electrical line in the electric field

• 𝑬 perpendicular to the surface
• 𝐸 = 0 inside the body
• volume of the body is conducting
an equipotential room material:
𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 opposing field zero field
• surface of the body
is an equipotential
surface
• all charges in the body
are distributed along
the surface
𝐷=0

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 11

Electrostatic field

Inhomogeneous field
• no space charges:

𝛻 2 𝜑 = 𝛻𝐸 = 0
e.g.

𝜕𝐸𝑧
=0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐸𝑦
=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
field lines perpendicular
to equipotential lines 1 2

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 12

6
 Electrostatic field

Field lines and equipotential lines

 are always
perpendicular to
100%
each other
75 %  a/b= const
1
50 %
a

25 %

0%
2
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 13

Electrostatic field

Graphical method to estimate the electric field:

construction of field lines and equipotential lines

50 %
75 %
25 %

1
75 %
50 %
25 %

2
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 14

7
 Electrostatic field

Analytic method to determine the electric field:

method of substituted charges - basics

Field of a point charge


1 𝑄1 𝑟Ԧ
𝐸= E
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2 𝑟
1 𝑄1
𝜑=
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 15

Electrostatic field

Analytic method to determine the electric field:

method of substituted charges - basics
1 𝑄1 𝑄2
𝜑= +
 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟1 𝑟2

r1 r2 look for equipotential surface

Q1 Q2 so that
𝑄1 𝑄
𝜑=0  + 2=0
𝑟2𝑟1
𝑄1 𝑟1
𝑘=− =
𝑄2 𝑟2

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 16

8
 Electrostatic field

Analytic method to determine the electric field:

method of substituted charges – circle equation
look for
equipotential surface
so that
𝜑=0
𝑄1 𝑄2
 + =0
𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑄1 𝑟
𝑘= − = 1
𝑄2 𝑟2
Q1 Q2

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 17

Electrostatic field

Analytic method to determine the electric field:

method of substituted charges – circle equation
1 𝑄1 𝑄2
𝜑= +
 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟1 𝑟2

r1 r2 look for equipotential surface

y
Q1 Q2 r0 with 𝑟0 so that
𝑄1 𝑄
a x 𝜑=0  + 2=0
b 𝑟1
𝑟2
𝑄1 𝑟1
𝑘=− =
𝑄2 𝑟2

𝑎
circle equation: 𝑏 = 𝑘2 −1
𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 2𝑎 𝑎𝑘
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟0 2 = − 𝑏2 + 2 − 2𝑏 𝑥 𝑟0 = 𝑘2 −1
𝑘2 − 1 𝑘 −1
must be zero
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 18

9
 Electrostatic field

Analytic method to determine the electric field:

method of substituted charges – charge substitution
1 𝑄1 𝑄2
𝜑= + =0
 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟1 𝑟2

r2 Example:
r1
uncharged metallic sphere
Q1 Q2 r0
in the field of Q1,
d Q3 r0 and d given

𝑄3 = −𝑄2
𝑄
𝑑 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑟0 𝑘 = −𝑟0 1
𝑄2
substituted charge
𝑟0
equipotential surface remains when 𝑄2 = −𝑄1
introducing third charge: 𝑑
𝑟 2
1 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3 1 𝑄3 with position 𝑏 = 0
𝜑= + + = 𝑑
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟0 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟0 potential at the surface
1 𝑄1
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 𝜑=
4𝜋𝜀 𝑑 19

Electrostatic field

Analytic method to determine the electric field:

method of substituted charges - examples
 potential in space

1 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3
𝜑= + +
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
r3 𝑄1 1 𝑟0 𝑟0
r1
r2 = − +
Q1 r0 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟1 𝑑𝑟2 𝑑𝑟3
d Q2 Q3  potential at the center line
𝑄1 1 𝑟0 𝑟0
𝜑 𝑥 = + −
4𝜋𝜀 𝑑 + 𝑥 𝑑 𝑏 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 electric field at the center line

Example: 𝜕𝜑 𝑥
𝐸𝑥 = −
uncharged metallic sphere 𝜕𝑥
in the field of Q1, −𝑄1 −1 𝑟0 𝑟0
= − −
r0 and d given 4𝜋𝜀 𝑑 + 𝑥 2 𝑑 𝑏 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 20

10
 Electrostatic field

Analytic method to determine the electric field:

method of substituted charges - examples
 maximum electric field
at point A: 𝑥 = −𝑟0
𝑄1 3𝑑 − 𝑟0
𝐸𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
4𝜋𝜀 𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑟0 2

Q1 A r0  electric field at point A

without metallic sphere
d Q2 Q3
𝑄1 1
𝐸𝑥 𝐴 =
4𝜋𝜀 𝑑 − 𝑟0 2

 relation
𝑟0
𝐸𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3 − 𝐸
Example: 𝑑 𝑥𝐴
uncharged metallic sphere
in the field of Q1,
r0 and d given
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 21

Electrostatic field

Example: conducting particle in a homogeneous field:

~ case of sphere in the field of Q for 𝑑 ≫ 𝑟0 :

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝐸0
particle:

Notice:
deviations from plane surfaces will lead to further increase of maximum field.

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 22

11
 Electrostatic field

Analytic method to determine the electric field:

method of substituted charges - examples
Example:
parallel cylindrical lines
of opposite line charges q,
lengths L and distance d

r0 q/L -q/L r0
 position of substituted
d 𝑑 2
charges 𝑎 = 2 − 𝑟0 2
a 2

using relations from the circle equation

for the equipotential surface:
1 𝑎 𝑎𝑘
𝑏 = 2 𝑑 − 𝑎 = 𝑘2 −1 and 𝑟0 = 𝑘2 −1
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 23

Electrostatic field

Analytic method to determine the electric field:

method of substituted charges - examples
Example:
cylindrical line of charge q,
length L
over plane with h=d/2;
treating mirror charge -Q
r0 q/L -q/L r0
h
 position of mirror
charge a/2 = ℎ2 − 𝑟0 2
a/2

line =0

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 24

12
 Electrostatic field

Capacitance – ability of a body to store electrical charge

q- q+ 𝑞
𝐶=
𝑈
𝐷𝐴 𝜀𝐴
𝐶= =
𝐸𝑧 𝑧
stored energy
𝑞
𝑞
𝑊𝑐 = න 𝑈 𝑞 𝑑𝑞 = න 𝑑𝑞
z 𝐶
0
1 𝑞2 1
U=
𝑊𝑐 = = 𝐶𝑈 2
2𝐶 2

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 25

Electrostatic field

Calculation of capacitance

charge
𝑞 = ඾ 𝐷 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ ra

Example: spherical capacitor ri

1. girthed area 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2

𝑞 = 𝐷 𝑟 ඾ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜀𝐸 𝑟 4𝜋𝑟 2

2. integration of electric field

𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑎
𝑞 1 𝑞 1 1
𝑈 = න 𝐸 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = න 2 𝑑𝑟 = −
𝑟𝑖 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟𝑖 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑎

𝑞 4𝜋𝜀
3. 𝐶 = 𝑈 = 1 1
𝑈𝑟𝑖
𝑟𝑖 −𝑟𝑎
𝐸 𝑟 =
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18
𝑟2
26

13
 Electrostatic field

Calculation of capacitance

𝑞 = ඾ 𝐷 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ
ra
Example: cylindrical capacitor
1. girthed area 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑧 ri

𝑞 = 𝐷 𝑟 ඾ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜀𝐸(𝑟)2𝜋𝑟𝑧

2. integration of electric field

𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑎
𝑞 1 𝑞 𝑟𝑎
𝑈 = න 𝐸 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = න 𝑑𝑟 = ln
𝑟𝑖 2𝜋𝜀𝑧 𝑟𝑖 𝑟 2𝜋𝜀𝑧 𝑟𝑖
𝑞 2𝜋𝜀𝑧
3. 𝐶 = 𝑈 = 𝑟
ln 𝑎
𝑟𝑖

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 27

Electrostatic field

Example: cylindrical lines

1. girthed area per line 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
𝑞 = 𝜀𝐸(𝑟)2𝜋𝑟𝐿
d
2. integration of electric fields
𝑞 𝑎/2+𝑥 1
𝜑1 𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑟 r0 q/L r0
2𝜋𝜀𝐿 𝑐 𝑟 𝜑1 𝜑2 -q/L
𝑞 𝑎/2+𝑥
= ln x
2𝜋𝜀𝐿 𝑐

−𝑞 𝑎/2−𝑥 1 a
𝜑2 𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑟
2𝜋𝜀𝐿 𝑐 𝑟
−𝑞 𝑎/2−𝑥
= ln
2𝜋𝜀𝑧 𝑐
𝑞 𝑎/2+𝑥
sum of potentials: 𝜑 = 𝜑1 + 𝜑2 = 2𝜋𝜀𝐿 ln 𝑎/2−𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑞 𝑎/2+𝑑/2−𝑟0
voltage: 𝑈 = 𝜑 𝑟0 − 2 − 𝜑 − 𝑟0 𝜑2 = ln
2 𝜋𝜀𝐿 𝑎/2−𝑑/2+𝑟0

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 28

14
 Electrostatic field

Example: capacitance of cylindrical lines

with position of substituted
𝑑 2
charges 𝑎 = 2 − 𝑟0 2
2 d
the voltage becomes
2
𝑞 𝑑 𝑑 q/L
𝑈= ln + −1 r0 𝜑1 𝜑2 -q/L r0
𝜋𝜀𝐿 2𝑟0 2𝑟0
x
capacitance: 𝐶 = 𝑞/𝑈
a

𝜋𝜀𝐿
for 𝑑 ≫ 𝑟0 (small lines, long distance): 𝐶= 𝑑
ln
𝑟0

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 29

Electrostatic field

Example: capacitance of cylindrical line over plane

by analogy:
2
𝑞 ℎ ℎ
𝑈= ln + −1
𝜋𝜀𝐿 𝑟0 𝑟0

capacitance: 𝐶 = 𝑞/𝑈
r0 q/L -q/L r0
h
for h ≫ 𝑟0
transmission lines
𝜋𝜀𝐿
over earth: 𝐶 = 2ℎ
a/2
ln
𝑟0

line =0

D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 30

15
 Electrostatic field

Capacitance of two transmission lines over earth

1 𝐷 1 2ℎ
𝑄1 𝑑
voltages 𝑈1 = 𝑙𝑛 1 𝑄2 + 𝑙𝑛 1 𝑄1 𝑄2
2𝜋𝜀 𝑑 2𝜋𝜀 𝑅
= 𝑃12 𝑄2 + 𝑃11 𝑄1 ℎ1 ℎ2
1 𝐷 1 2ℎ
𝑈2 = 𝑙𝑛 2 𝑄1 + 𝑙𝑛 2 𝑄2
2𝜋𝜀 𝑑 2𝜋𝜀 𝑅 𝐷2 𝐷
= 𝑃21 𝑄1 + 𝑃22 𝑄2 1
potential −𝑄2
𝑃22 𝑃12
coefficients −𝑄1
charges 𝑄1 = − 𝑈 𝑈
∆𝑃 1 ∆𝑃 2
= 𝐾11 𝑈1 + 𝐾12 𝑈2
𝑃 𝑃 capacitance
𝑄2 = 21 𝑈1 − 11 𝑈2 coefficients
∆𝑃 ∆𝑃 𝐶12
= 𝐾21 𝑈1 + 𝐾22 𝑈2 𝑈1
∆𝑃 = 𝑃11 𝑃22 − 𝑃12 𝑃21 𝑈2
𝐶11
𝐶22
with 𝑄1 = 𝐶11 𝑈1 + 𝐶12 𝑈1 − 𝑈2 ,
𝑄2 = 𝐶22 𝑈2 + 𝐶12 𝑈2 − 𝑈1
 𝐾11 = 𝐶11 +𝐶12 , 𝐾22 = 𝐶22 +𝐶12 , 𝐾12 = −𝐶12
D. Uhrlandt, Lecture HVE, Electrostatic field, Rostock WS 17/18 31

16