STD Xii-physics-All Numerical Problems

S.B.O.A MATRIC.HR.SEC.SCHOOL.
,
COIMBATORE-39
STD-XII-PHYSICS
ALL NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

HIGHER SECONDARY
SEDOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT -1
ELECTROSTATICS
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 ELECTROSTATICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS. 3. Two small-sized identical equally charged spheres, each

1. Calculate the number of electrons in one coulomb of negative charge. having mass 1 g are hanging in equilibrium as shown in the
Solution :- q = 1 C ; e = 1.6 X 10-19 C ; n=? figure. The length of each string is 10 cm and the angle
▪ According to the quantisation of charge ; = θ is ° with the vertical. Calculate the magnitude of the
charge in each sphere. Take g = ms−
= = −
= Solution:-: = g = − g ; 𝜃 =  ;
.
.
−
= . electrons = ; 𝐿= = . ; =?
2. Consider two point charges q1 and q2 at rest as shown in the ▪ Since they are positively charged spheres, there will be a repulsive force between
figure. They are separated by a distance of 1m. Calculate the them and they will be at equilibrium with each other at an angle of 30° with the
force experienced by the two charges for the following vertical.
cases: ▪ At equilibrium, each charge experiences zero
(a) q1 = + μC and q2 = + μC net force in each direction. We can draw a free
(b) q1 = + μC and q2 = – μC body diagram for one of the charged spheres
(c) q1= + μC and q2 = – μC kept in water 𝜺 = ) and apply Newton s second law for both
Solution :- vertical and horizontal directions.
(a) = + 𝜇𝐶 ; = + 𝜇𝐶 ; r = 1 m then , ⃗⃗⃗ = ? & ⃗⃗⃗ = ? ▪ In the x-direction, the acceleration of the
− − charged sphere is zero.
⃗⃗⃗ = ̂ = ̂ sin 𝜃 ̂ + −̂ =
𝜋𝜀 sin 𝜃 ̂ = ̂
⃗⃗⃗ = −
̂ ( along + X axis) sin 𝜃 = −−−
− −
▪ In the y-direction also, the net acceleration experienced by the charge is
& ⃗⃗⃗ = ̂ = − ̂
𝜋𝜀 zero. cos 𝜃 ̂ + −̂ =
⃗⃗⃗ = − −
̂ (along - X axis) cos 𝜃 ̂ = ̂
cos 𝜃 = −−−
(b) = + 𝜇𝐶 ; = − 𝜇𝐶 ; r = 1 m then, ⃗⃗⃗ = ? & ⃗⃗⃗ =?
− − ▪ Divide equation (1) by 92)
− sin 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗ = ̂ = ̂
𝜋𝜀 =
cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗ =− ̂ (along - X axis)
−
− − tan  = = [ ] [ = 𝐿 sin 𝜃]
& ⃗⃗⃗ = ̂ = − ̂ 𝜋𝜀
𝜋𝜀
tan  = [ ]
⃗⃗⃗ = ̂ (along + X axis) 𝜋𝜀 in 𝜃
= [ 𝜋𝜀 ] 𝐿 sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃
(c) = + 𝜇𝐶 and = − 𝜇𝐶 placed in water 𝜀 = , ⃗⃗⃗ = ? & ⃗⃗⃗ =?
= 𝐿 sin 𝜃 √ [ 𝜋 𝜀 ] tan 𝜃 [ = ]
⃗⃗⃗ − − 𝜋𝜀
⃗⃗⃗ = ̂ = = ̂ −
𝜋𝜀 𝜀 𝜀 an 
= . sin  √ 9
⃗⃗⃗ = − . −
̂ (along - X axis)
− −
⃗⃗⃗ −
= . √
.
= . √
.
⃗⃗⃗ = ̂ = = ̂ 9
𝜋𝜀 𝜀 𝜀 .
⃗⃗⃗ = . −
̂ (along + X axis) = √ . −
NOTE : All three cases obeys Newton s third law of motion . ⃗⃗⃗ = − ⃗⃗⃗ = . √ . −
− − −
= . = . 𝐶
−
= . 𝐶= . 𝐶
victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed , PG ASST (PHYSICS) , GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
4. Calculate the electrostatic force and gravitational force between the proton and ▪ Since, = From figure, = =√ = √ =√ ; = =
the electron in a hydrogen atom. They are separated by a distance of ▪ Magnitude of the forces,
5.3 × 10–11 m. The magnitude of charges on the electron and proton are − − −
1.6 × 10–19 C. Mass of the electron is me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg and mass of proton is = = = = . −
mp = 1.6 × 10–27 kg. 𝜋𝜀 (√ )
− −
Solution :- = . ; = . 𝐶; − − −
−
= . −
; = , −
; = . −
𝐶− = = = = .
𝜋𝜀
▪ The magnitude of the electrostatic force between electron and proton − − −
−
. − = = = = .
= = 𝜋𝜀 (√ )
𝜋𝜀 . −
. . − ▪ From the figure, 𝜃 = °, then the total force on

= − = ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
. .
− −
. . − −
= [ cos 𝜃 ̂ + sin 𝜃 − ̂ ] + ̂+ [ cos 𝜃 ̂ + sin 𝜃 ̂]
= = = .
. . = cos 𝜃 ̂ − sin 𝜃 ̂ + ̂+ cos 𝜃 ̂ + sin 𝜃 ̂
−
= . ▪ Since = , we have
▪ The magnitude of the gravitational force between electron and proton
− − −
⃗ = cos 𝜃 ̂ + ̂+ cos 𝜃 ̂
. , .
= = −
= cos 𝜃 ̂ + ̂
.
. . . −
. . . − ⃗ = . −
cos ° ̂ + . − ̂
= −
=
. . =
̂ + .. −
̂ −
−
= . √
▪ The ratio of the two forces, ⃗⃗⃗ =[ . √ + . ] −
̂ =[ . + . ] −
̂
−
. ⃗ = . −
̂
= −
≈ .
. 6. Calculate the electric field at points P, Q for the following two cases, as shown in
≈ the figure.
≫ (a) A positive point charge + μC is placed at the origin
5. Consider four equal charges q1, q2, q3 and q4 = q = + μC (b) A negative point charge – μC is placed at the origin
located at four different points on a circle of radius 1m, as Solution :-
shown in the figure. Calculate the total force acting on the ⃗ =? ⃗ =?
(a) = + 𝜇𝐶 ; = ; =
charge q1 due to all the other charges.
Solution :- Electric field at P,
−
= = = = = + 𝜇𝐶 ; = ; ⃗ =? ⃗ = ̂= ̂
𝜋𝜀
▪ Figure shows forces and its components act on charge
⃗ = ̂
⃗ = . ̂ −
Electric field at Q ,
−
⃗ = ̂= ̂
𝜋𝜀
⃗ = ̂
⃗ = . ̂ −
(b) = − 𝜇𝐶 ; = ; = ⃗ =? ⃗ =? ▪ Its magnitude, |⃗⃗⃗ | = . √ + = . √

Electric field at P ▪ Then the direction of ⃗ 𝐴 ,
−
⃗ . ̂ + ̂ ̂ + ̂
⃗ = −̂ = −̂ ̂ = = =
𝜋𝜀 ⃗⃗⃗
| | . √ √
⃗ = − ̂ ▪ Acceleration experienced by the electron placed at A,
⃗
⃗ = − . ̂ −
= =
Electric field at Q −
− − . . ̂ + ̂
⃗ = ̂= ̂ = −
𝜋𝜀 .
− . . ̂ + ̂
=
⃗ = ̂ .
−
= − . ̂ + ̂
⃗ = . ̂ −
⃗ = − . ̂ + ̂ −
7. Consider the charge configuration as shown in the ▪ The electron is accelerated in a direction exactly opposite to ⃗ 𝐴
figure. Calculate the electric field at point A. If an 8. A block of mass m carrying a positive charge q is placed on
electron is placed at points A, what is the acceleration an insulated frictionless inclined plane as shown in the
experienced by this electron? figure. A uniform electric field E is applied parallel to the
(mass of the electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg and charge of inclined surface such that the block is at rest. Calculate the
electron = − .6 × –19 C) magnitude of the electric field E.
Solution :- = = + 𝜇𝐶 ; = = ; ⃗ 𝐴 =? Solution :-
▪ The free body diagram for the mass m is drawn below.
▪ Electric field due to ,
⃗ = ̂
𝜋𝜀
−
= −
̂
−
= −
̂
⃗ = . ̂
▪ Electric field due to ,
⃗ = ̂
𝜋𝜀 ▪ There are three forces that acts on the mass m:
−
= ̂ (i) The downward gravitational force exerted by the Earth (mg)
−
(ii) The normal force exerted by the inclined surface (N)
−
(iii) The Coulomb force given by uniform electric field (qE)
= ̂
− ▪ Along x-direction, applying Newton s second law, we have
⃗ = . ̂ sin 𝜃 ̂ + − ̂ =
▪ Hence the resultant electric field at A, sin 𝜃 ̂ − ̂ =
⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗ sin 𝜃 − =
= . ̂ + . ̂ sin 𝜃 =
⃗ = . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
̂ + ̂ = =
𝑳
9. The following pictures depict electric field lines for various charge (iii) In the figure (c), the electric field lines start at q1 and q3 and end at q2. This implies
configurations. that q1 and q3 are positive charges. The ratio of the number of field lines
| |= = =
| |
| |= = =
& | |= = =
| |
| |= = =
= = +
(i) In figure (a) identify the signs of two charges and find the ratio | | 10. Calculate the electric dipole moment for the following charge configurations.
(ii) In figure (b), calculate the ratio of two positive charges and identify the
strength the electric field at three points A, B, and C
(iii) Figure (c) represents the electric field lines for three charges. If q2 = –20 nC,
then calculate the values of q1 and q3
Solution :-
(i) The electric field lines start at q2 and end at q1. In figure (a), q2 is positive and q1
is negative.
The number of the lines ending at q1 ; =6
The number of the lines starting from q2 ; = 18 Solution :-
= = 𝜀 Figure (a) :
𝜀 Position vector for the +q on the positive x-axis = ̂
= = 𝜀 Position vector for the +q charge the negative x axis = − ̂
𝜀 So the dipole moment is ; ⃗ = + ̂ + + − ̂ =
𝜀 Figure (b) :
=
𝜀 Position vector charge + placed at the origin =
Position vector for the +q on the positive x-axis = ̂
| |= = =
So the dipole moment is ; ⃗ = + + ̂ = ̂
| |= | | Figure (c) :
(ii) In figure (b), Position vector for the − on the positive y-axis = ̂
The number of field lines emanating from ; = 18 Position vector for the +q charge on the negative y axis = − ̂
The number of field lines emanating from ; = 18 So the dipole moment is ; ⃗ = − ̂ + + − ̂ =− ̂
Figure (d) :
= = = Position vector for the − on the negative x axis = − ̂
= Position vector for the +q charge on the positive y axis = ̂
At point A, the electric field lines are denser compared to the lines at point B. Position vector for the +q charge on the negative y axis = − ̂
So the electric field at t A is greater in magnitude compared to the field at t B. So the dipole moment is ; ⃗ = − − ̂ + + ̂ + + − ̂ = ̂
Further, no electric field line passes through C, which implies that the resultant (e.g) The water molecule (H2O) has this charge configuration.
electric field at C due to these two charges is zero. The water molecule has three atoms (two H atom and one O atom). The
centres of positive (H) and negative (O) charges of a water molecule lie
at different points, hence it possess permanent dipole moment.
−
The electric dipole moment ; ⃗ = .
11. A sample of HCl gas is placed in a uniform electric field of magnitude 13. Consider a point charge +q placed at the origin and another point charge -2q
3 × 104 N C–1. The dipole moment of each HCl molecule is 3.4 × 10–30 Cm. placed at a distance of 9 m from the charge +q. Determine the point between the
Calculate the maximum torque experienced by each HCl molecule. two charges at which electric potential is zero.
Solution :- = 𝐶− ; = . 𝐶 ; 𝜏 =? Solution :-
▪ The maximum torque experienced by the dipole is when it is aligned ▪ According to the superposition principle, the total electric potential at a point is
perpendicular ( = 90) to the applied field. So equal to the sum of the potentials due to each charge at that point.
𝜏 = sin  = . ▪ Consider the point at which
𝝉 𝒙= . − the total potential zero is
12. (a) Calculate the electric potential at points P and Q as shown in the figure located at a distance from
below. the charge +q as shown in
(b) Suppose the charge +9 μC is replaced by –9 μC find the electrostatic the figure.
potentials at points P and Q + + − =
c Calculate the work done to bring a test charge + μC from infinity to the −
+ =
point Q. Assume the charge +9 μC is held fixed at origin and + μC is brought 𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀 −
from infinity to P.
=
𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀 −
=
−
= −
= + =
Solution :- =
(a) Electric potential at point P is given by 14. The following figure represents the electric potential as a function of
− x – coordinate. Plot the corresponding electric field as a function of x.
= = = = . = Solution :-
𝜋𝜀
Electric potential at point Q is given by ▪ The electric field is the negative gradient of the electric potential. In vector form
− 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= = = = . = ⃗ = −[ ̂+ ̂+ ̂]
𝜋𝜀 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Here , < .The potential difference between the points P and Q is given by ▪ In the given problem, since the potential depends
𝜕 𝜕
∆ = − = − = = . only on x, we have = = . Thus,
𝜕 𝜕
(b) Suppose we replace the charge +9 μC by –9 μC, then the corresponding potentials 𝜕
at the points P and Q are, ⃗ = − ̂
𝜕
= − . =− (i) From 0 to 1 cm, the slope is constant and
= − . =− 𝜕
= So, ⃗ = − ̂ −
𝜕
Here , < . The potential difference between the points P and Q is given by
(ii) From 1 to 4 cm, the potential is constant,
∆ = − =− − − =− =− . 𝜕
(c) The electric potential V at a point Q due to some charge is defined as the workdone V = 25 V and = . So ⃗ =
𝜕
by an external force to bring a unit positive charge from infinity to Q. So to bring (iii) From 4 to 5 cm, the slope constant and
𝜕
the q amount of charge from infinity to the point Q, work done is given as follows. =− . So ⃗ = + ̂ −
− − 𝜕
= = . = . 𝐽 ▪ The plot of electric field for the various points along
the x axis is given below.
15. Four charges are arranged at the corners of the square 16. A water molecule has an electric dipole moment of 6.3 × 10 –30 Cm. A sample
PQRS of side a as shown in the figure.(a) Find the work contains 1022 water molecules, with all the dipole moments aligned parallel to
required to assemble these charges in the given the external electric field of magnitude 3 × 105 N C–1. How much work is
configuration. (b) Suppose a charge q′ is brought to the required to rotate all the water molecules from θ = 0o to 90o?
centre of the square, by keeping the four charges fixed at Solution :- 𝜃 = ° ; 𝜃 = ° ; = 𝐶− ; = . −
𝐶 ; =
the corners, how much extra work is required for this? ▪ When the water molecules are aligned in the direction of the electric field, it has
Solution :- minimum potential energy.
(a) The work done to arrange the charges in the corners of the square is independent ▪ The work done to rotate the dipole from θ = 0o to 90o is equal to the potential
of the way they are arranged. We can follow any order. energy difference between these two configurations.
(i) First, the charge +q is brought to the corner P. This requires no work since no = (𝜃 ) − 𝜃𝑖
charge is already present, WP = 0
= − cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃𝑖 = (cos 𝜃𝑖 − cos 𝜃 )
(ii) Let be the potential at a point Q due to +q located at a point P, then Work
= cos ° − cos ° = − =
required to bring the charge –q to the corner Q = . −
= . −
𝐽
= − = − ▪ Hence for 1022 water molecules, the total work done is
𝜋𝜀 = . −
−
= − = . 𝑱
𝜋𝜀 17. Calculate the electric flux through the rectangle of sides 5 cm and 10 cm kept in
(iii) Let be the potential at the point R due to charges at the point P and Q, the region of a uniform electric field 100 NC –1. The angle θ is 60o. If θ becomes
then Work required to bring the charge +q to the corner R zero, what is the electric flux?
− − −
− Solution :- E = 100 N C-1 ; 𝐴 = = = ;𝜃= °
= = [ + ] ▪ The electric flux through the rectangular area
𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀
Φ = ⃗ . 𝐴 = 𝐴 cos 𝜃 = −
cos °
= [ − ]
𝜋𝜀 √ 𝜋𝜀 Φ = −
= −
−
= [ − ] 𝚽 = .
𝝅𝜺 √ ▪ For 𝜽 = ° Φ = ⃗ . 𝐴 = 𝐴 cos 𝜃 = −
cos °
(iv) Let be the potential at the centre point O due to all the four charges in the −
Φ =
four corners, then Work required to bring the fourth charge –q at the −
𝚽 = .
position S
18. (i) In figure (a), calculate the electric flux through the closed areas A1 and A2.
− (ii) In figure (b), calculate the electric flux through the cube
= − = − [ + + ]
𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀
= − [ − + ]= − [ − + ]
𝜋𝜀 √ 𝜋𝜀 √
= − [ − ]
𝝅𝜺 √
(b) The potential created by the two +q charges are canceled by the potential created
by the –q charges which are located in the opposite corners. Therefore the net
electric potential at the centre O due to all the charges in the corners is zero.
Hence no work is required to bring any charge to the point O. Physically this
Solution :-
implies that if any charge q′ when brought close to O, then it moves to the point
(i) In figure (a), the area A1 encloses the charge + . So electric flux through this
O without any external force.
closed surface A1 is Φ = . But the closed surface A2 contains no charges
𝜀𝑜
inside, so electric flux through A2 is zero.
(ii) In figure (b), the net charge inside the cube is ; =+ − = + and the 20. A parallel plate capacitor has square plates of side 5 cm and separated by a
total electric flux in the cube is therefore, 𝚽 = = distance of 1 mm. (a) Calculate the capacitance of this capacitor. (b) If a 10 V
𝜺 𝜺
battery is connected to the capacitor, what is the charge stored in any one of the
Note that the charge -10 q lies outside the cube and it will not contribute the total
flux through the surface of the cube. plates? (The value of o = 8.85 × 10–12 N–1m–2 C2)
19. A small ball of conducting material having a charge Solution :- a = 5 cm = 5 X 10-2 m ; A = a2 = 25 X 10-4 m2 ; d = 1 mm =10-3 m ; V = 10 V
𝜺
+q and mass m is thrown upward at an angle θ to (a) Capacitance of the capacitor ; =
horizontal surface with an initial speed vo as shown . − −
− −
in the figure. There exists an uniform electric field 𝐶= − = . = . = .
E downward along with the gravitational field g. (b) Charge stored in any one of the plate ; =
Calculate the range, maximum height and time of − −
= . = . 𝐶= .
flight in the motion of this charged ball. Neglect the 21. A parallel plate capacitor filled with mica having εr = 5 is connected to a 10 V
effect of air and treat the ball as a point mass.
battery. The area of each parallel plate is 6 cm2 and separation distance is 6 mm.
Solution :-
(a) Find the capacitance and stored charge. (b) After the capacitor is fully
▪ If the conductor has no net charge, then its motion is the same as usual projectile
charged, the battery is disconnected and the dielectric is removed carefully.
motion of a mass m
Calculate the new values of capacitance, stored energy and charge.
▪ Here, in this problem, in addition to downward gravitational force, the charge − −
Solution :- 𝜀 = ; = ; 𝐴= = ; = =
also will experience a downward uniform electrostatic force. 𝜀𝑜 𝜺
▪ The acceleration of the charged ball due to gravity = − ̂ (a) The capacitance of the capacitor in the presence of dielectric is ; 𝐶 =
. − −
▪ The acceleration of the charged ball due to uniform electric field = − ̂ 𝐶 = = . −
= . −
= .
−
▪ The total acceleration of charged ball in downward direction; ⃗ = − [ + ] ̂ The stored charge ; =𝐶
− −
= . = . 𝐶= .
▪ Its magnitude ; = +
The stored charge ; = 𝐶
▪ Galileo s conclusion that all objects fall
− −
at the same rate towards the Earth is = . = . 𝑱
true only in a uniform gravitational
(b) After the removal of the dielectric, since the battery is already disconnected the
field. When a uniform electric field is
total charge will not change. But the potential difference between the plates
included, the acceleration of a charged
increases. As a result, the capacitance is decreased. New capacitance is
object depends on both mass and −
charge. 𝐶 . −
= = = . = .
▪ But still the acceleration is constant 𝜺
throughout the motion. In fact we can The stored charge remains same and 44.25 pC. Hence newly stored energy is
simply replace g by + 𝜀
= 𝐶 = = = 𝜀
Expression for without charge with charge +q 𝐶 𝐶
− −
(i) Time of flight sin 𝜃 𝒗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = . = . 𝑱
= [ ] =
[ + ] The increased energy is,
(ii) Maximum height 𝜃 𝒗 𝜽 ∆ = − = . − . −
= . −
𝑱
ℎ = [ 𝒙] = ▪ When the dielectric is removed, it experiences an inward pulling force due to the
[ + ]
plates. To remove the dielectric, an external agency has to do work on the
(iii) Range sin 𝜃 𝒗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
= [ ] = dielectric which is stored as additional energy. This is the source for the extra
[ + ] energy 8.84 × 10–10 J.
▪ For + , we have [ ] < ; [ 𝒙] < 𝒙 ; [ ] <
▪ For − , we have [ ] > ; [ 𝒙] > 𝒙 ; [ ] >
22. Find the equivalent capacitance between P and Q ▪ Total charge ; = +

for the configuration shown below in the figure.
= +
Solution :-
▪ In fig (i), 1 F, 3 F and 6 F, 2 F are in +
= [ ]
parallel connection, then
−
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 = + = F = [ ]= −
[ ]=
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 = + = F + +
−
▪ In fig (ii), 4 F, 4 F and 8 F, 8 F are in series connection, then = =
− − −
▪ Thus, = − = − = −
= + = + = = ⟹ 𝐶 = F = −
=
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
▪ The electric charge density on sphere A is
= + = + = = ⟹ 𝐶 = F −
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝜎 = = =
𝐴 𝜋 . −
▪ In fig (iii), 2 F, 4 F are in parallel connection, then − −
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 = + = F 𝜎 = −
= = . − −
So the equivalent capacitance between P and Q is = 𝐅 . .

− − − −
𝝈 = . = .
▪ Thus the combination of capacitances in figure can be replaced by a single ▪ The electric charge density on sphere B is,
capacitance 6 μF as shown in fig iv −
𝜎 = = = −
𝐴 𝜋 .
− −
− −
𝜎 = −
= = .
. .
− −
𝝈 = .
▪ Note that the surface charge density is greater on the smaller sphere compared
to the larger sphere σ2 ≈ 4 σ1) which confirms that ; 𝜎 ∝
▪ Since the potential on both spheres is the same, we have
−
23. Two conducting spheres of radius r1 = 8 cm and r2 = 2 cm are separated by a = = = −
= = =
distance much larger than 8 cm and are 𝜋𝜀
connected by a thin conducting wire as 24. Dielectric strength of air is 3 × 106 V m–1. Suppose the radius of a hollow sphere
shown in the figure. A total charge of in the Van de Graff generator is R = 0.5 m, calculate the maximum potential
Q = +100 nC is placed on one of the difference created by this Van de Graaff generator.
−
spheres. After a fraction of a second, the Solution :- = ; = . ; =?
charge Q is redistributed and both the ▪ The electric field on the surface of the sphere is given by (by Gauss law)
spheres attain electrostatic equilibrium.
𝒙 =
(a) Calculate the charge and surface charge density on each sphere. 𝜋𝜀
(b) Calculate the potential at the surface of each sphere. ▪ So the maximum potential difference created is given by,
Solution :-
(a) At electrostatic equilibrium, = 𝒙 = = = 𝒙
𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀
= 𝒙 = . = .
𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀 𝒙 = . 𝒗
=
= −−−−−−
EXERCISE PROBLEMS. ▪ Resultant force on q along Y- axis

1. When two objects are rubbed with each other, approximately a charge of 50 nC = − ̂ + s ° − ̂ + ̂+ sin ° ̂
can be produced in each object. Calculate the number of electrons that must be
transferred to produce this charge. = ̂ − ̂ ++ ̂+ ̂
√ √
Solution :- q = 50 nC = 50 X 10-9 C ; e = 1.6 X 10-19 C ; n=?
▪ Since, = = = = , we get ⃗ = ⃗⃗
▪ According to quantization of electric charges,
= ▪ Simillarly resultant force on q along X- axis,
− ⃗ = ̂ + ° ̂ + cos ° ̂
= = −
=
. . ⃗ = ̂ + ̂ + ̂
= . √ √
= .
⃗ = ̂ + ̂ = [ + ] ̂
√ √
2. The total number of electrons in the human body is typically in the order of ⃗ = [ +√ ]̂
1028. Suppose, due to some reason, you and your friend lost 1% of this number
of electrons. Calculate the electrostatic force between you and your friend ▪ Thus total force on charge q ,
separated at a distance of 1m. Compare this with your weight. Assume mass of = ⃗⃗⃗ = [ +√ ] ̂
each person is 60 kg and use point charge approximation. ⃗ = [ +√ ] ̂
Solution :- = ; = %= = ; = ; = 𝝅𝜺
▪ Hence, total force on the charge q acts along X-axis whose magnitude is,
▪ Charge on each person ; = = . = . 𝐶
▪ Then electrostatic force between them, = [ +√ ]
𝝅𝜺
= = 4. Suppose a charge +q on Earth’s surface and another +q charge is placed on the
𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀 surface of the Moon. (a) Calculate the value of q required to balance the
. gravitational attraction between Earth and Moon (b) Suppose the distance
= = .
between the Moon and Earth is halved, would the charge q change?
= . (Take mE = 5.9 × 1024 kg, mM = 7.9 × 1022 kg)
▪ Weight of the person ; ; = = . = Solution :- = . − −
; =?
▪ Hence the ratio of the force and the weight, , ▪ Let R be the distance between earth and moon.
. − ▪ Since the gravitational attraction is balanced by electrostatic force, =
= = .
= =
= . − 𝜋𝜀 [ ]
𝜋𝜀
3. Five identical charges Q are placed equidistant on a
. − . .
semicircle as shown in the figure. Another point charge = √ = √
q is kept at the centre of the circle of radius R. Calculate [ ]
the electrostatic force experienced by the charge q. 𝜋𝜀
Solution :-
. . .
▪ Let the forces acts on q be ⃗ , ⃗ , ⃗ , ⃗ , ⃗ = √
▪ Here the magnitudes of these forces must be same. (i.e)
= = = = = = .
▪ Here ⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗ are resolved into two perpendicular components. (i.e.) ▪ When the distance between earth and moon is halved, the
(1) cos ° ̂ & s ° − ̂ charge q remains the same, because the value of charge is
(2) cos ° ̂ & sin ° ̂ independent of the distance.
5. Draw the free body diagram for the following charges as shown in the figure (a), 7. A closed triangular box is kept in an
(b) and (c). electric field of magnitude
E = 2 × 103 N C–1 as shown in the
figure. Calculate the electric flux
through the (a) vertical rectangular
surface (b) slanted surface and (c)
entire surface.
Solution :-
(a) Vertical rectangular surface : = ; = ; 𝜃= °
Solution :-
Φ = ∮ cos 𝜃 = ∮ cos °
Φ = 𝐴=
− − −
Φ = =
−
𝚽 =
(b) Slanted surface : = ; ; 𝜃= °
sin °= ⟹ = = =
°
Φ = ∮ cos 𝜃 = ∮ cos °= 𝐴 [ ]
6. Consider an electron travelling with a
speed 𝒗 and entering into a uniform
Φ =
electric field ⃗ which is perpendicular − −
to ⃗⃗⃗
𝒗 as shown in the Figure. Ignoring Φ =
gravity, obtain the electron’s
−
acceleration, velocity and position as 𝚽 =
functions of time. (c) Entire surface :
Solution :- ▪ In the figure electric field lines enters through the vertical rectangular
(i) Acceleration : surface and leaves through the slanted surface. Also the closed surface
▪ From Newton s second law ; ⃗ = ⃗ contains no charge inside.
▪ In general the electric flux is negative if the electric field lines enter the closed
▪ Force experienced by the electron in the electric field ; ⃗ = ⃗
surface and positive if the electric field lines leave the closed surface. Thus the
▪ Thus = ⃗
total electric flux through entire surface is zero (i.e.) 𝚽 = − + =
⃗ 8. The electrostatic potential is given as a function of x in figure (a) and (b).
= = −̂
Calculate the corresponding electric fields in regions A, B, C and D. Plot the
electric field as a function of x for the figure (b).
⃗ = − ̂
(ii) Velocity :
▪ From equation of motion ; ⃗ = ⃗⃗ + ⃗
⃗𝒗 = 𝒗 ̂ − ̂
(iii) Position :
▪ From equation of motion ; = ⃗ +
⃗ = 𝒗 ̂− ̂
Solution :- Solution :-
Figure (a) : According to the relation between E and V we have ; = − = . = . −
; = −
; = = −
▪ In region - A ; = − =−; = . − = . (a) Let V be the required potential difference, then ; =

−
− = = . = .
−
= − = − = + = + =
.
▪ In region - B ; = − = ; = . − . = . (b) Since potential difference is directly proportional to the separation = ), if
= − = − = separation increases, potential difference also increases.
. 
(c) Let  be the new potential difference, then ; =
▪ In region - C ; = − = ; = . − . = . 
−
= = =
−
= − = − = − = −  =
.
▪ In region - D ; = − =− ; = . − . = . 10. A point charge of + μC is placed at a
− − distance of 20 cm from another identical
= − = − = + = + point charge of + μC. A point charge of - μC
.
Figure (b) : is moved from point a to b as shown in the
− figure. Calculate the change in potential
= − = ; = − = ; =− = − = −
energy of the system? Interpret your result.
− −
Solution :-
= − = ; = − =− ; =− = − = +
= − = ; = − = ; =− =
− −
= − = ; =− − =− ; =− = − = +
−
= − = ; = − − =+ ; =− = − = −
= =+ 𝜇𝐶 ; = − 𝜇𝐶 ; = ; =
! !
= √ + = √ = √ ; = √ + = √ = √
▪ Initial potential energy, when − 𝜇𝐶 is at a
𝑖 = + = [ + ]
𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀
𝑖 = [ + ] [ = ]
𝜋𝜀
− −
𝑖 = − [ −
+ −
]
9. A spark plug in a bike or a car is used to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine. = − −
[ + ]
𝑖 −
It consists of two electrodes separated by a gap of around
0.6 mm gap as shown in the figure. To create the spark, an +
𝑖 = − [ ]= − = −
electric field of magnitude 3 × 106 V m–1 is required.
(a) What potential difference must be applied to produce = − . 𝑱
the spark? (b) If the gap is increased, does the potential ▪ Final potential energy, when − 𝜇𝐶 is at b
difference increase, decrease or remains the same? ▪ − 𝜇𝐶 ä‹JfŸ b -æš cŸsnghJ ÏWÂ bkh¤j ä‹dG¤j M‰wš,
(c) find the potential difference if the gap is 1 mm.
Figure (c):
= ! + ! = [ !
+ !
]
𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀 𝜋𝜀 ▪ Since 𝐶 , 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parallel,
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 + 𝐶
= [ ! + !]
[ = ] =
𝜋𝜀
Figure (d):
− −
= − [ + ] (1) Resultant capacitors across P and Q :
− −
√ √
−
= − [ + ] −
√ √
.
= − [ . + . ] =− =− .
= − . 𝑱
▪ The change in potential energy ;
∆ = − = − . − − . = − . + . = + . 𝑱≈+ . 𝑱
Here, 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series,
▪ Positive sign implies that to move the charge –2μC external work is required. 𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶𝐶
11. Calculate the resultant capacitances for each of the following combinations of = + = ⇒ 𝐶 =
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 +𝐶
capacitors.
𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series,
𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
= + = ⇒ 𝐶 =
𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parallel
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶
𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶
𝐶 = +
Solution :- 𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 +𝐶
▪ Effective capacitance of capacitors in series, 𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝐶 =
𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 +𝐶
= + + +⋯
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶 𝐶𝐶
𝐶 =
▪ Effective capacitance of capacitors in series, 𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 +𝐶
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 + 𝐶 +⋯ (2) Resultant capacitors across R and S :
Figure (a) :
▪ Since 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parallel,
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 = 𝐶
▪ Also, 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series,
= + = =
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
Figure (b):
▪ Since 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parallel, Here, 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series,
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 = 𝐶 𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶𝐶
= + = ⇒ 𝐶 =
▪ Also, 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series, 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 +𝐶
𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series,
= + = = = 𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
= + = ⇒ 𝐶 =
Thus 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parallel ℎ= + =

𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶
𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶 ℎ
𝐶 = + =
𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 +𝐶
𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 ℎ . − X −
𝐶 = = √ = √
𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 +𝐶 . −
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶 𝐶𝐶
𝐶 = . −
𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 +𝐶 =√ =√ . − = . −
Figure (e) :
≈ .
Time of flight of proton : = ; = h ; u= ; a= =
= +
ℎ= + =
ℎ
=
Here, 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series,
𝐶 − −
= + = ⇒ 𝐶 = ℎ . X
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 = √ = √ −
.
Also, 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in series,
𝐶 −
= + = ⇒ 𝐶 =
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 =√ =√ . −
Thus, 𝐶 , 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parallel,

𝐶 𝐶 = √ −
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 + 𝐶 = + +𝐶 = . −
= . −
= ≈
12. An electron and a proton are allowed to fall through the separation between the (b) Time of flight of neutron ; = ; = h ; u= ; a=
plates of a parallel plate capacitor of voltage 5 V and separation distance = +
h = 1 mm as shown in the figure. (a) Calculate the time of flight for both electron
and proton (b) Suppose if a neutron is allowed to fall, what is the time of flight? ℎ= + =
(c) Among the three, which one will reach the bottom first?
ℎ
=
ℎ X −
= √ = √
−
(Take mp = 1.6 × 10–27 kg, me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg and g = 10 m s–2) =√ =√ − = . −
Solution :- h = mm = X − ; = ; = = − = 𝐶− −
ℎ = . = .
(a) Time of flight of electron ; = ; = h ; u= ; a= = (c) Since, < < , out of three, electron reach first..
= +
13. During a thunder storm, the movement (b) Potential difference across each capacitor :
of water molecules within the clouds
creates friction, partially causing the = = = ; = = =
bottom part of the clouds to become
negatively charged. This implies that the = = = ; = = =
bottom of the cloud and the ground act as (c) Energy stored in each capacitor ;
a parallel plate capacitor. If the electric
− −
field between the cloud and ground = 𝐶 = = 𝐽= 𝝁𝑱
exceeds the dielectric breakdown of the
− −
air (3 × 106 Vm–1 ), lightning will occur. = 𝐶 = = 𝐽= 𝝁𝑱
(a) If the bottom part of the cloud is 1000 m above the ground, determine
− −
the electric potential difference that exists between the cloud and = 𝐶 = = 𝐽 = 𝝁𝑱
ground.
− −
(b) In a typical lightning phenomenon, around 25 C of electrons are = 𝐶 = = 𝐽= 𝝁𝑱
transferred from cloud to ground. How much electrostatic potential 15. Capacitors P and Q have identical
energy is transferred to the ground? cross sectional areas A and
−
Solution :- = ; = ; = 𝐶 separation d. The space between
(a) Formula for electric field ; = the capacitors is filled with a
Hence the potential difference ; = = = dielectric of dielectric constant er
(b) Since the electrostatic potential energy is the amount of work done, then as shown in the figure. Calculate the
= = = 𝑱 capacitance of capacitors P and Q.
14. For the given capacitor configuration (a) Find the Solution :-
charges on each capacitor (b) potential difference
across them (c) energy stored in each capacitor.
Solution :- 𝐶 = 𝜇 ; 𝐶 = 𝜇 ; 𝐶 = 𝜇 ;
𝐶 = 𝜇 ; =
▪ Here, 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parellel,
𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 = + = 𝜇 (1) Capacitor : Here two capacitors are connected in parallel. They are,
▪ Effective capacitance of this series connection, 𝐴 𝐴
𝜀 [ ] 𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝜀 [ ] 𝜀 𝜀 𝐴
= + + = 𝐶 = 𝜇 𝐶 = = & 𝐶 = =
𝐶
▪ Net charge on this series ciruit ; ▪ Thus effective capacitance in parallel combination,
𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝜀 𝐴 𝜺
= 𝐶 = −
= − 𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 = + = +𝜺
(a) Charges on each capacitor : (2) Capacitor : Here two capacitors are connected in series. They are
▪ Since 𝐶 = 𝐶 = 𝐶 , potential difference across them also equal (i.e.) 𝜀 𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝐴
𝐶 = = & 𝐶 = =
= = = = [ ] [ ]
▪ Thus charges on each capacitor ; ▪ Thus effective capacitance in series combination,
= 𝐶 = −
= − + 𝜀
− −
= + = + = [ + ]= [ ]
= 𝐶 = = 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝜀 𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝐴 𝜀 𝜀 𝐴 𝜀
− − 𝜺 𝜺
= 𝐶 = =
− − = [ ]
= 𝐶 = = + 𝜺
HIGHER SECONDARY
SECOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT -2
CURRENT ELECTRICITY

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- 6. The resistance of a wire is Ω. What will be new resistance, if it is stretched
1. Compute the current in the wire if a charge of 120 C is flowing through a copper uniformly 8 times its original length?
wire in 1 minute. Solution :- = Ω ; = ; = ; =?
Solution :- = 𝑖 = ; = ; =?  Though the wire is stretched, its volume remains unchanged.(i.e.)
 By definition, electric current (i.e.) rate of flow of charge is given by, Initial volume = final volume
=
= = = =
2. If an electric field of magnitude 570 N C–1, is applied in the copper wire, find the = −−−−−−
acceleration experienced by the electron.
Solution :- = 𝑁 − ; = . −
; = . −
𝑔 ; =? 𝑙
 Initial resistance ; = 𝜌
 From Newton s second law, force is given by ; =
 Hence the acceleration, 𝑙
−
 New resistance ; = 𝜌
.
= = = = = . 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
. − .  Hence the ratio ; = 𝑙
= 𝑙
= 𝑙
=
−
= . = = = 𝛀
3. A copper wire of cross-sectional area 0.5 mm2 carries a current of 0.2 A. If the
 Hence, stretching the length of the wire has increased its resistance.
free electron density of copper is 8.4 × 1028 m–3 then compute the drift velocity
7. Consider a rectangular block of metal of height A, width B and length C as shown
of free electrons.
− − in the figure. If a potential difference of V is
Solution :- = . = . ; = . ; = . applied between the two faces A and B of the
 The relation between drift velocity of electrons and current in a wire of cross- block [figure (a)], the current IAB is observed.
sectional area A is ; = 𝑣 Find the current that flows if the same
𝐼
 Hence, the drift velocity ; 𝑣 = potential difference V is applied between the
− two faces B and C of the block [figure (b)].
. .
𝑣 = − −
= Give your answers in terms of IAB.
. . . .
− − − − Solution :-
𝒗 = . = .
− − − −  ln first case ; length =C and area = AB. Hence resistance and current
𝒗 = . ≈ . 𝑔 ℎ
4. Determine the number of electrons flowing per second through a conductor, = 𝜌 = 𝜌
when a current of 32 A flows through it.
Solution :- = ; = ; = . −
; =? = = = −−−−
𝑞 [𝜌 ] 𝜌
 By definition, current (rate of flow of charge) is given by ; = = 𝑡 𝑡
 Hence the number of electrons flowing per second ;  ln second case ; length =A and area = BC. Hence resistance and current
𝑔 ℎ
= = = = = 𝜌 = 𝜌
. −
5. A potential difference across Ω resistor is V. What is the current through = = = −−−−
the resistor? [𝜌 ] 𝜌
Solution :- R = 24  ; V = 12 V ; I=?  Divide equation (2) by (1), we get
 From Ohm s law; [ /𝜌 ] 𝜌
= = =
= = = [ /𝜌 ] 𝜌
= . =
 Since > , the current >
8. Calculate the equivalent resistance for the circuit 11. Calculate the equivalent resistance between A and B in the given circuit.
which is connected to 24 V battery and also find the
potential difference across each resistors in the
circuit.
Solution :- = Ω; = Ω;V = V
 Effective resistance in series circuit,
= + = + = 𝛀
Solution :- =?
 From Ohm s law, current in the circuit ; = = = .  Here, 2  and 2  , 4  and 4 , 6  and 6  are in parallel, then
 Hence voltage across the resistors,
= + = = Ω
= = . = .
= = . = .
9. Calculate the equivalent resistance in the following = + = = Ω
circuit and also find the values of current I, I1 and I2 in
the given circuit. = + = = = Ω
Solution :- = Ω; = Ω;V = V  Thus the above circuit becomes,
 Effective resistance in parallel circuit,
+
= + = + = = =
.
(or) = . 𝛀  Here, 1 , 2  and 3  are in series, then the
 Then current flows through the resistors, effective resistance becomes,
= = = = + + = + +
= 𝛀
= = = 12. Five resistors are connected in the configuration as shown in the figure.
Calculate the equivalent resistance between the points a and b.
 The current I is the sum of the currents in the two branches. Then Solution :-
= + = + =  Let us assume that a current is entering
10. Two resistors when connected in series and parallel, their equivalent the junction at a.
resistances are Ω and Ω respectively. Find the values of the resistances.  Since all the resistances in the outside
loop are the same Ω , the current in the
Solution :- = Ω ; = Ω ; =? ; =? branches ac and ad must be equal. Hence
 Effective resistance in series circuit ; = + the points C and D are at the same
= + −−−−−−−−− potential and no current through 5 Ω.
+  It implies that the 5 Ω has no role in
 Effective resistance in parallel circuit ; = + =
𝑃 determining the equivalent resistance
+
= = [ ] and it can be removed. So the circuit is
simplified as shown in the figure.
= −−−−−−−−
 From equation (1) & (2) ; + = and = , we get
= & = = & =
 If = then, = − = − = . So = 𝛀 ; = 𝛀
 If = then, = − = − = . So = 𝛀 ; = 𝛀
 Effective resistance in series connection is, 16. Two electric bulbs marked 20 W – 220 V and 100
= + = + = Ω W – 220 V are connected in series to 440 V supply.
= + = + = Ω Which bulb will get fused?
 Effective resistance in parallel connection is, Solution :-
= + = + =  To check which bulb will get fused, the voltage
drop across each bulb has to be calculated.
= 𝛀
13. If the resistance of coil is Ω at C and α = 0.004/0C then determine its  The power delivered by the battery ; = =
0
resistance at 100 C.  Hence the resistance of the bulbs,
Solution :- =  ; =  ; = Ω ; =?
= = = = Ω
 Resistance at  ; = [ + 𝛼 − ]
= [ + . − ] = [ + . ] = = = = Ω
= [ + . ] = .
= . 𝛀  The two bulbs are connected in series, effective resistance
14. Resistance of a material at 200C and 400C are Ω and Ω respectively. Find 𝑡 𝑡 = + = Ω
its temperature coefficient of resistivity.  When the bulbs are connected in series, the current passing
Solution :- =  ; =  ; = Ω ; = Ω ; α =? through each bulb is the same and it is given by,
 The temperature coefficient of resistivity is + +
= = = =
Δ 𝑇−
𝛼= = 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
−
Δ − = . = .
−  The voltage drop across the 20W bulb is
𝛼= = =
− = = . = . = .
𝜶= . /  The voltage drop across the 100W bulb is
15. A battery of voltage V is connected to 30 W bulb and = . = . = .
60 W bulb as shown in the figure. (a) Identify  The 20 W bulb will get fused because the voltage across it is more than the
brightest bulb (b) which bulb has greater voltage rating.
resistance? (c) Suppose the two bulbs are connected 17. A battery has an emf of 12 V and connected to a resistor of Ω. The current in
in series, which bulb will glow brighter?
the circuit is 3.93 A. Calculate (a) terminal voltage and the internal resistance
Solution :- = ; =
of the battery (b) power delivered by the battery and power delivered to the
(a) The power delivered by the battery ; = .
resistor
Since the bulbs are connected in parallel, the voltage
Solution :- I = 3.93 A ; 𝜖 = 12 V ; R = 3 Ω
drop across each bulb is the same. If the voltage is kept fixed, then the power is
(a) The terminal voltage of the battery is equal to voltage drop across the resistor
directly proportional to current (P ∝ I). Since < , we have < . So 60
= = . = .
W bulb draws twice as much as current as 30 W and hence 60 W bulb will glow
Internal resistance of the battery,
brighter than 30 W bulb. 𝜖− − .
= [ ] = [ ]
(b) The power delivered by the battery ; = = . Hence  .
. . −
Since < , we have > . It implies that, the 30W has twice as much as = = = . Ω= . 𝛀
. .
resistance as 60 W bulb. (b) The power delivered by the battery,
(c) When the bulbs are connected in series, the current passing through each bulb is =∈ = . = .
the same. It is equivalent to two resistors connected in series. The bulb which has The power delivered to the resistor
higher resistance has higher voltage drop. So 30W bulb will glow brighter than = = . . = .
60W bulb. So the higher power rating does not always imply more brightness and The remaining power P = . − . = . is delivered to the internal
it depends whether bulbs are connected in series or parallel. resistance and cannot be used to do useful work. (It is equal to ).
18. From the given circuit, Find 21. The following figure shows a complex network of
(a) Equivalent emf of the combination conductors which can be divided into two closed
(b) Equivalent internal resistance loops like EACE and ABCA.
(c) Total current Solution :-
(d) Potential difference across external  Apply Kirchhoff s voltage rule KVR in EACE
resistance ∑ = ∑∈
(e) Potential difference across each cell + + =∈
Solution :- = ; ∈= ; = . Ω  Apply Kirchhoff s voltage rule KVR in ABCA
∑ = ∑∈
(a) Equivalent emf of the combination ; ∈ = ∈ = =
+ − =
(b) Equivalent internal resistance ; = = . = . 𝛀 22. Calculate the current that flows in the Ω resistor in the following circuit.
(c) Total current ;
∈
= =
+ + .
= = = .
+ . .
(d) Potential difference across external resistance ; = = . = .
.
(e) Potential difference across each cell ; 𝐯 = = = .
19. From the given circuit. Find Solution :-
(a) Equivalent emf  We can denote the current that flows from 9V battery as I1 and it splits up into I2
(b) Equivalent internal resistance and (I1 – I2 at the junction E according Kirchhoff s current rule KCR .
(c) Total current (I)  Now consider the loop EADFE and apply KVR, we get
(d) Potential difference across each cell ∑ = ∑∈
(e) Current from each cell − − =
Solution :- − − =
(a) Equivalent emf ; ∈ = ∈ = − = −−−−−−
.  Now consider the loop EFCBE and apply KVR, we get
(b) Equivalent internal resistance ; = = = . 𝛀
∑ = ∑∈
∈
(c) Total current ; = 𝑟 = . + + =
+ +
+ = −−−−−−
= = ⇒ + = −−− −−−
+ . .  + ⇒ =
−
= . = . ≈ .
(d) Potential difference across each cell ; = = . = = = .
I .  Put , = . in equation (1)
(e) Current from each cell ; = = = .
n . − =
20. For the given circuit find the value of I. . − =
Solution :- − = − . = .
▪ From Kirchoff s first law, at junction P ; ∑ = = − .
. + − . + . + − . + . + − = .
. − . + . − . + . − = =− = − .
= . − . + . − . + .  It implies that the current in the 1  resistor flows from F to E.
= . − . = .
23. In a Wheatstone’s bridge P = Ω, Q = Ω and R = Ω. If the galvanometer 28. An electric heater of resistance Ω connected to V power supply is
shows zero deflection, determine the value of S. immersed in the water of 1 kg. How long the electrical heater has to be switched
Solution :- on to increase its temperature from 30°C to 60°C. (Specific heat capacity of
 From the balanced condition of Wheatstone s bridge, water is s = 4200 J kg–1 K–1)
Solution :- R = Ω ; V= V ; m = kg ; = C ; = C ; t = ?
=
 From Joule s law of heating ; = =
= = = 𝛀  Heat absorbed by the water ; = Δ = −
 Here, heat produced by the heater in time t is equal to the heat absorbed by the
24. What is the value of x when the Wheatstone’s network is balanced?
water to increase its temperature (i.e.)
Solution :- P = 5 Ω, Q = 8 Ω, R = x + 400, S = Ω
 From the balanced condition of Wheatstone s bridge, = −
= = −
+
= = −
+
= =
= +
= + = = = .
= − = = .
𝒙 = = 𝛀
25. In a meter bridge experiment with a standard resistance of Ω in the right gap,
the ratio of balancing length is 3:2. Find the value of the other resistance.
Solution :- Q= Ω ; = ; =?
𝑙
 From the theory of meter bridge ; = 𝑙
= = =
= . 𝛀
26. In a meter bridge experiment, the value of resistance in the resistance box
connected in the right gap is Ω. The balancing length is l1 = 55 cm. Find the
value of unknown resistance.
Solution :- Q = Ω ; = ; = − = ; P=?
𝑙
 From the theory of meter bridge ; = 𝑙
= = =
= . 𝛀
27. Find the heat energy produced in a resistance of Ω when A current flows
through it for 5 minutes.
Solution :- R = Ω ; = ; = 𝑖 = ; =?
 From Joule s law of heating,
= = =
= =
EXERCISE PROBLEMS- 3. A copper wire of 10–6 m2 area of cross section, carries a current of 2 A. If the
1. The following graphs represent the current versus voltage and voltage versus number of free electrons per cubic meter in the wire is 8 × 10 28, calculate the
current for the six conductors A,B,C,D,E and F. Which conductor has least current density and average drift velocity of electrons.
resistance and which has maximum resistance? Solution :- = − ; = ; = ; =? ; 𝑣 =?
 Current density ;
−
= = −
=
 Aveage drift velocity ;
𝑣 = =
−
𝑣 = −
=
. .
− − − −
𝒗 = . = .
Solution :- 4. The resistance of a nichrome wire at 20 C is
0 Ω. If its temperature coefficient
Figure (1) : of resistivity of nichrome is 0.004/0C, find the resistance of the wire at boiling
Δ
 Resistance of conductor - A ; = Δ𝐼
= = . Ω point of water. Comment on the result.
Δ Solution :- =  ; =  ; = Ω ; =?
Resistance of conductor - B ; = Δ𝐼
= = . Ω  Resistance of the conducting wire at T 0C is,
Δ = [ + 𝛼 − ]
Resistance of conductor - C ; = Δ𝐼
= = . Ω
= [ + . − ]
Figure (2) : = [ + . ]
Δ
 Resistance of conductor - D ; = Δ𝐼
= = Ω = [ + . ] = .
Δ = 𝛀
Resistance of conductor - E ; = Δ𝐼
= = . Ω  As the temperature increases the resistance of the wire also increases.
Δ 5. The rod given in the figure is made up of two different materials. Both have
Resistance of conductor - F ; = Δ𝐼
= = . Ω
square cross sections of 3 mm side. The resistivity of the first material is
 Thus conductor F has least resistance (i.e.) = . 𝛀 4 × 10–3 Ωm and that of second material has resistivity of × –3 Ωm. What is
And conductor C has maximum resistance (i.e.) = . 𝛀 the resistance of rod between its ends?
2. Lightning is very good example of natural current. In
typical lightning, there is 109 J energy transfer across
the potential difference of 5 × 107 V during a time
− −
interval of 0.2 s. Using this information, estimate the Solution :- = = = ; = =
− − −
following quantities = = ; 𝜌 = ;𝜌 =
(a) total amount of charge transferred between cloud  Resistance of first material ;
− −
and ground (b) the current in the lightning bolt (c) the 𝜌
= = −
= Ω
power delivered in 0.2 s.
Solution :- = ; = . ; =  Resistance of second material ;
− −
9
𝜌
(a) Total charge ; = = 7 = = . = = = = Ω
𝑋 −
(b) Current ; = = = =  Since the two materials are in series, their effective resistance,
𝑡 . +
𝑡 𝑡 = + = + = =
9
(c) Power ; = 𝑡
= .
= =
= 𝛀
6. Three identical lamps each having a resistance R are connected to the battery of (d) Power delivered :
emf 𝝐 as shown in the figure Suddenly the switch S is closed. (a) Calculate the  When S is open,
current in the circuit when S is open 𝜖 𝜖 𝝐
and closed (b) What happens to the = = =
intensities of the bulbs A,B and C. (c) 𝜖 𝜖 𝝐
Calculate the voltage across the = = =
three bulbs when S is open and 𝜖 𝜖 𝝐
closed (d) Calculate the power = = =
delivered to the circuit when S is 𝝐 𝝐
Total power delivered; = + + = =
opened and closed (e) Does the
 When S is closed,
power delivered to the circuit
𝜖 𝜖 𝝐
decrease, increase or remain same? = = =
Solution :-
𝜖 𝜖 𝝐
(a) Current : = = =
 When S is open, all the bulbs A, B and C are in series, and hence their effective
=
resistance becomes ; = + + = . Thus from Ohm s law, 𝝐 𝝐
𝜖 𝝐 Total power delivered; = + + = =
= =
(e) When S is suddenly closed, the power delivered to the circuit will increases.
 When S is closed, only the bulbs A and B are in series and hence their effective 7. An electronics hobbyist is building a radio which requires Ω in her circuit.
resistance becomes = + = and no current flows through bulb C. But she has only Ω, Ω and Ω resistors available. How can she connect
Thus from Ohm s law, the available resistors to get the desired value of resistance?
𝜖 𝝐 Solution :-
= =
 The value of equivalent resistance in series connection will be greater than each
(b) Intensity : individual resistance. Similarly the value of equivalent resistance in parallel
 When S is open, all the bulbs A, B and C are in series. Here current through all connection will be lesser than each individual resistance.
the bulbs are same. So all the bulbs glow with equal intensity.  When all the three resistors are connected in series, their effective resistance will
 When S is closed, only the bulbs A and B are in series . The intensities of the be greater than Ω and when all the three resistors are connected in parallel,
bulbs A and B equally increase. Bulb C will not glow since no current pass their effective resistance will be less than Ω
through it.  Initially first two resistors Ω and Ω are connected in parallel and their
(c) Voltage (Potential difference) : effective value,
 When S is open, +
𝜖 𝝐 = + = =
= = =
𝜖 𝝐 = = . Ω ≈ 𝛀
= = =
𝜖𝜖 𝝐  Now Ω and third resistor Ω are connected in series its effective value,
= = = = + = Ω
 When S is closed,  Thus in order to get 𝛀 resistance, Ω and Ω are connected in parallel
𝜖 𝝐 and this combination is connected in series with 𝛀
= = =
𝜖 𝝐
= = =
=
8. A cell supplies a current of . A through a Ω resistor and a current of . A 10. A potentiometer wire has a length of m and resistance of Ω. It is connected
through a Ω resistor. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell. in series with resistance of Ω and a cell of emf V. Calculate the potential
Solution :- = . ; = . ; = Ω ; = Ω ; r =? gradient along the wire.
 From Ohm s law (V = I R), Solution :- = ; =  ; 𝑥 =  ; ϵ= V ; =?
𝜖= + = . + −−−−  Resistance per unit length of the potentiometer wire, = = Ω −
𝜖= + = . + −−−− 𝜖
 From equation (1) and (2)  From Ohm s law ; = + 𝑒𝑥
= +
=
. + = . + = = . −
. + . = . + . 𝑋
. − . = . − .  Potential difference across the potentiometer wire
− −
. = . = = . = .
.  Then the potential gradient along the wire
= = = . 𝛀 − − −
. = = . = .
9. Calculate the currents in the following circuit. 11. Determine the current flowing through the galvanometer (G) as shown in the
figure.
Solution :-
 Apply Kirchoff s current law at the junction P,
= +
= − −−−−−−
 Apply Kirchoff s voltage law to the closed loop
PQSP ,
+ 𝑔 − =
Solution :- + 𝑔 − − =
 Apply Kirchoff s current law at the junction B, + 𝑔 − + =
= + −−−−−− + 𝑔 − =
 Apply Kirchoff s voltage law to the closed loop ABEFA and BCDEB, + 𝑔 = −−−−−−
+ = −−−−−−  Similarly Apply Kirchoff s voltage law to the closed loop QRSQ,
and − =− −−−−−− ( − 𝑔) − 𝑔 − + 𝑔 =
 Put equation (1) in (2) − − − −
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 =
+ + = − − =
𝑔
+ + =
− 𝑔 − − =
+ = −−−−−−
− ⟹ = − 𝑔 − + =
− 𝑔− =
= = = . − = −−−−−−
𝑔
 Put this in equation (3) ⟹ + 𝑔 = − −−−−−
− . =− ⟹ − 𝑔 = −−−−−−
− =− − ⟹ 𝑔 =
=− + =−
𝑔 =
= − =− . =
𝒈
 Then equation(1) becomes,
= − . + . = .
 Thus , = . ; = − . ; = .
12. Two cells each of 5V are connected in series with a Ω resistor and three Solution :-
parallel resistors of Ω, Ω and Ω. Draw a circuit diagram for the above
arrangement. Calculate (i) the current drawn from the cells (ii) current through
each resistor
Solution :-
 Circuit diagram for the above arrangement,
14. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35

(i) The current drawn from the cells : cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point
 Here, 4, 6  and 12  all are in parallel, their effective resistance, shifts to 63 cm, what is the emf of the second cell?
+ + Solution :- : 𝜖 = . ; = ; = ; 𝜖 =?
= + + = = = = Ω
 The ratio of emf s of two cells using potentiometer,
 Also, 8  and 2  are in series, their effective resistance, ‹ 𝜖
= + =  =
𝜖
 Total potential difference(voltage) ; = + =
 Then current in the circuit, 𝜖 = 𝜖
−
= = = .
𝜖 = . −
=
 The potential difference across parallel combination of effective 𝝐 = .
resistance = Ω is ; = = =
(ii) Current through each resistor :
▪ Current through Ω resistor ; =
𝑃
▪ Current through Ω resistor ; = = = .
𝑃
▪ Current through Ω resistor ; = = = .
▪ Current through Ω resistor ; = 𝑃= = .
13. Four bulbs P, Q, R, S are connected in a circuit of unknown arrangement. When
each bulb is removed one at a time and replaced, the following behavior is
observed. Draw the circuit diagram for these bulbs.
HIGHER SECONDARY
SECOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT -3
MAGNETISM
AND
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNITISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- 3. Compute the magnetic length of a uniform bar

1. The horizontal component and vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field at a magnet if the geometrical length of the magnet is
place are 0.15 G and 0.26 G respectively. Calculate the angle of dip and resultant 12 cm. Mark the positions of magnetic pole points.
Solution :
magnetic field. (G-gauss, cgs unit for magnetic field 1G = 10–4 T)
 We know that, Magnetic length : Geometrical length = 5 : 6
Solution : = . ; = . ; =? ; =? 𝑎𝑔 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ
 Angle of dip I is given by, (i.e.)
𝑖 𝑎 𝑔 ℎ
=
.
tan = = = = . ℎ= ℎ=
.
= tan− . = ° ℎ=
 Resultant magnetic field,  In this figure, the dot implies the pole points.
= √ + = √ . + .
= √ . + . = √ .
= .
2. Let the magnetic moment of a bar magnet be ⃗ whose magnetic length is d = 2l
and pole strength is . Compute the magnetic moment of the bar magnet when
it is cut into two pieces (a) along its length (b) perpendicular to its length. 4. Calculate the magnetic flux coming out from
Solution : closed surface containing magnetic dipole (say,
(a) Bar magnet cut into two pieces along its length : a bar magnet) as shown in figure.
Solution :
 The total flux emanating from the closed
surface S enclosing the dipole is zero. So,
𝚽 = ∮ ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
 When the bar magnet is cut along the axis into two pieces, the magnetic length  Here the integral is taken over closed surface. Since no isolated magnetic pole
does change , but magnetic pole strength becomes halved . So the new (called magnetic monopole) exists, this integral is always zero. This is similar to
magnetic pole strength is ;  = Gauss s law in electrostatics.
5. The repulsive force between two magnetic poles in air is 9 × 10 –3 N. If the two
 
 Hence the magnetic moment ; = = = poles are equal in strength and are separated by a distance of 10 cm, calculate
 the pole strength of each pole.
 In vector notation ; ⃗ = ⃗ Solution : = −
; = = −
; = = =?
(b) Bar magnet cut into two pieces perpendicular to the axis :  The magnitude of the force between two poles is given by
𝜇
=
−
−
= −
− −
 When the bar magnet is cut perpendicular to the axis into two pieces, the = −
magnetic pole strength does change , but magnetic length becomes halved. So −
the new magneticlength is ;: 

= = = −
=
−
  =
 Hence magnetic moment ; = = = =

 In vector notation ; ⃗ = ⃗
6. A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.5 J T–1. Calculate magnitude and 8. Compute the intensity of magnetisation of the bar magnet whose mass,
direction of the magnetic field produced by the bar magnet which is kept at a magnetic moment and density are 200 g, 2 A m2 and 8 g cm–3, respectively.
− − −
distance of 0.1 m from the centre of the bar magnet along (a) axial line of the bar Solution : = g= g; = ; = =
magnet and (b) normal bisector of the bar magnet.  Density of the bar magnet ;
−
Solution : = . ; = . ; 𝑥 =? ; 𝑎 =?
= =
(a) Magnetic field at a point on the axial line of the bar magnet,
𝜇  Hence the volume ;
⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖 = ̂ −
−
−
. = = =
⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖 = ̂
.  So the intensity of magnetization ;
.
⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖 = −
̂= −
̂ = = = = . −
. − − −
⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖 = −
̂ = −
 Hence, the magnitude of the magnetic field along axial is Baxis = 1 × 10–4 T and 9. Using the relation ⃗⃗ = 𝝁 (⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗ ), show that 𝝌 = 𝝁 − .
direction is towards South to North. Solution :
(b) Magnetic field at a point on the normal bisector of the bar magnet, ⃗⃗
𝜇  By definition, the magnetic susceptibility is ; 𝜒 =
⃗ 𝑎 =− ̂ ⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝜒 ⃗ −−−−−
−
.
⃗ 𝑎 = − ̂  By definition, the magnetic field is ; ⃗ = 𝜇 ⃗ −−−−−
.
. .  The given relation, ⃗⃗ = 𝝁 (⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗ 𝑎 = − −
̂= −
̂  put equation (1) and (2), we get
. −
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = − . −
̂ 𝜇 ⃗ = 𝜇 (⃗ + 𝜒 ⃗ )
 Hence, the magnitude of the magnetic field along equatorial is Bequator 𝜇 ⃗ = 𝜇 ⃗ + 𝜒
= 0.5 × 10–4 T and direction is towards North to South. 𝜇 = 𝜇 + 𝜒
𝜇
Note : The magnitude of Baxis is twice that of magnitude of Bequator and the direction of Baxis = + 𝜒
and Bequator are opposite. 𝜇
7. Consider a magnetic dipole which on switching ON external magnetic field orient 𝜇 = + 𝜒
only in two possible ways i.e., one along the direction of the magnetic field 𝝌 = 𝝁 −
(parallel to the field) and another anti-parallel to magnetic field. Compute the 10. Two materials X and Y are magnetised whose values of intensity of
energy for the possible orientation. magnetisation are 500 A m–1 and 2000 A m–1 respectively. If the magnetising
Solution : field is 1000 A m–1, then which one among these materials can be easily
 Let be the dipole and before switching ON the external magnetic field, there is magnetized?
Solution :
no orientation. Therefore, the energy U = 0.
 Susceptibility of material X,
 As soon as external magnetic field is switched ON, the magnetic dipole orient
parallel (θ = 0o ) to the magnetic field with energy, | ⃗⃗ |
𝜒 = = = = .
𝒂 𝒂 = − 𝐜 =− = |⃗ |
 Otherwise, the magnetic dipole orients anti-parallel (θ = 8 o) to the magnetic  Susceptibility of material Y
field with energy, | ⃗⃗ |
= − 𝐜 =+ = 𝒂𝒙 𝜒 = = =
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
|⃗ |
 Here 𝜒 < 𝜒 .. It implies that material Y can be easily magnetized.
11. The following figure shows the variation of 14. A coil of a tangent galvanometer of diameter 0.24 m has 100 turns. If the
intensity of magnetisation with the applied horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field is 5 × –6 T then, calculate the
magnetic field intensity for three magnetic current which gives a deflection of 60o.
−
materials X, Y and Z. Identify the materials Solution : = ; = . ; = . ; = ; 𝜃= °
X, Y and Z.  From the theory of TG, the current through the circular coil is,
Solution :
= tan 𝜃
 The slope of M-H graph is a measure of the 𝜇
−
magnetic susceptibility, which is given by .
= tan 
|⃗⃗⃗ | −
= =𝜒 −
|⃗ | = −
√
(a) Material X : Slope is positive and larger value. So, it is a ferromagnetic .
−
material. .
=
(b) Material Y : Slope is positive and lesser value than X. So, it could be a .
− − −
paramagnetic material. = . = .
(c) Material Z : Slope is negative and hence, it is a diamagnetic material. = .
12. The magnetic field shown in the figure is due to the current carrying wire. In 15. Compute the magnitude of the magnetic field of a long, straight wire carrying a
which direction does the current flow in the wire?. current of A at distance of m from it. Compare it with Earth’s magnetic field.
Solution : Solution : = ; = ; =? ; 𝑎 ℎ =?
 Magnetic field due to long straight current carrying wire,
−
𝜇 −
= = =
−
 But the Earth s magnetic field is ; 𝑎 ℎ ≈
 Thus, 𝒂 =
(i.e.) Bstraightwire is one hundred times smaller than BEarth
16. Calculate the magnetic field inside a solenoid, when (a) the length of the
solenoid becomes twice with fixed number of turns (b) both the length of the
solenoid and number of turns are doubled (c) the number of turns becomes
twice for the fixed length of the solenoid
Solution :
 Using right hand rule, current flows upwards.
 The magnetic field inside a solenoid of length L and turns N is
13. What is the magnetic field at the centre of the loop shown in figure? 𝜇
, = −−−−−−
𝜇𝑜 𝐿,𝑁
(a) If → then ; , = =
𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑜
(b) If → , → then ; , = = = ,
𝜇𝑜
(c) If → then ; , = = ,
 Here , > , > , . Thus, strength of the magnetic field is increased
Solution :
 The magnetic field due to current in the upper semicircle and lower semicircle of when we pack more loops into the same length for a given current
the circular coil are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
 Hence, the net magnetic field at the centre of the loop (at point O) is zero
(i.e.) ⃗ = ⃗ .
17. A particle of charge q moves with velocity ⃗⃗ along positive y - direction in a 19. An electron moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field 0.500 T
magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ . Compute the Lorentz force experienced by the particle undergoes circular motion of radius 2.50 mm. What is the speed of electron?
− −
(a) when magnetic field is along positive y-direction (b) when magnetic field Solution : = . ; = . = . ; | |= . ; =?
points in positive z - direction (c) when magnetic field is in zy - plane and  Lorentz force acts as centripetal force for the particle causing it to execute circular
making an angle θ with velocity of the particle. Mark the direction of magnetic motion. The radius of the circular path is ; =
force in each case..  Therefore the speed of the electron ; =
Solution : ⃗⃗ = ̂ . . −
. −
(a) When magnetic field is along positive y - direction, then ⃗⃗⃗ = ̂ = −
.
Lorentz force ; ⃗ = (⃗ ⃗ ) = ̂ ̂ = ̂ ̂ = . . .
=
So, no force acts on the particle when it moves along the direction of .
−
magnetic field. = .
−
= .
(b) When magnetic field is along positive z - direction, then ⃗⃗⃗ = ̂
20. A proton moves in a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.500 T magnetic field
Lorentz force ; ⃗ = (⃗ ⃗ ) = ̂ ̂ = ̂ ̂ = ̂ is directed along the x-axis. At initial time, t = 0 s, the proton has velocity
Therefore, the magnitude of the Lorentz force is qvB and direction is along positive ⃗ = [ . ̂+ , ̂] −
.Find
x - direction.
(a) At initial time, what is the acceleration of the proton?
(c) When magnetic field is in zy -plane, then ⃗⃗⃗ = cos 𝜃 ̂ + sin 𝜃 ̂ (b) Is the path circular or helical? If helical, calculate the radius of helical
Lorentz force ; = ( ⃗)= ( ̂ [cos 𝜃 ̂ + sin 𝜃 ̂ ]) trajectory and also calculate the pitch of the helix (Note: Pitch of the helix is the
= cos 𝜃 ̂ ̂ + sin 𝜃 ( ̂ ̂ ) = sin 𝜃 distance travelled along the helix axis per revolution).
Solution : ⃗ = . ̂ ;⃗ =[ . ̂+ . ̂] ; = ; 𝒂 =? ; =?
−
(a) Mass of proton ; = .
−
Charge of proton ; = .
From Newton s II law, acceleration is
( ⃗)
= =
. −
[( . ̂+ . ̂) . ̂]
= −
18. Compute the work done and power delivered by the Lorentz force on the particle .
− [ −
. ̂] .
of charge q moving with velocity ⃗ . Calculate the angle between Lorentz force = −
= −
̂
. .
and velocity of the charged particle and also interpret the result. . −
Solution : = ̂= . ̂
.
 Lorentz force on a charged particle moving on a magnetic field is, ⃗ = .
𝒂 ̂ 𝒂= . −
⃗⃗⃗ = ( ⃗) (b) Here this acceleration directed perpendicular to the magnetic field, due to the
= ∫ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗ ). Lorentz force, the velocity component 𝑧 = . ̂ along Z-axis alone
 Work done by the magnetic field ; ∫(⃗⃗ =
continuously changed. Thus the path of proton is helical. The radius of helical
 And power is given by ; 𝑃 = = path is
−
 Since, ⃗ . ⃗ = we have ⃗ ⊥ ⃗ . The angle between Lorentz force and velocity of 𝑧 . .
= = −
the charged particle is 90o. . .
− −
 Thus Lorentz force changes the direction of the velocity but not the magnitude of . .
= =
the velocity. Hence Lorentz force does no work and also does not alter kinetic .
−
= . = .
energy of the particle.
Time period ; 22. Let E be the electric field of magnitude 6.0 × 106 N C–1 and B be the magnetic
field magnitude 0.83 T. Suppose an electron is accelerated with a potential of
= =
𝜔 200 V, will it show zero deflection?. If not, at what potential will it show zero
− − −
. . . . deflection?
= −
= =
. . . Solution : = . −
; = . ; = ; =?; =? ; =?
− −
= . = .  At zero deflection, the velocity of electron,
Hence, pitch of the helix is .
− − −
= 𝑥 = . . = . = = = .
− .
= . = .  Since the accelerating potential is 200 V, the electron acquires
The proton experiences appreciable acceleration in the magnetic field, hence the kinetic energy because of this accelerating potential. Hence
pitch of the helix is almost six times greater than the radius of the helix.
21. Two singly ionized isotopes of uranium and =
(isotopes have same atomic number but
=
different mass number) are sent with velocity
1.00 × 105 m s–1 into a magnetic field of strength
0.500 T normally. Compute the distance between = √
the two isotopes after they complete a semi-circle.
Also compute the time taken by each isotope to . −
complete one semi-circular path. = √ −

= √
. .
(Given: masses of the isotopes: m235 = 3.90 × 10–25 kg and m238 = 3.95 × 10–25 kg) −
− −
= .
Solution : = . ; = . ; = . ;  Since the speed > , the electron is deflected towards direction of Lorentz
− −
= . ; = | |= . ; =? force. So, in order to have null deflection, the potential , we have to supply is
 Since isotopes are singly ionized, they have equal charge which is equal to the
charge of an electron =
−
 The radius of the path of is r235 . .
− − = =
. . . . . −
= = −
= = . . .
. . . =
= . .
Hence the diameter ; = = . = . = . = .
 The radius of the path of is r235 23. Suppose a cyclotron is operated to accelerate protons with a magnetic field of
− − strength 1 T. Calculate the frequency in which the electric field between two
. . . .
= = −
= = Dees could be reversed.
. . .
= . Solution : B = 1 T ; = . −
; = | |= . −
; =?
Hence the diameter ; = = . = . = .  The frequency is,
 Therefore the separation distance between the isotopes is ;
=
∆ = − = . = . = . = .
 The time taken by each isotope to complete one semi-circular path are . −
. = −
= = = . −
= . −
= . 𝜇 . .
. .
. =
= = = . −
= . −
= . 𝜇 .
. = . −
= . 𝑧
= . 𝒛= . 𝒛
24. A metallic rod of linear density is 0.25 kg m–1 is lying horizontally on a smooth 26. The resistance of a moving coil galvanometer is made twice its original value in
inclined plane which makes an angle of 45o with the order to increase current sensitivity by 50%. Find the percentage change in
horizontal. The rod is not allowed to slide down by flowing a voltage sensitivity.
current through it when a magnetic field of strength 0.25 T is Solution :
acting on it in the vertical direction. Calculate the electric  Let be the initial current sensitivity. If current sensitivity is increased by 50%,
current flowing in the rod to keep it stationary. then new current sensitivity,
−
Solution : = . ; = . ; =? 
= 𝑆 + % 𝑆 = 𝑆 [ + ]= 𝑆 [ + ]= = . 𝑆
 Magnetic Lorentz force experienced by the current carrying conductor placed in
magnetic field ; = sin ° =  Let be the initial Voltage sensitivity. When the resistance is doubled, then new
 The direction of this force is given by Fleming s left hand rule. voltage sensitivity is
 This force is resolved in to two perpendicular components  𝑆
 𝑆
1) ° − along the inclined plane =  = = = . 𝑆
upwards 𝑔 𝑔
2) ° − perpendicular to the  Hence the voltage sensitivity decreases. The percentage decrease in voltage
incline plane downwards sensitivity is
 Similarly, weight also resolved in to two −  − .
%= %= . %= %
perpendicular components.
1) ° − perpendicular to the
incline plane downwards
2) ° − along the inclined plane downwards
 For equilibrium of the rod ; sin ° = cos °
sin ° . .
= = = = .
cos ° .
 So, we need to supply current of 9.8 A to keep the metallic rod stationary.
25. The coil of a moving coil galvanometer has 5 turns and each turn has an effective
area of 2 × 10–2 m2. It is suspended in a magnetic field whose strength is
4 × 10–2 Wb m–2. If the torsional constant K of the suspension fibre is
4 × 10–9 N m deg–1.
(a) Find its current sensitivity in division per micro - ampere.
(b) Calculate the voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer for it to have full scale
deflection of 50 divisions for 25 mV.
(c) Compute the resistance of the galvanometer.
− − − − −
Solution : = ; = ; = ; =
(a) Current sensitivity,
− −
𝜃
= = = −
= − / = /𝝁
(b) Voltage sensitivity,
𝜃
= = −
= /
(c) Resistance of the galvanometer,
−
= = = −
= . = 𝛀= . 𝛀
EXERCISE PROBLEMS- 3. A circular coil with cross-sectional area 0.1 cm2 is kept in a uniform magnetic
1. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment ⃗ is cut into four pieces i.e., first cut field of strength 0.2 T. If the current passing in the coil is 3 A and plane of the
loop is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. Calculate
into two pieces along the axis of the magnet and each piece is further cut along
(a) total torque on the coil
the axis into two pieces. Compute the magnetic moment of each piece.
(b) total force on the coil
Solution :
(c) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field. (The free
electron density for the material of the wire is 1028 m–3).
− −
Solution : = . = . ; = . ; = ; = ;𝜃= °
(a) Total torque on the coil
 Initial magnetic moment of the magnet ; ⃗ = ⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝜏= sin 𝜃 = 𝜃
−
 When it cut along the axis into four pieces, the pole strength of each piece becomes 𝜏= . . sin ° [ sin ° = ]
𝝉=
, but the magnetic length will not change. Hence magnetic moment of each piece, (b) Total force on the coil,

⃗ = ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = = sin 𝜃
⃗ = ⃗
= [ sin ° = ]
m–1 −
2. A conductor of linear mass density 0.2 g suspended (c) Charge of electron ; = | |= .
by two flexible wire as shown in figure. Suppose the If is the length of the coil, the drift velocity ; =
tension in the supporting wires is zero when it is kept
Lorentz force on each electron,
inside the magnetic field of 1 T whose direction is into the = = [ = ]
page. Compute the current inside the conductor and also
the direction of the current. Assume g = 10 m s–2 = =
Solution : = . −
= . − −
; = ; = − . . − −
= −
= =
. .
4. A bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose strength is 0.8 T.If the
bar magnet is oriented at an angle 30o with the external field experiences a
torque of 0.2 Nm. Calculate: (a) the magnetic moment of the magnet
(b) the work done by the magnetic field in moving it from most stable
configuration to the most unstable configuration and also compute the work
done by the applied magnetic field in this case.
Solution : = . ; 𝜃= ° ; 𝜏= .
(a) We know that, the torque ; 𝜏 = sin 𝜃
Hence magnetic moment is given by,
 Weight of the conductor due to gravity in downward direction, 𝜏 . . .
𝑔 = = = = = =
sin 𝜃 . sin ° . .
 Magnetic Lorentz force acting perpendicular to conductor in upward direction,
= = .
 When the tension of the supporting wire becomes zero, we have (b) For most stable configuration ; 𝜃 = ° and energy
= 𝑔 For most unstable configuration ; 𝜃 = and energy
=
−
. −
= = = = =
 From the figure, 6. Calculate the magnetic field at the centre of a square loop which carries a current
= − cos 𝜃 = − cos ° = − of 1.5 A, length of each side being 50 cm.
− −
= − cos 𝜃 = − cos ° = − − = Solution : = = ; = . = = =
 Hence the work done by the magnetic field in moving it from most stable 𝜙 = 𝜙= ° ; 𝜙 = °−𝜙 ; 𝜃 = °
configuration to the most unstable configuration is,  Let the square loop is made up of four straight conductors AB, BD, DC and CA
= 𝑆 − 𝑆 = − − =  From Biot - Savart law, the magnetic field at a
= . . distance a due to straigtht current carrying
= . conductor AB is,
 Work done by the applied magnetic field, 𝜇
= [sin 𝜙 + sin 𝜙 ]
= 𝑆− 𝑆 = − − =−
−
=− . . .
= −
[sin ° + sin °]
= − .
−
5. A non - conducting sphere has a mass of 100 g and .
radius 20 cm. A flat compact coil of wire with turns 5 = [ sin °]
is wrapped tightly around it with each turns − −
concentric with the sphere. This sphere is placed on = . = √
√
an inclined plane such that plane of coil is parallel to  Similarly, magnetic field due to BD, DC and CA
the inclined plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T −
exists in the region in vertically upward direction. = √
−
Compute the current I required to rest the sphere in = √
−
equilibrium. = √
Solution : = g = . kg ; R = 20 cm =20 X − m ; N = ; B = . T ; I = ?  From Fleming s left hand rule, the magnetic field at the centre, due to all four
 Here sphere be at two types of equilibrium. They are, conductors is directed perpendicularly inwards to the plane of the paper. Hence
(i) Straight line equilibrium the total magnetic field
(ii) Rotational equilibrium = + + +
−
 Under straight line equilibrium ; = 𝜃 −−−−−− = √
−
 Torque on the sphere due to magnetic field about its centre ; = .
− −
𝜏= sin 𝜃 (anticlockwise direction) = . = .
−
Torque on the sphere due to friction about its centre ; = .
𝜏= 𝑆 (clockwise direction)
Under rotational equilibrium ; 𝑆 = sin 𝜃 − − − − − −
 Put equation (1) in (2)
𝜃 = sin 𝜃
= [ = ]
=
=
=
.
= − .
= =
=
𝝅
HIGHER SECONDARY
SECOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT -4
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
AND
ALTERNATING CURRENT

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 4 ELECTROMAGNETIC INUDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- 4. A closed coil of 40 turns and of area 200 cm2, is rotated in a magnetic field of
1. A circular antenna of area 3 m2 is installed at a place in Madurai. The plane of flux density 2 Wb m–2. It rotates from a position where its plane makes an angle
the area of antenna is inclined at 47o with the direction of Earth’s magnetic field. of 30o with the field to a position perpendicular to the field in a time 0.2 s. Find
If the magnitude of Earth’s field at that place is . × –5 T find the magnetic flux the magnitude of the emf induced in the coil due to its rotation.
−
linked with the antenna. Solution : = = ; = ; = ; = .
Solution : = ; = °− °= ° ; = . X − T  Initially, = ° − ° = ; Hence initial magnetic flux
 Magnetic flux, Φ 𝑖= cos
−
Φ = cos Φ 𝑖= X cos °
Φ = . X − X X cos ° Φ = −
X = −
Φ = . X − X X . 𝑖
−
Φ = . X − = Φ 𝑖=
𝚽 = . −
𝒃= . 𝝁 𝒃  Finally, = ° − ° = ° ; Hence final magnetic flux
2. A circular loop of area 5 ×10–2 m2 rotates in a uniform Φ 𝑓= cos
−
magnetic field of 0.2 T. If the loop rotates about its Φ 𝑓= X cos °
diameter which is perpendicular to the magnetic field as Φ 𝑓= −
X = −
shown in figure. Find the magnetic flux linked with the −
Φ 𝑓=
loop when its plane is (a) normal to the field (b) inclined
60o to the field and (c) parallel to the field.  Since the magnetic flux changes, an emf is induced which is given by
Solution : = −
; = . Φ Φ 𝑓− Φ 𝑖
∈= =
(a) When circular loop normal to the magnetic field, then 𝜽 = °. The magnetic flux
− − −
Φ = cos −
− ∈= =
Φ = . X cos ° . .
− − −
Φ = X = ∈= =
(b) When circular loop inclined ° to the magnetic field, then 𝜽 = ° − ° = ° 5. A straight conducting wire is dropped horizontally from a certain height with
The magnetic flux its length along east – west direction. Will an emf be induced in it? Justify your
Φ = cos answer.
−
Φ = . X cos ° Solution :
√ .  Yes! An emf will be induced in the wire because it moves perpendicular to the
− −
Φ = X = horizontal component of Earth s magnetic field and hence it cuts the magnetic
− −
𝚽 = . = . lines of Earth's magnetic filed.
(c) When circular loop parallel to the magnetic field, then 𝜽 = °. The magnetic flux 6. If the current i flowing in the straight conducting wire as shown in the figure
Φ = cos decreases, find out the direction of induced current in the metallic square loop
− placed near it.
Φ = . X cos °
− Solution :
Φ = X =
3. A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a circular solenoid. If the  From right hand rule, the magnetic field by the
magnet is rotated about its axis, find out whether an electric current is induced straight wire is directed into the plane of the square
in the coil. loop perpendicularly and its magnetic flux is
Solution : decreasing.
 The magnetic field of a cylindrical magnet is  The decrease in flux is opposed by the current
symmetrical about its axis. As the magnet is induced in the loop by producing a magnetic field in
rotated along the axis of the solenoid, there is the same direction as the magnetic field of the wire.
no induced current in the solenoid because  Again from right hand rule, for this inward magnetic
the flux linked with the solenoid does not field, the direction of the induced current in the loop
change due to the rotation of the magnet is clockwise.
7. The magnetic flux passes perpendicular to the plane of the circuit and is directed 9. A copper rod of length l rotates about one of its
into the paper. If the magnetic flux varies with respect to time as per the ends with an angular velocity ω in a magnetic
following relation: 𝚽 = (2t3 + 3t2 + 8t + 5) mWb , what is the magnitude of the field B as shown in the figure. The plane of
induced emf in the loop when t = 3 s? Find out the direction of current through rotation is perpendicular to the field. Find the
the circuit. emf induced between the two ends of the rod.
−
Solution : Φ = + + + ; = ; = ; ∈ = ?; 𝑖 =? Solution :
 From laws of electromagnetic induction,  Consider a small element of length 𝑥 at a
Φ − distance 𝑥 from the centre O of the circle
∈= = + + +
−
described by the rod.
∈= + + +  As this element moves perpendicular to the
−
∈= + +
field with a linear velocity = 𝑥 𝜔, the emf
 At t = 3 s, the magnitude of induced emf
− developed in the element 𝑥 is
∈=[ + + ]
− ∈= 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥𝜔
∈=[ + + ]
− ∈= 𝜔𝑥 𝑥
∈= =
 This rod is made up of many such elements, moving perpendicular to the field.
 As time passes, the magnetic flux linked with the
The emf developed across two ends is
loop increases.
 According to Lenz s law, the direction of the 𝑥
∈= 𝜔∫ 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝜔 [ ]
induced current should be in a way so as to oppose
the flux increase.
 So, the induced current flows in such a way to ∈= 𝝎
produce a magnetic field opposite to the given 10. A solenoid of 500 turns is wound on an iron core of relative permeability 800.
field. This magnetic field is perpendicularly
The length and radius of the solenoid are 40 cm and 3 cm respectively. Calculate
outwards.
the average emf induced in the solenoid if the current in it changes from
 Therefore, the induced current flows in anti-
0 to 3 A in 0.4 second.
clockwise direction. −
8. A conducting rod of length 0.5 m falls freely from the top of a building of height Solution : : 𝜇 = ; = ; = = ;
−
7.2 m at a place in Chennai where the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic = = ; 𝑖= − = ; = . ; ∈=?
field is 4.04 × 10–5 T. If the length of the rod is perpendicular to Earth’s horizontal  Self inductance,
magnetic field, find the emf induced across the conductor when the rod is about 𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 𝜋
= =
to touch the ground. (Assume that the rod falls down with constant acceleration − −
𝜋 .
of 10 m s–2) =
− −
Solution : = . ; ℎ= . ; = . − −
. .
 From the equation of motion, the final velocity of the rod is = −
= + ℎ [ = ] −
= . .
= + . −
= . .
= −
− = . .
= −
= .
 The magnitude of the induced emf when the rod is about to touch the ground is = .
∈=
−  Hence induced emf,
∈= . .
− 𝑖
∈= . ∈=− =− . =− . =− . .
∈= . −
= . 𝝁 .
∈=− .
11. The self-inductance of an air-core solenoid is 4.8 mH. If its core is replaced by 13. Consider two coplanar, co-axial circular coils A
iron core, then its self-inductance becomes 1.8 H. Find out the relative and B as shown in figure. The radius of coil A is
permeability of iron. 20 cm while that of coil B is 2 cm. The number
−
Solution : 𝑎𝑖 = . = . ; 𝑖 = . ; 𝜇 =? of turns in coils A and B are 200 and 1000
 Self inductance of air core solenoid ; respectively. Calculate the mutual inductance
𝜇 between the coils. If the current in coil A
𝑎𝑖 =
changes from 2 A to 6 A in 0.04 s, determine the
 Self inductance of iron core solenoid ; induced emf in coil B and the rate of change of
𝜇 𝜇 flux through the coil B at that instant.
𝑖 = − −
Solution : = ; = ; = = ; = =
 Hence, 𝑖 = − = ; = . ; =? ; ∈ =?
𝜇  Mutual inductance between the coils,
( )
𝑎𝑖
= = 𝜇 𝑖
𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 Φ B A 𝜋 𝜇 𝑖 𝜋
𝑖 ( ) = = = =
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
𝑖 . 𝜇 𝜋
𝜇 = = −
= = =
𝑎𝑖 .
𝝁 = 𝒊 𝜋 −
𝜋 −
12. The current flowing in the first coil changes from 2 A to 10 A in 0.4 s. Find the = −
mutual inductance between two coils if an emf of 60 mV is induced in the second = . . −
coil. Also determine the magnitude of induced emf in the second coil if the − −
= . = .
current in the first coil is changed from 4 A to 16 A in 0.03 s. Consider only the  Magnitude of the induced emf in the coil B,
magnitude of induced emf. 𝑖 − −
∈ = = . = .
Solution : .
− −
(i) 𝑖 = − = ; = . ; ∈ = = −
; =? ∈ = . = . = .
 Magnitude of mutual induced emf is ;  The rate of change of magnetic flux of coil B is
𝑖 𝐍 𝚽 = ∈ = . −
= . 𝒃 −
∈ =
 Hence mutual inductance between the coils, 14. A circular metal of area 0.03 m2 rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T. The
∈ axis of rotation passes through the centre and perpendicular to its plane and is
= also parallel to the field. If the disc completes 20 revolutions in one second and
𝑖
the resistance of the disc is Ω, calculate the induced emf between the axis and
− −
. − the rim and induced current flowing in the disc.
= = = .
Solution : : = . ; = . ; = ; =  ; ∈=? ; 𝑖 =?
.  Area swept out by the disc in unit time = Area of the disc × frequency
−
= =
(ii) 𝑖 = − = ; = . ; ∈ =? = . = .
 Magnitude of Induced emf in the second coil due to the rate of change of
 Hence induced emf,
current in the first coil is Φ BA
𝑖 ∈= = = = . . = .
∈ =
 Thus induced current,
∈ = −
= − ∈ .
. 𝒊 = = = .
∈ = .
15. A rectangular coil of area 70 cm2 having 600 turns rotates about an axis 17. An inverter is common electrical device which we use in our homes. When there
perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.4 Wb m–2. If the coil completes 500 is no power in our house, inverter gives AC power to run a few electronic
revolutions in a minute, calculate the instantaneous emf when the plane of the appliances like fan or light. An inverter has inbuilt step-up transformer which
coil is (a) perpendicular to the field (b) parallel to the field and (c) inclined at converts 12 V AC to 240 V AC. The primary coil has 100 turns and the inverter
60o with the field. delivers 50 mA to the external circuit. Find the number of turns in the
−
Solution : = ; = = ; = . ; secondary and the primary current.
−
Solution : 𝑃 = ; = ; 𝑃= ; = =
= = = = .
 By transformer equation;.
(a) When perpendicular to the field, = 𝜔 = ° 𝑃
∈ = ∈ sin 𝜔 = 𝜔 sin 𝜔 = 𝜋 sin 𝜔 = = =
𝑃
∈= . −
𝜋 sin ° =  Hence the transformation ratio ;
(b) When parallel to the field, = 𝜔 = ° = = =
∈ = ∈ sin 𝜔 = 𝜔 sin 𝜔 = 𝜋 sin 𝜔  Number of turns in secondary coil ; = 𝑃 = =
− − −
∈= . 𝜋 sin °  Primary current ; = = = =
18. Write down the equation for a sinusoidal voltage of 50 Hz and its peak value is
−
∈= . 20 V. Draw the corresponding voltage versus time graph.
∈= −
= Solution : = 𝑧 ; = ; =? ; =?
(c) When inclined at 60 with the field, = 𝜔 = ° −
o °= °  Voltage at any instant,
∈ = ∈ sin 𝜔 = 𝜔 sin 𝜔 = 𝜋 sin 𝜔 = sin 𝜔 = sin 𝜋
−
= sin .
∈= . 𝜋 sin ° = 𝐬𝐢
−  Time for one cycle ,
∈= .
∈= −
= = = = .
16. An ideal transformer has 460 and 40,000 turns in the primary and secondary −
= =
coils respectively. Find the voltage developed per turn of the secondary if the  Corresponding Wave form is shown
transformer is connected to a 230 V AC mains. The secondary is given to a load 19. The equation for an alternating current is given by i = 77 sin 314t. Find the peak
of resistance 104 Ω. Calculate the power delivered to the load. current, frequency, time period and instantaneous value of current at t = 2 ms.
𝑉 −
Solution : 𝑃 = ; = ; 𝑃 = ; = Ω ; =? ; =? Solution : : 𝑖 = sin ; = =
 General equation for alternating current ; 𝑖 = sin 𝜔 = sin 𝜋
 From the transformer equation, voltage per turn of the secondary is ;
 Comparing this equation with given equation, we get
𝑃
= = = (a) Peak current ; =
𝑃 𝝎
(b) Frequency ; = 𝜋
= 𝜋
= 𝑋 .
= = 𝒛
= . /
(c) Time period ; = = = .
 Total secondary voltage ; = . = . =
(d) At = , instantaneous current
 Power delivered to the load , −
𝑖= sin
= = −
°
𝑖= sin ( )
.
= = 𝑖= sin °
𝒊= . = . 𝐀
=
20. A 400 mH coil of negligible resistance is connected to an AC circuit in which an  Phase angle between voltage and current ;
effective current of 6 mA is flowing. Find out the voltage across the coil if the −
tan 𝜙 =
frequency is 1000 Hz.
= = −
; = = −
; = 𝑧 − −
Solution : 𝜙 = tan− [ ] = tan− [ ]
 Voltage across the coil of inductance
= = 𝜔 = 𝜋 𝜙 = tan− [ ] = tan− [ ]
− −
= .
− 𝝓 = tan− [ . ] = . °
= .
 Since the phase angle is positive, voltage leads current by 53.12° for this
= .
inductive circuit.
21. A capacitor of capacitance μF is connected across a 220 V, 50 Hz A.C. mains. 23. A μH inductor, pF capacitor and a Ω resistor are connected to form
𝝅
𝝅
Calculate the capacitive reactance, RMS value of current and write down the a series RLC circuit. Calculate the resonant frequency and Q-factor of this circuit
equations of voltage and current. at resonance.
−
Solution : = ; = 𝑧; = 𝜇𝐹 = 𝐹; = ?; =? Solution : = 𝜇 = −
; = 𝐹= −
𝐹 ; R= Ω
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
 Capacitive reactance ; = =  Resonance frequency,
𝜔 𝜋
= = = = = −
− 𝜋√ 𝜋
𝜋√ 𝜋 √
− − −
𝜋 ( ) 𝜋
𝜋
= 𝛀= 𝛀
𝑉 𝑀 = = = = = =
 RMS value of alternating current ; = 𝑋
= = . 𝛀 √ √
= . = 𝑧 = 𝒛
 Equation for alternating voltage ;  Q -factor,
= sin 𝜔 𝜔 𝜋
= √ sin 𝜋 = = = = =
= . sin . . −
= 𝐬𝐢 =
 Equation for alternating current ; − −
𝜋 = =
𝑖= sin 𝜔 +
𝜋 −
= = .
𝑖= √ sin 𝜋 + 24. Find the instantaneous value of alternating voltage = 𝐬𝐢 𝝅 volt
𝜋 at a s b μs c μs.
𝑖= . . sin . +
𝝅 Solution :
𝒊= . 𝐬𝐢 +  Voltage at any instant ; = sin 𝜔
22. Find the impedance of a series RLC circuit if the inductive reactance, capacitive  Given voltage equation ; = sin 𝜋
reactance and resistance are Ω, Ω and Ω respectively. Also calculate (a) At = ; = sin ° =
the phase angle between voltage and current. (b) At = 𝜇 ,
−
Solution : = Ω ; = Ω ; R= Ω ; Z=? ; ϕ=? = sin 𝜋
−
 Impedance ; = √ + − = sin 𝜋
°
= √ + − = √ + = sin ( 𝜋 −
)
𝜋
= √ + = √ = sin . ° = sin °
𝒁 = 𝛀 = − =−
−
(c) At = 𝜇 ; = sin 𝜋 (c) New Q- factor,
− − °
= sin 𝜋 = sin 𝜋 −
𝜋
= √ = √
= sin . ° = sin ° −
= sin + ° = sin °
= . = .
25. The current in an inductive circuit is given by 0.3 sin (200t – 40°) A. Write the = √ = √ = √
equation for the voltage across it if the inductance is 40 mH.
−
Solution : 𝑖 = . 𝑖 − ° ; = = ; =? = = =
 In an inductive circuit, the voltage leads the current by 90o. Therefore, −
= sin 𝜔 + ° 27. capacitor of capacitance F, an inductor of inductance H and a resistor of
𝝅 𝝅
= sin 𝜔 + ° resistance Ω are connected to form a series RLC circuit. When an AC supply
= 𝜔 sin 𝜔 + ° of 220 V, 50 Hz is applied to the circuit, determine (a) the impedance of the
−
= . sin − °+ ° circuit (b) the peak value of current flowing in the circuit (c) the power factor
= . 𝐬𝐢 + ° of the circuit and (d) the power factor of the circuit at resonance.
26. A series RLC circuit which resonates at kHz has μH inductor, pF −
capacitor and Ω resistor. Calculate a Q-factor of the circuit (b) the new Solution : = 𝐹 ; = ; = Ω ; = ; = 𝑧
𝜋 𝜋
value of capacitance when the value of inductance is doubled and (c) the new (a) Inductive reactance,
Q-factor. = 𝜔 = 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 𝛀
Solution : = 𝑧= 𝑧 ; = 𝜇 = −
; 𝜋
= 𝐹= −
𝐹 ; = Ω Capacitive reactance,
(a) Q-factor of the circuit, = = = = = 𝛀
−
𝜔 𝜋
− 𝜋
√ √ √ √ 𝜋
= = = =
− Impedance ; = √ + −
= √ + −
= √ = = =
= √ +
(b) Resonance frequency ;
= √ = √ = .
= = 𝒁 = . 𝛀
𝜋√ 𝜋 (b) Peak value of current,
= √
𝜋 = =
When inductance is doubled, new capacitance ,
.
= =
= .
𝜋 = .
= (c) Power factor of the circuit,
. −
𝐬𝝓 = = = = = .
= . . √
. . (d) Power factor of the circuit at resonance ( = ),
=
. . 𝐬𝝓 = = =
−
= .
− −
≅ = 𝐹
≅ 𝑭
EXERCISE PROBLEMS- 5. A rectangular coil of area 6 cm2 having 3500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic
1. A square coil of side 30 cm with 500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic field of field of 0.4 T. Initially, the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field and is
0.4 T. The plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30 o to the field. Calculate the then rotated through an angle of 180o. If the resistance of the coil is Ω, find
the amount of charge flowing through the coil.
magnetic flux through the coil. −
− Solution : = = ; = ; = . ; 𝑖 = °− °= °
Solution : = ; = ; = = = ;
= °− °= ° ; = Ω ; =?
= °− °= ° ; = . T ; NΦ =?
 Initial magnetic flux ; Φ = cos 𝑖 = cos ° =
 Total Magnetic flux through the coil,
 Final magnetic flux ; Φ = cos = cos ° =−
Φ = cos
Φ = X . X −
cos °  Change in magnetic flux ; Φ = − − =
 Hence rate of change in magnetic flux (i.e.) induced emf;
−
Φ = X X = X = 𝒃 Φ
∈ = =
2. A straight metal wire crosses a magnetic field of flux 4 mWb in a time 0.4 s. Find
− −
the magnitude of the emf induced in the wire. ∈ = . =
−
Solution : dΦ = = −
; = . ; ∈=? ∈ =
 Magnitude of the emf induced in the wire,  Thus induced current (rate of flow of electric charge).
−
− ∈
Φ − 𝒊 = = = . −
∈= = = =
.  So the amount of charge flowing through the coil,
3. The magnetic flux passing through a coil perpendicular to its plane is a function − −
=𝑖 = . = .
of time and is given by 𝚽 = + + + Wb. If the resistance of the
6. An induced current of 2.5 mA flows through a single conductor of resistance
coil is Ω, determine the induced current through the coil at a time t = second. Ω. Find out the rate at which the magnetic flux is cut by the conductor.
Solution : − Φ
Solution : =  ; 𝑖= . = . ; =?
 Magnitude of the induced emf,
Φ  The rate of change in magnetic flux (i.e.) induced emf
∈= = + + + 𝚽 − − −
=∈=𝑖 = . = = 𝒃
∈= + + + = + +
7. A fan of metal blades of length 0.4 m rotates normal to a magnetic field of
If t = 3 s , ∈= + + = + + = −
. If the induced emf between the centre and edge of the blade is
 Then the induced current through the coil, 0.02 V, determine the rate of rotation of the blade.
∈ −
𝑖= = = . Solution : = . m ; A = π = . 𝜋 ; B = ;∈ = . ; 𝜔 =?
 Maximum value of induced emf,
4. A closely wound circular coil of radius 0.02 m is placed perpendicular to the
magnetic field. When the magnetic field is changed from 8000 T to 2000 T in ∈ = 𝜔
∈ .
6 s, an emf of 44 V is induced in it. Calculate the number of turns in the coil. 𝜔= = − . 𝜋
Solution : = . m ; dt = s ; = − = ; ∈= .
= °− °= ° ; =? 𝜔= −
. .
 Magnitude of the induced emf ; .
Φ 𝜔= −
. .
∈= = cos = cos ( )
.
∈ ∈ 𝜔=
.
= = = 𝜔= . −
cos 𝜋 cos . cos ° 𝝎= . revolutions/second
= = = =
. .
8. A bicycle wheel with metal spokes of m long rotates in Earth’s magnetic field. 𝜋 −
. .
The plane of the wheel is perpendicular to the horizontal component of Earth’s Φ =
.
− −
field of .If the emf induced across the spokes is 31.4 mV, calculate the . . .
rate of revolution of the wheel. Φ =
.
− − −
Solution : = ; = ; ∈= . = . ; 𝜔 =? . .
 Maximum value of induced emf, Φ =
.
−
∈ = 𝜔 = 𝜋 𝜔 Φ = . .
−
∈ . − Φ = . = . 𝒃
𝜔= = −  Hence magnetic flux linked with each turn
𝜋 .
𝚽 . −
𝜔= = = = . 𝒃
𝝎= revolutions/second 12. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 0.4 A. If the magnetic flux of 4 mWb is
9. Determine the self-inductance of 4000 turn air-core solenoid of length 2m and linked with each turn of the coil, find the inductance of the coil.
−
diameter 0.04 m. Solution : = ; = . ; Φ = = ; =?
Solution : : = ; = . ; = . ; = ; =?  Self inductance of the coil,
−
 Self inductance of air core solenoid, Φ −
= = = =
𝜇 𝜇 𝜋 .
= == 13. Two air core solenoids have the same length of 80 cm and same cross–sectional
𝜋 −
𝜋 . . area 5 cm2. Find the mutual inductance between them if the number of turns in
= the first coil is 1200 turns and that in the second coil is 400 turns.
− −
= . . −
. . Solution : = = ; = = ;
= . . − = ; = ; =?
= . . −  Mutual inductance between the coils,
− −
= . −
= . −
= . − 𝜇 𝜋
= = −
= . − −
10. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 4 A. If the magnetic flux through the coil = 𝜋 = .
− −
is 6 × 10–5 Wb, find the magnetic energy stored in the medium surrounding the = . = . = .
coil. 14. A long solenoid having 400 turns per cm carries a current 2A. A 100 turn coil of
Solution : = ; = ; Φ = −
; =? cross-sectional area 4 cm2 is placed co-axially inside the solenoid so that the
 Magnetic energy stored, coil is in the field produced by the solenoid. Find the emf induced in the coil if
Φ the current through the solenoid reverses its direction in 0.04 sec.
= = [ ] = Φ Solution : : = ; = = ; = ;
−
= = ; = ; = .
−
=  Mutual inductance,
− −
= −
= − 𝜇 𝜋
= . = =
− −
11. A 50 cm long solenoid has 400 turns per cm. The diameter of the solenoid is = 𝜋 = .
− −
0.04 m. Find the magnetic flux linked with each turn when it carries a current = . = .
−
of 1 A. ≅
Solution : = = . ; = ; = = = ;  If the current through the solenoid is reversed its direction, the emf inuced in the
= . ; = . ; = ; Φ = ? coil is,
 Let L be the self inductance of the solenoid, magnetic flux is, −
− − −
𝜇 𝜇 𝜋 ∈ = = =
. .
Φ = = = ∈ = −
= −
= .
15. A 200 turn circular coil of radius 2 cm is placed co-axially within a long solenoid 18. A 200V/120V step-down transformer of 90% efficiency is connected to an
of 3 cm radius. If the turn density of the solenoid is 90 turns per cm, then induction stove of resistance Ω. Find the current drawn by the primary of the
calculate mutual inductance of the coil and the solenoid. transformer.
Solution : = = −
; = ; = = Solution : = % ; 𝑃= ; = ; = 
 Mutual inductance of the coil and the solenoid,  Output power ; = =
𝑉
=
𝑉
= =
𝑋
=
𝜇 𝜇 𝜋 𝑃
= =  Thus secondary current is; = = =
𝑉
− −
𝜋 .  We know, the efficiency of the transformer ; =
𝑃
=
𝑉
= 𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑃 𝑃
− −
= . . = . =
−
= . = . 𝑃
16. The solenoids S1 and S2 are wound on an iron-core of relative permeability 900.  The current drawn by the primary of the transformer
Their areas of their cross-section and their lengths are the same and are 4 cm 2 = = =
𝑃
and 0.04 m respectively. If the number of turns in S1 is 200 and that in S2 is 800,
calculate the mutual inductance between the solenoids. If the current in 19. The 300 turn primary of a transformer has resistance . Ω and the resistance
solenoid 1 is increased form 2A to 8A in 0.04 second, calculate the induced emf of its secondary of turns is . Ω. Find the voltage across the primary if the
in solenoid 2. power output from the secondary at 1600V is 32 kW. Calculate the power losses
Solution : 𝜇 = ; = = −
; = . ; = ; in both coils when the transformer efficiency is 80%.
= ; = − = ; = . ; =? ; ∈ = ? Solution : 𝑃 = ; = ; 𝑃= .  ; = .  ; =
 Mutual inductance, = = ; = %=
− −
𝜇 𝜇 𝜋 𝑃 𝑋
= =  Output power ; = = = = =
. 𝑉
− −
= 𝜋 𝑉 𝑉 𝑃 𝑋
−  Transformer equation ; = = = = =
= . 𝑉𝑃 𝑃
− 𝑃 𝑃
= . ≅ .  Efficiency ; = =
𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑃 𝑃
 The induced emf in solenoid 2 is,
=
∈ =− =− . = − . 𝑃
.
∈ =− . =− . = = =
17. A step-down transformer connected to main supply of 220 V is used to operate
11V, 88 W lamp. Calculate (a) Voltage transformation ratio and (b) Current in  Power loss in primary coil = 𝑃 𝑃 = . = = .
the primary.  Power loss in secondary coil = = . = = .
𝑃 = ; = ; = ; =? ; 𝑃 =?
Solution : 20. Calculate the instantaneous value at 60o, average value and RMS value of an
𝑉 𝑃 alternating current whose peak value is 20 A.
(a) Voltage transformation ratio ; = = =
𝑉𝑃 𝑃 Solution : = ; 𝜔 = ° ; 𝑖 =? ; 𝑎 =? ; =?
= = =  Alternating current at any instant,
𝑃 √
(b) We know the output power ; = 𝑖= sin 𝜔 = sin ° = = . = .
𝑖. =
 Average value of alternating current,
Hence, the secondary current ;
𝑎 = = . = . = .
= = = 𝜋
 RMS value of alternating current,
 Thus, current in the primary
= = . = . = .
𝑃 = = = = . √
HIGHER SECONDARY
SECOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT -5
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- 4. A magnetron in a microwave oven emits electromagnetic waves (em waves)
1. Consider a parallel plate capacitor which is connected to an 230 V RMS value with frequency f = 2450 MHz. What magnetic field strength is required for
and 50 Hz frequency. If the separation distance between the plates of the electrons to move in circular paths with this frequency?
−
capacitor and area of the plates are 1 mm and 20 cm 2 respectively. Calculate the :Solution :- = 𝑧= 𝑧 ; = | | = `. ;
−
displacement current at t = 1 s. = . 𝑘 ; =?
:Solution :- 𝑀 = ; = = −
; = = − ❖ Angular frequency of the circular motion,,
= 𝑧 ; = ; 𝑑 =? 𝜔=
❖ Potential difference between the plates ;
= 𝑚 sin 𝜔 = 𝑀 √ sin 𝜋 𝜋 =
= . sin 𝜋
❖ Therefore, the magnetic field required is,
= sin 𝜋 𝜋
❖ Hence the displacement current, =
Φ𝐸
𝑑 = 𝜀𝑜 = 𝜀𝑜 [ Φ𝐸 = ] . . −
= −
𝜀𝑜 .
= 𝜀𝑜 ( ) = [ ] −
𝑑 . .
=
𝜀𝑜 .
−
𝑑 = [ sin 𝜋 ] = .
−
= . 𝑿 𝑻= . 𝑻
𝜀𝑜
𝑑 = [ 𝜋 cos 𝜋 ]
− −
.
𝑑 = −
. cos 𝜋
[ cos −
𝑑 = 𝜋= ]
− −
𝑰𝒅 = . = . = .
2. The relative magnetic permeability of the medium is 2.5 and the relative
electrical permittivity of the medium is 2.25. Compute the refractive index of
the medium.
:Solution :- 𝑟 = . ; 𝜀𝑟 = . ; =?
❖ The refractive index of the medium,
= √ 𝑟 𝜀𝑟
= √ . . = √ .
= . 𝒊
3. Compute the speed of the electromagnetic wave in a medium if the amplitude of
electric and magnetic fields are 3 × 104 N C–1 and 2 × 10–4 T, respectively.
− −
:Solution :- 𝑜 = ; 𝑜 = 𝑇 ; 𝑣 =?
❖ The speed of the electromagnetic wave
𝑜
𝑣= = −
=
𝑜
−
= . 𝑿
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE PROBLEMS- 4. Let an electromagnetic wave propagate along the x - direction, the magnetic
1. Consider a parallel plate capacitor whose plates are closely spaced. Let R be the field oscillates at a frequency of 1010 Hz and has an amplitude of 10−5 T, acting
radius of the plates and the current in the wire connected to the plates is 5 A, along the y - direction. Then, compute the wavelength of the wave. Also write
calculate the displacement current through the surface passing between the down the expression for electric field in this case.
plates by directly calculating the rate of change of flux of electric field through :Solution :- = 𝑧 ; 𝑜 =
−
𝑇 ; = ? ; ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑥, = ?
the surface. ❖ Wavelength of electromagnetic waves,
:Solution :- 𝐶 = ; 𝑑 =? −
= = = 𝑿
❖ Electric flux,
❖ Expression for electric field,
Φ𝐸 = ∮ cos °
𝑥, = 𝑜 sin 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔 −−−−−−−−
𝜎 ❖ We know that, the velocity of electromagnetic waves,
Φ𝐸 = = =
𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑜 𝑜
❖ Hence displacement current, =
𝑜
Φ𝐸 𝑬 = 𝑜 = −
= 𝑿 𝑵 −
𝑑 = 𝜀𝑜 = 𝜀𝑜 ( )
𝜀𝑜 ❖ Angular frequency,
−
= 𝜀𝑜 𝝎= 𝜋 = . = . 𝑿 𝒂𝒅
𝑑
𝜀𝑜 ❖ And wave number,
𝜔 .
𝑑 = 𝒌= = = . 𝑿 𝒂𝒅 −
𝑰𝒅 = 𝑰 = ❖ Put this in equation (1),

2. A transmitter consists of LC circuit with an inductance of 1 μH and a capacitance 𝑬 𝒙, = 𝑿 𝐬𝐢𝐧 . 𝑿 𝒙− . 𝑿 𝑵 −
of 1 μF. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves it emits? ❖ Since the electric field oscillates along z -axis,
− −
:Solution :- = = ; = = ; =? ⃗⃗⃗𝑬 𝒙, ̂ 𝑵 −
= 𝑿 𝐬𝐢𝐧 . 𝑿 𝒙− . 𝑿 𝒌
❖ Wavelength of electromagnetic waves,
5. If the relative permeability and relative permittivity of a medium are 1.0 and
= = 2.25 respectively, find the speed of the electromagnetic wave in this medium.
( ) :Solution :- : 𝑟 = . ; 𝜀𝑟 = . ; 𝑣 =?
𝜋√
❖ Refractive index of the medium,
= ( 𝜋√ )
= √ 𝑟 𝜀𝑟
= . √ − −
− = √ 𝑟 𝜀𝑟
= . 𝑣
= . 𝑿 =
3. A pulse of light of duration 10−6 s is absorbed completely by a small object 𝑣= =
√ 𝑟 𝜀𝑟 √ . .
initially at rest. If the power of the pulse is 60 × 10 −3 W, calculate the final
momentum of the object. 𝑣=
− −
.
:Solution :- = ; 𝑃= ; =? = 𝑿 −
❖ Final momentum,
= [ = = ]
𝑃
= [𝑃 = = ]
− −
=
− −
= 𝑿 𝒌
HIGHER SECONDARY
SECOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT -6
RAY OPTICS

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 6 RAY OPTICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS-  By the law of reflection, the angle of incidence and angle of reflection are the same
1. Prove that for the same incident light when a reflecting surface is tilted by an for the two extreme reflections. The normals are now the bisectors of the angles
angle θ, the reflected light will be tilted by an angle 2θ. between the incident and the reflected rays at the two points.
-Solution :-  By geometry, the height of the mirror needed is only half of the height of the
 − reflecting surface person. (i.e.)
𝐼 − incident ray ℎ ℎ ℎ +ℎ
+ = =
𝑅 − reflected ray
− normal 3. An object is placed at a distance of 20.0 cm from a concave mirror of
∠𝐼 − angle of incidence ( ) focal length 15.0 cm. (a) What distance from the mirror a screen should be
∠ 𝑅 − angle of reflection (r) placed to get a sharp image? (b) What is the nature of the image?
 From law of refraction ; -Solution :- = − ; = − ; =?
∠𝐼 = ∠ 𝑅 = (a) From the mirror equation,
 When the surface AB is tilted to by an angle θ, the normal N is also is tilted = +
to by the same angle θ
−
 Now, in the tilted system, = − =
the angle of incidence ; ∠𝐼 = +𝜃
the angle of reflection ; ∠ 𝑅 = +𝜃 =
 The angle between and OR1 is ; ∠ 𝑅 −
 The angle tilted on the reflected light is the angle between OR1 and OR2 which is, − −
= = =
∠𝑅 𝑅 = ∠ 𝑅 − ∠ 𝑅 − − − − + −
∠𝑅 𝑅 = + 𝜃 − − 𝜃 = + 𝜃 − + 𝜃 = −
∠𝑹 𝑹 = 𝜽  The screen is to be placed at distance 60.0 cm to the left of the concave mirror.
2. What is the height of the mirror needed for a person to see his/her image fully (b) Magnification,
on the mirror? ℎ
-Solution :- = =−
ℎ
−
= − = −
−
 As the sign of magnification is negative, the image is inverted.
 As the magnitude of magnification is 3, the image is enlarged three times.
 As the image is formed to the left of the concave mirror, the image is real.
4. A thin rod of length f/3 is placed along the optical axis of a concave mirror of
focal length f such that one end of image which is real and elongated just touches
the respective end of the rod. Calculate the longitudinal magnification.
-Solution :- Object length = = ; image length =
 By definition,
𝐼 ℎ
𝐿 =
ℎ
 Let us assume a person of height h is standing in front of a vertical plane mirror.
 The person could see his/her head when light from the head falls on the mirror = = =
and gets reflected to the eyes. Same way, light from the feet falls on the mirror and
gets reflected to the eyes. = −−−−−−−−−
 Let the distance between his head H and eye E is h1 and distance between his feet
 Image of one end coincides with the respective end of object. Thus, the coinciding
F and eye E is h2. The person s total height is ; h = h1 + h2
end must be at centre of curvature. Thus, =𝑅=
 From figure, (b) Let t be the time taken by light to travel through the glass slab,
𝑋 −
= + = = = 𝑋 − = . 𝑿 −
𝑋
(c) Optical path ; = = . 𝑋 𝑋 − = 𝑿 − =
= +
 Light would have travelled an additional 25 cm (75 cm – 50 cm) in vacuum at
the same time had there been no glass slab in its path.
= − =
7. Light travelling through transparent oil enters in to glass of refractive index 1.5.
If the refractive index of glass with respect to the oil is 1.25, what is the
& = + +
refractive index of the oil?
+ + -Solution : = . ; = . ; =?
= + + = = + + = +
 Refractive index of glass with respect to oil ; 𝑂 =
𝑂
 From mirror ; = + .
𝑂 = = = = .
.
 For concave mirror ;
[− ]
= + 𝑂
[− ] [− + ] 8. A coin is at the bottom of a trough containing three immiscible liquids of
refractive indices 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 poured one above the other of heights 30 cm,
= + 16 cm, and 20 cm respectively. What is the apparent depth at which the coin
+
appears to be when seen from air medium outside? In which medium the coin
− = will appear?
+
-Solution : = ; = = ; = . ; = . = .
=  The equations for apparent depth for each medium is,,
+
+ =
= − = = = = .
.
= = . = = = .
.
5. Pure water has refractive index 1.33. What is the speed of light through it?
-Solution : = . ; =? = = = .
.
=  Total depth of three medium,,
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 = + +
= = = = = + + =
.
 Total apparent depth of three medium,
−
= . 𝑿 = + + = . + . + . = .
 Light travels with a speed of 2.26 × 108 m s-1 through pure water. 9. What is the radius of the illumination when seen above from inside a swimming
6. Light travels from air into a glass slab of thickness 50 cm and refractive index pool from a depth of 10 m on a sunny day? What is the total angle of view? [Given,
1.5. refractive index of water is 4/3]
(a) What is the speed of light in the glass slab? -Solution : = ; =
(b) What is the time taken by the light to travel through the glass slab?
(c) What is the optical path of the glass slab? (a) Radius of illumination,
-Solution : = = 𝑋 − ; = . ; =? ; =? ; =? 𝑅= = =
√ −
(a) Refractive index of the medium ; = √ − √ −
9
𝑋
 Speed of light in the glass slab is 𝑅= = =
−9 √ − √
𝑋 −
√
9
= = = 𝑿
. 𝑹= .
(b) Critical angle, 12. Locate the image of the point object O in the situation shown. The point C
denotes the centre of curvature of the separating surface.
= sin− [ ] = sin− [ ] = sin− [ ] = sin− [ .
] = . ° -Solution : = ; = . =− ; 𝑅=
⁄  Equation for single spherical surface is
(c) The total angle of view of the cone = = 𝑋 . °= . ° −
− =
10. A optical fibre is made up of a core material with refractive index 1.68 and a 𝑅
cladding material of refractive index 1.44. What is the acceptance angle of the . . −
− =
fibre if it is kept in air medium without any cladding? −
-Solution : = . ; = . . .
+ =
 If there is cladding, then acceptance angle ;
. . . − .
= sin− √ − = − = =−
𝑎
= sin− √ .
𝑎 − . = − = −
−
𝑎 = sin √ . − .  The image is a virtual image formed 30 cm to the left of the spherical surface.
−
𝑎 = sin √ . 13. A biconvex lens has radii of curvature 20 cm and 15 cm for the two curved
−
𝑎 = sin . surfaces. The refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5.
𝒂 ≈ ° (a) What is its focal length?
 If there is no cladding then, n2 = 1. Then acceptance angle (b) Will the focal length change if the lens is flipped by the side?
-Solution : 𝑅 = ; 𝑅 = − ; = .
𝑎 = sin− √ −  From lens makers formula,
𝑎= sin− √ . − = − [ − ]
−
= sin− √ . 𝑅 𝑅
𝑎 = sin √ . −
−
𝑎 = sin . = . − [ − ]
Here sin− > is not possible. But, this includes the range 0o to 90o. Hence, all −
the rays entering the core from flat surface will undergo total internal reflection. +
= . 𝑋 [ + ] = . 𝑋 [ ] = . 𝑋 [ ]=
11. The thickness of a glass slab is 0.25 m. It has a refractive index of 1.5. A ray of
light is incident on the surface of the slab at an angle of 60 o. Find the lateral
displacement of the light when it emerges from the other side of the glass slab. = = .
-Solution : = . ; = . ; = °  As the focal length is positive the lens is a converging lens.
 By Snell s law ,  When the lens is flipped by the side;𝑅 = ,𝑅 = − ; = .
√
= − [ − ]
sin sin sin ° √ 𝑅 𝑅
= sin = = = = = = .
sin . . √ = . − [ − ]= . 𝑋 [ + ]
= sin− . = . ° −
 Hence the lateral displacement,
sin − = = .
𝐿= [ ]
cos  Thus, it is concluded that the focal length of the lens will not change if it is flipped
sin °− . ° sin . ° by the side. This is true for any lens.
𝐿 = . 𝑋[ ] = . 𝑋[ ]  The focal length is positive the lens is a converging lens.
cos . ° cos . °
.
𝐿 = . 𝑋[ ]
.
𝑳= . = .
14. Determine the focal length of the lens made up 17. An object of 5 mm height is placed at a
of a material of refractive index 1.52 as shown in distance of 15 cm from a convex lens of
the diagram. (Points C1 and C2 are the centers of focal length 10 cm. A second lens of focal
curvature of the first and second surfaces length 5 cm is placed 40 cm from the first
respectively.) lens and 55 cm from the object. Find (a) the
-Solution : = . ;𝑅 = ;𝑅 = position of the final image, (b) its nature
 From lens makers formula, and (c) its size.
-Solution :ℎ = = . ; =− ; = ; = ; =
= − [ − ]
𝑅 𝑅  For the first lens, the lens equation is,
= . − [ − ] − =
−
= . 𝑋 [ ]= . 𝑋 = + = + = −
−
−
= = . = = ==
.
 As the focal length is positive, the lens is a converging lens =
15. If the focal length is 150 cm for a lens, what is the power of the lens?  Equation for magnification of first lens,
-Solution : = = . ℎ
= =
 Power of the lens, ℎ
= = = = . ℎ = ℎ = . 𝑋 = −
. −
 As the power is positive, it is a converging lens. =−
16. What is the focal length of the combination if the lenses of focal lengths –70 cm  As the height of the image is negative, the image is inverted and real.
and 150 cm are in contact? What is the power of the combination?  This image acts as object for second lens. The object distance for second lenses
-Solution : = − ; = =− − =− . For the second lens, the lens equation is
 The focal length of the combination lens, − =
= +
𝐹 = + = + = −
−
= + =− + −
𝐹 − = = =
− +
= = − = −
𝐹 =
 Let the height of the final image formed by the second lens is ℎ and we have
𝐹=−
height of the object for the second lens is ℎ . Then Equation for magnification
𝑭=− . = − . for the second lens is,
 As the final focal length is negative, the combination of two lenses is a diverging ℎ
system of lenses. = =
ℎ
 The power of the combination ,
= ℎ = − 𝑋 = =
= −
(a) Thus the final image is formed 10 cm to the right of the second lens.
= (b) As the height of the image is positive, the image is erect and real.
− . (c) The size (i.e.) height of the final image is10 mm
=− .
18. A thin biconvex lens is made up of a glass of 19. A monochromatic light is incident on an equilateral prism at an angle 30o and is
refractive index 1.5. The two surfaces have emergent at an angle of 75o. What is the angle of deviation produced by the
equal radii of curvature of 30 cm each. One prism?
of its surfaces is made reflecting by -Solution : = ° ; = ° ; = °
silvering it from outside. (a) What is the  Equation for angle of deviation,
focal length and power of this silvered = + −
lens? (b) Where should an object be placed = °+ ° − °=  −  = 
in front of this lens so that the image is 20. Light ray falls at normal incidence on the first face
formed on the object itself? and emerges gracing the second face for an
-Solution : n = 1.5; R1 = 30 cm; R2 = –30 cm; equilateral prism.
(a) By Lens makers formula,focal length of (a) What is the angle of deviation produced?
lens ; (b) What is the refractive index of the material of
= − [ − ] the prism?
𝑅 𝑅 -Solution : = ° ; = ° ; = °
(a) Equation for angle of deviation,
= . − [ − ]= . [ ]= [ ]=
− = + −
= = . = °+ ° − °=  − 
 And focal length of mirror ; = 
𝑅 − (b) The light inside the prism must be falling on the second face at critical angle as it
= = = − =− .
graces the boundary. ic = 90° – 30° = 60°
 Now the focal length of the silvered lens is,  Critical angle and refractive index are related as
=[ + ]= [ + ]=[ + ]= = = = =
− − − − . sin sin 
= − . = − .
= = = 𝑋 . [ = . ]
 The silvered mirror behaves as a concave mirror with its focal length on left (
√
) √ √
side. = .
 The power of the silvered lens, 21. The angle of minimum deviation for an equilateral prism is 37o. Find the
= + refractive index of the material of the prism.
= + = = = = . 𝐷 -Solution : = ° ; 𝐷= °
− 𝑋 −  Equation for refractive index is
 As the power is positive it is a converging system. +𝐷
Note: sin
=
 Here, we come across a silvered lens which has negative focal length and sin
positive power. Which implies that the focal length is to the left and the
+  
system is a converging one. Such situations are possible in silvered lenses sin sin sin .  .
because a silvered lens is basically a modified mirror. = = = = =
  sin  .
(b) Here both and are sane ( = as the image coincides with the object.From sin sin
the mirror formula ; = .
22. Find the dispersive power of a prism if the refractive indices of flint glass for
= + = + =
red, green and violet colours are 1.613, 1.620 and 1.632 respectively.
= = − . =− = − . -Solution : 𝑉 = . ; 𝐺= . ; 𝑅= .
 The object is to be placed to the left of the silvered lens.  The dispersive power
𝑉− 𝑅 . − . .
𝜔= = = = .
𝐺 − . − .
EXERCISE PROBLEMS- 3. A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue is incident
1. An object of 4 cm height is placed at 6 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius on a right-angled prism as shown in figure. The refractive
of curvature 24 cm. Find the position, height, magnification and nature of the index of the material of the prism for the above red, green
and blue colours are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively.
image.
What are the colours suffer total internal reflection?
-Solution : ℎ = ; 𝑅=− ; =−
-Solution : : = °; 𝑅 = . ; 𝐺 = . ; = .
(i) Position of the image:
 Condition for total internal reflection, >
 From the relation between focal length (f) and radius of curvature (R),
𝑅 −  From Snell s law, sin = sin
𝑅= = = = −  When = = ° Hence ,
 From mirror equation ; = + sin = sin ° (or) sin = (or) sin =
− +  Here,, = and = So, sin = (or)
= − = − =− + = =
− −
= + = = = √ = .
sin ° /√
(ii) Magnificantion :
 Hence, 𝑅 < So red colour will emerge out of the prism
 Magnification is given by ; = − = − =+  But, 𝐺 > and > So green and blue undergo total internal reflection
−
(iii) Height of the image: 4. An object is placed at a certain distance from a convex lens of focal length 20 cm.
Find the object distance if the image obtained is magnified 4 times.
 Magnification; = Hence height of the image ; = ℎ= 𝑋 = -Solution : = = 𝑋 − ; =
 Thus the imageis erect, virtual, twice the height of object formed on right side  If u be the object distance, then magnification,
of mirror ℎ
= = + =
2. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. The image ℎ +
formed is three times the size of the object. Calculate two possible distances of = − = − = − = −
the object from the mirror.
5. Obtain the lens maker’s formula for a lens of
-Solution : =− =− 𝑋 −
refractive index n2 which is separating two
 From the equation of magnification,
media of refractive indices n1 and n3 on the left
= = − and right respectively.
− -Solution :
 For real image, = − . Hence the distance of the object
 For the refracting surface , the light goes
− − −
= − − = − − = from n1 to n2, then
− −
− = −−−−−
= − 𝑅
 For the refracting surface , the light goes from n2 to n3, then
 For virtual image, = + . Hence the distance of the object −
− − + − = −−−−−
= − − = − + = 𝑅
 Adding equations (1) and (2)
− −
= − − + − = +
𝑅 𝑅
− −
− = +
𝑹 𝑹
6. A thin converging lens of refractive index 1.5 has a power of + 5.0 D. When this  From figure,
lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive index n, it acts as a divergent lens of 𝐷= + −−−−−−
focal length 100 cm. What must be the value of n? = − −−−−−−
-Solution : = . ; =+ . 𝐷 ; =− =− ; 𝑎=  (1) + (2) 𝐷+ = + + − =
 Power of lens placed in water, 𝐷+
=
= = == − . 𝐷
−  (1) - (2) 𝐷− = + − + =
 When glass lens place in air 𝐷−
=
= ( − )[ − ] −−−−−  If f is the focal length of convex lens,,
𝑅
𝑎 𝑅
 When glass lens immersed in liqiud +
= − = + =
−
= − [ − ] −−−−−
𝑅 𝑅 =
+
− [ − ] −  ℎ
𝑎 𝑅 𝑅 𝑎
,
⇒ = = 𝐷+ 𝐷−
− 𝐷− 𝐷+ [ ]
− [ − ]
𝑅 𝑅
. = =
𝐷+ 𝐷− 𝐷+ +𝐷−
. − + [ ]
=
− . . + −
− =
. − . −
− = = =
. .
− −
8. Prove that a convex mirror can only form a virtual, erect and diminished image.
. .
− = = − . -Solution :
−
.
=− . + = .
.
= = =
.
=
7. If the distance D between an object and screen is greater than 4 times the focal
length f of a convex lens, then there are two positions for which the lens forms
an enlarged image and a diminished image respectively. This method is called Figure (i):
conjugate foci method. If d is the distance between the two positions of the lens,  Position of object - At infinity
obtain the equation for focal length of the convex lens.  Position of image- At F, right side of convex mirror
-Solution :
 Size of the image - Point image
 Nature of the image = Erect, diminished and virtual image
Figure (ii):
 Position of object - Between pole (P) and infinity
 Position of image- Between Pole (P) and Focus (F) on right side of convex mirror
 Size of the image - very small
 Nature of the image = Erect, diminished and virtual image
9. A point object is placed at 20 cm from a thin plano-

convex lens of focal length 15 cm whose plane
surface is silvered. Locate the position and nature of
the final image.
-Solution : : = ; =
 The light from O undergoes two refractions ,
and one reflection and forms final image at I
 Hence the equivalent power of this combination,
𝑖 𝑎 = + 𝑖
− = +
𝑖 𝑎 𝑥 𝑖
− = + =− [ = ]
𝑖 𝑎 ∞ ∞
𝑖 𝑎 = −
 From mirror equation; + =
− + −
= − =− − =− + = = = −
𝑖 𝑎 −
= −
 Hence final image will form at 12 cm left side of the system.
10. Find the ratio of the intensities of lights with wavelengths 500 nm and 300 nm
which undergo Rayleigh scattering.
-Solution : 𝜆 = = 𝑋 − ; 𝜆 = = 𝑋 −
 From Rayleigh s scattering law, the intensity of scattered light ; 𝐼 ∝
𝜆
 Hence, 𝐼 ∝ and 𝐼 ∝ 𝜆
𝜆
 From this,
𝐼 𝜆 𝑋 −
= = =( ) =
𝐼 𝜆 𝑋 −
𝑰 :𝑰 = :
11. Refractive index of material of the prism is 1.541. Find the critical angle?
-Solution : = .
 Let be the critical angle, then
sin = = = .
.
= sin −
. = ° 
HIGHER SECONDARY
SECOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT -7
WAVE OPTICS

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 7 WAVE OPTICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- 3. Two light sources of equal amplitudes interfere with each other. Calculate the
1. The wavelength of light from sodium source in vacuum is 5893Å.What are its (a) ratio of maximum and minimum intensities.
wavelength, (b) speed and (c) frequency when this light travels in water which -Solution :-
has a refractive index of 1.33.  Let a be the amplitude ,then equation for intensity
-Solution :- = ; = . ;  = A ; 𝜙
𝐼 ∝ 𝑎 [ ]
 Refractive index of water,
    When, 𝜙 =  cos
𝜙
= then, intensity will be maximum.
= = =
   𝐼 𝑎 ∝ 𝑎
 −
 When 𝜙 =  cos
𝜙
= then, intensity will be minimum.
 = =
. 𝐼 𝑖 =
 = −
= 𝐀
 Hence the ratio of maximum and minimum ,
 Since, = , velocity of light in water,
𝑣 𝒂 𝒊 = 𝒂
− 4. Two light sources have intensity of light as I0. What is the resultant intensity at
= = = = = .
. a point where the two light waves have a phase difference of π/ ?
𝝅
-Solution :- 𝜙=
 Frequency is same in both air and water medium, then 𝜙
 Resultant intensity, 𝐼 ∝ 𝑎 [ ] [ 𝐼 ∝ 𝑎 ]
 = = = 𝜋
 −
𝜙 𝜋 √
𝐼= 𝐼 [ ]= 𝐼 [ ]= 𝐼 [ ]= 𝐼 [ ] = 𝐼 [ ]
 = . −
= .
2. Two light sources with amplitudes 5 units and 3 units respectively interfere =
with each other. Calculate the ratio of maximum and minimum intensities. 5. The wavelength of a light is 450 nm. How much phase it will differ for a path of
-Solution :- 𝑎 = ; 𝑎 = 3 mm?
 Resultant amplitude, -Solution :- = = −
; 𝛿= = −
 Phase difference,
A = √𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑎 cos 𝜙
𝜋 𝜋 −
𝝅
 When 𝜙 = cos 𝜙 = , then resultant amplitude will be maximum. 𝜙= 𝛿= −
= 𝒂 = . 𝒂
6. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits are . mm apart. The light
A 𝑎 = √𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑎
source has a wavelength of 450 nm. The screen is 2 m away from the slits.
A 𝑎 = √ 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 = + (a) Find the distance of the second bright fringe and also third dark fringe from
𝐀 𝒂 = units the central maximum.
 When 𝜙 = ° cos 𝜙 = − then resultant amplitude will be (b) Find the fringe width.
minimum. (c) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the
 A 𝑖 = √𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑎 − slits?
(d) What will happen to the fringe width if the whole setup is immersed in
A 𝑖 = √ 𝑎 −𝑎 = 𝑎 −𝑎 = − waterof refractive index 4/3.
𝐀 𝒊 = units -Solution :- = . = . −
;𝐷 = ; = = −
 Intensity is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude 𝐼 ∝ 𝐴
(a) Distance of n bright fringe from centre,
th =
𝐼 𝑎 𝐴 𝑎
= = = = Distance of nth dark fringe centre, = −
𝜆
𝐼 𝑖 𝐴 𝑖
𝒂 𝒊 = Hencedistance of 2nd bright fringe,
𝐷 − −
= = −
=
.
− −
= = =
And distance of 3rd dark fringe, 8. Find the minimum thickness of a film of refractive index 1.25, which will
𝐷 − strongly reflect the light of wavelength 589 nm. Also find the minimum
−
= = −
= thickness of the film to be anti-reflecting.
. −
= −
= −
= -Solution :- = = ; = .
(b) Fringe width,  For the film to have strong reflection, the reflected waves should interfere
−
𝐷 − −
constructively. Hence the path difference,
𝛽= = −
= = =
. = −
(c) Since, 𝜷 ∝ , when distance (D) between slit and screen increases, the fringe
width (𝜷) also increases.  The least optical path difference, = , then
(d) When, = ,then fringe width (𝛽 ) in water =
− − −
𝐷 𝐷 𝛽 − −
𝛽 = = = = = = [ = ] = = =
( ) .
−
−
= . = .
𝜷 = . = .  For the film to be anti-reflecting, the reflected rays should interfere destructively.
7. Lights of two wavelengths nm and nm are used in Young’s double slit Hence the path difference,
experiment. Find the least distance from the central fringe where the bright =
fringes of the two wavelengths coincide.  The least optical path difference, = , then
− −
-Solution :- 𝝀 = = ; 𝝀 = =
=
 Here for given y , 𝝀 ∝ .Here, nth order bright fringe of longer wavelength λ1 − − −
coincides with (n+1)th order bright fringe of shorter wavelength λ2, = = = =

. .
−
 Distance of nth bright fringe ; = = . = .
9. Light of wavelength 500 nm passes through a slit of 0.2 mm wide. The diffraction
 Hence, = +
pattern is formed on a screen 60 cm away. Determine the,
= + (a) angular spread of central maximum
+ (b) the distance between the central maximum and the second minimum.
= − −
-Solution :- = = ; 𝑎= . = .
−
𝐷= =
+ =
(a) Equation for diffraction minimum is, 𝑎 sin 𝜃 =
The central maximum is spread up to the first minimum. Hence, n = 1
= − 𝑎 sin 𝜃 =
− − −
−
= − sin 𝜃 = = −
= =
− 𝑎 .
sin 𝜃 = .
= − = 𝜽= 𝐢 − . = . 𝒂
= From the figure, for first mininmum
 Thus, the rd bright fringe of λ1 and th bright fringe of λ2 coincide at the least tan 𝜃 =
distance y. 𝐷
 The least distance from the central fringe where the bright fringes of the two As 𝜃 is small, sin 𝜃 ≈ tan 𝜃 For first minimum
wavelengths coincides is 𝑎 sin 𝜃 =
𝐷 − 𝑎 =
= = − 𝐷
− − − −
− − 𝐷
= = . = . = = = = −
𝑎 . − −
−
= . = .
For second minimum ( = ) 13. A monochromatic light of wavelength of 500 nm strikes a grating and produces
𝑎 sin 𝜃 = fourth order maximum at an angle of 30°. Find the number of slits per
centimeter.
𝑎 =
𝐷 -Solution :- = = −
;  =  ; =
− −
𝐷  Equation for diffraction maximum for grating is ; sin 𝜃 = 𝑁
= = −
𝑎 .
− − sin 𝜃 sin °
= = − 𝑁= = −
= −
= = .
−
−
= . = = . 𝒊 ⁄ = 𝒊 ⁄
(b) The distance between the central maximum and second minimum is, 14. The optical telescope in the Vainu Bappu observatory at Kavalur has an
− = − . = . objective lens of diameter 2.3 m. What is its angular resolution if the wavelength
10. A monochromatic light of wavelength 5000 Å passes through a single slit of light used is 589 nm?
producing diffraction pattern for the central maximum as shown in the figure. -Solution :- = = −
; 𝑎= .
Determine the width of the slit.  Equation for angular resolution,
-Solution :- = 𝐀 = −
;  =  ; = . . −
 Equation for diffraction minimum is,  = =
𝑎 .
𝑎 sin 𝜃 =  = . −
= . −
𝒂 𝒊𝒂 ≈ . 
 For first minimum ( = ) 15. Two polaroids are kept with their transmission axes inclined at 30 o.
𝑎 sin 𝜃 = Unpolarised light of intensity I falls on the first polaroid. Find out the intensity
of light emerging from the second polaroid.
𝑎= -Solution :-
sin 𝜃
− −  As the intensity of the unpolarised light falling on the first polaroid is I, the
𝑎= = intensity of polarized light emerging from it will be,
sin °
=
− − −
𝑎= = = .  Let 𝐼 be the intensity of light emerging from the second polaroid.
𝒂= . 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝜃
11. Calculate the distance upto which ray optics is a good approximation for light of
𝐼 𝐼 √ 𝐼
wavelength 500 nm falls on an aperture of width 0.5 mm. 𝐼 = °= =
− −
-Solution :- = = ; 𝑎= . = .
𝑎
 Fresnel distance, = = ( )
𝜆
− − −
. . . 16. Two polaroids are kept crossed (transmission axes at 90o) to each other.
= −
= −
= − (a) What will be the intensity of the light coming out from the second polaroid
= . = when an unpolarised light of intensity I falls on the first polaroid?
12. A diffraction grating consists of 4000 slits per centimeter. It is illuminated by a (b) What will be the intensity of light coming out from the second polaroid if a
monochromatic light. The second order diffraction maximum is produced at an third polaroid is kept in between at 45o inclination to both of them.
angle of 30°. What is the wavelength of the light used? -Solution :-
-Solution :- 𝑁 = 𝑖 ⁄ = 𝑖 ⁄ ;  =  ; = (a) As the intensity of the unpolarised light falling on the first polaroid 𝑃 is I, the
 Equation for diffraction maximum for grating is, intensity of polarized light emerging from it will be ; =
sin 𝜃 = 𝑁
Let 𝐼 , be the intensity of light emerging from the second polaroid 𝑃 . From
sin 𝜃 sin ° −
Malus law
= = = = 𝐼
𝑁 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝜃 = °=
− −
𝝀= . = = 𝑨°
No light comes out from the second polaroid.
(b) If third polaroid 𝑃 kept between 𝑃 & 𝑃 at 45o, the intensity of emergent (b) Magnification in near point focusing,
light from 𝑃 𝐷
= + = + = + =
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐈
𝐼 = 𝐼 𝜃 = °= = =
√ Magnification in normal focusing,
Finally, the intensity of emergent light from 𝑃 , 𝐷
= = =
I I I 𝐈
𝐼 = 𝐼 𝜃= °= ( ) = = 20. A microscope has an objective and eyepiece of focal lengths 5 cm and 50 cm
√
17. Find the polarizing angles for (i) glass of refractive index 1.5 and (ii) water of respectively with tube length 30 cm. Find the magnification of the microscope
refractive index 1.33. in the (a) near point and (b) normal focusing.
− −
-Solution :- -Solution :- = = ; = =
− −
(i) When, = . , from Brewster s law ; tan 𝑖 = 𝑖 = tan− 𝐿= = ; 𝐷= =
𝒊 = 𝐚 −
. = . ° (a) Magnification of the microscope in near point focusing,
𝐿 𝐷
(ii) When, = . from Brewster s law ;, tan 𝑖 = 𝑖 = tan− = = [ ][ + ]
−
𝒊 = 𝐚 . = . ° − −
18. What is the angle at which a glass plate of refractive index 1.65 is to be kept with = = [ ][ + ]
− −
respect to the horizontal surface so that an unpolarised light travelling
horizontal after reflection from the glass plate is found to be plane polarised? = =[ ] [ + ]= = =
-Solution :- = .
 From Brewster s law ; tan 𝑖 = (b) Magnification of the microscope in normal focusing,
𝑖 = tan− = 𝐚 − . = . ° 𝐿 𝐷
= = [ ][ ]
 The angle at which a glass plate to be kept with respect to the horizontal surface
− −
= °− . °= . °
= = [ ][ ]
19. A man with a near point of 25 cm reads a book which has small print using a − −
magnifying lens of focal length 5 cm.
(a) What are the closest and the farthest distances at which he should keep the = =[ ] [ ]= =
lens from the book? 21. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 125 cm and an eyepiece
(b) What are the maximum and the minimum magnification possible? of focal length 2 cm. (a) What is the magnification of the telescope? (b) What is
-Solution :- 𝐷 = ; = the separation between the objective and the eyepiece?(c) What is the angular
 Closest distance of object = separation between two stars when viewed through this telescope if they
Image distance (near point focusing) = = − subtend 1 ' for bare eye?
− −
 Farthest distance of object = -Solution :- = = ; = =
Image distance (normal focusing) = = ∞ (a) Magnification of telescope,
−
(a) Lens equation for near point focusing,
− − = = −
=
− = = − = − =− − = = −
− = .
(b) Equation for approximate length of telescope,
= − = − .
𝐿= +
− − −
Lens equation for normal focusing, 𝐿= + = +
−
𝑳= = .
− = = − = − =− − =−
∞ (c) The angular separation,
= − 𝜃𝑖
= 𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃
The closest distance between the lens and the book is, u = − . 𝜃
The farthest distance at which the person can keep the book is = − .
𝜽𝒊 = .  = .  = = . °
22. Calculate the power of the lens of the spectacles needed to rectify the defect of EXERCISE PROBLEMS
nearsightedness for a person who could see clearly up to a distance of 1.8 m. 1. The ratio of maximum and minimum intensities in an interference pattern is
-Solution :- = . 36 : 1. What is the ratio of the amplitudes of the two interfering waves?
 The lens should have a focal length of = − = − . -Solution :- 𝐼 𝑎 𝐼 𝑖 =
 It is a concave (or) diverging lens. 𝐼 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑎 𝑎 +𝑎 𝐼 𝑎
 The power of the lens is,  We have,
𝐼 𝑖
= 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎
= √𝐼 =√ =
𝑖
𝑃 = =−  Hence, 𝑎 +𝑎 = 𝑎 −𝑎
. 𝑎 +𝑎 = 𝑎 − 𝑎
=− . diopter 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 − 𝑎
23. A person has farsightedness with the far distance he could see clearly is 75 cm. 𝑎 = 𝑎
Calculate the power of the lens of the spectacles needed to rectify the defect. 𝑎
-Solution :- = = − =
𝑎
 The lens should have a focal length of , 𝒂 𝒂 =
= 2. In Young’s double slit experiment, fringes are seen on a screen for sodium
− light of wavelength 5893 Å. If violet light of wavelength 4359 Å is used in place
= = of sodium light, how many fringes will be seen?
− -Solution :- = A ; = A ; =
𝐷
= = .  Equation of fringe width ; 𝛽 =
 𝐷
It is a convex lens (or) converging lens.  Hence fringe width of n-fringes , 𝛽= .Thus
 The power of the lens is, 𝐷 𝐷
− =
𝑃 = =− −
= =
. . . =
= . diopter
=
−
= −
=
= . ≈
3. Light of wavelength 600 nm that falls on a pair of slits producing interference
pattern on a screen in which the bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. What
must be the wavelength of another light which produces bright fringes
separated by 8.1 mm with the same apparatus?
− −
-Solution :- = = ;𝛽 = . = . ;
−
𝛽 = . = .
𝜆
 Equation of fringe width ; 𝛽=
 Hence,
𝛽 𝜆 𝛽
= (or) =
𝛽 𝜆 𝛽
−
−
. − −
= −
= = =
. .
4. A beam of light of wavelength 600 nm from a distant source falls on a single slit 𝐼
𝐼 = cos 𝜃 cos −𝜃
1 mm wide and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 2 m
away. What is the distance between the first dark fringes on either side of the 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝑖 𝜃
central bright fringe? 𝐼 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = [ 𝑖 𝜃 𝜃] = [ ]
−
-Solution :- 𝑎 = = ; 𝐼 sin 𝜃 𝐼
= = −
; 𝐷= 𝐼 = [ ]= sin 𝜃
 Equation for diffraction minimum,  When sin 𝜃 = 𝑎 𝑖 , then 𝐼 will bemaximum. (i.e.)
𝑎 𝑖 𝜃 = 𝑎 = sin 𝜃 = 𝑖 𝜃= 𝜃= °
 Condition for 1st minimum (n=1) 𝜽= °
𝑎 = 7. An unpolarised light of intensity 32 Wm –2 passes through three Polaroids such
𝐷 that the axes of the first and the last Polaroids are at 90°. What is the angle
−
𝐷 − − between the axes of the first and middle Polaroids so that the emerging light
= = −
= = . = .
𝑎 has an intensity of only 3 Wm–2?
 Hence distance between the first fringe on either side of the central bright fringe − −
-Solution :- : 𝐼 = ; 𝐼 =
= = . = .
5. Light of wavelength of 5000 Å produces diffraction pattern of the single slit of  If the intensity of the unpolarised light is I then the intensity of polarised light will
width . μm. What is the maximum order of diffraction possible? be I/2. The other half of intensity is restricted by the polariser.
− −
-Solution :- 𝑎 = . = . ; = Å=
 Equation for diffraction minimum : 𝒂 𝒊 𝜽 = 𝝀
 For maximum order ; 𝜃 = ° 𝑖 𝜃= . Hence
−
𝒂 𝒊 𝜽 .
= = −
= . =
𝝀
6. I0 is the intensity of light existing between two cross Polaroids kept with their
axes perpendicular to each other. A third polaroid is introduced between them.
What must be the angle between the axes of first and the newly introduced  Intensity of incident light on 𝑃 = 𝐼
polaroid to get the maximum light from the whole arrangement? 𝐼
 Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃 ; 𝐼 =
-Solution :- 𝐼𝑜
 If the intensity of the unpolarised light is I then the intensity of polarised light will  Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃 ; 𝐼 = 𝐼 cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
be I/2. The other half of intensity is restricted by the polariser.  Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃 ; 𝐼 = 𝐼 cos −𝜃
𝐼
𝐼 = cos 𝜃 cos −𝜃
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝑖 𝜃
𝐼 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = [ 𝑖 𝜃 𝜃] = [ ]
𝐼 sin 𝜃 𝐼
𝐼 = [ ]= sin 𝜃
= sin 𝜃
 Intensity of incident light on 𝑃 = 𝐼
𝐼 sin 𝜃 = =
 Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃 ; 𝐼 =
𝐼𝑜 √
 Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃 ; 𝐼 = 𝐼 cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 𝑖 𝜃 =
 Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃 ; 𝐼 = 𝐼 cos −𝜃 √
𝜃 = sin− [ ] = °
𝜽= °
8. The reflected light is found to be plane polarised when an unpolarized light falls 10. A compound microscope has a magnifying power of 100 when the image is
on a denser medium at 60° with the normal. Find the angle of refraction and formed at infinity. The objective has a focal length of 0.5 cm and the tube length
critical angle of incidence for total internal reflection in the denser to rarer is 6.5 cm. What is the focal length of the eyepiece.
medium reflection. Solution :- = ; = . ; 𝐿= . ; 𝐷=
Solution :-  When the image is formed at infinity, the real image produced by objective lens is
 The angle of incidence at which the reflected ray get completely plane polarized formed at the focus of the eyepiece, then + =𝐿
is called angle of polarization (𝑖 ). Hence 𝒊 = ° + = . −−−−−
 At polarizing angle, the angle of refraction ,
= °− 𝑖 = °− °= °
 Magnification of compound microscope ;
 From Brewster s law, = tan 𝑖 = tan ° = √
𝐷 𝐷
 Let 𝑖 be the critical angle, then = = −[ − ] = −[ − ]
sin 𝑖 = =
= .
√ = −[ − ]
− .
𝒊 = sin . = . °= ° 𝐈
9. The near point and the far point for a person are 50 cm and 500 cm, = −[ − ]
.
respectively. Calculate the power of the lens the person should wear to read a
book held in hand at 25 cm. What maximum distance is clearly visible for the = − + = − +
.
person with this lens on the eye? − = −−−−−
Solution :- = − =− . ; =− =− . ; =− =− ⟹ + = −−−−−
 Power of lens ; − ⟹ =
= = − = =
= − =− + =− + =
− . − . . .
 Let 𝑎 be the maximum distance, then
= = −
𝑎
= − =− −
− 𝑎 𝑎
=− − =−
𝑎
𝑎 =− = − . =− .
 The maximum distance that clearly visible for the person with this lens on the eye
will be = .
HIGHER SECONDARY
SECOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT - 8
DUAL NATURE OF
RADIATON AND MATTER

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- 2. A radiation of wavelength 300 nm is incident on a silver surface. Will

1. For the photoelectric emission from cesium, show that wave theory predicts photoelectrons be observed? [work function of silver = 4.7 eV]
−
that (i) maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons (Kmax) depends on the -Solution :- : 𝜆 = =
intensity I of the incident light (ii) Kmax does not depend on the frequency of the  Energy of the incident photon is
incident light and (iii) the time interval between the incidence of light and the ℎ
𝐸 =ℎ𝜈=
ejection of photoelectrons is very long. (Given : The work function for cesium is 𝜆
2.14 eV and the power absorbed per unit area is . − −
which ℎ
𝐸=
produces a measurable photocurrent in cesium.) 𝜆
−
-Solution :- .
𝐸= − −
For the sake of simplicity, the following standard assumptions can be made when light .
−
is incident on the given material. . . .
(a) Light is absorbed in the top atomic layer of the metal 𝐸= −
= =
. .
(b) For a given element, each atom absorbs an equal amount of energy and this 𝑬= .
energy is proportional to its cross-sectional area A  The work function of silver = 4.7 eV. Since the energy of the incident photon is less
(c) Each atom gives this energy to one of the electrons. than the work function of silver, photoelectrons are not observed in this case.
(i) According to wave theory, the energy in a light wave is spread out uniformly and 3. When light of wavelength 2200Å falls on Cu, photo electrons are emitted from it.
continuously over the wavefront. Find (i) the threshold wavelength and (ii) the stopping potential. Given: the work
 The energy absorbed by each electron in time t is given by E = I A t function for Cu is ϕ0 = 4.65 eV.
 With this energy absorbed, the most energetic electron is released with Kmax -Solution :- 𝜆 = 𝐴° = −
;𝜙 = . = . . −
by overcoming the surface energy barrier or work function ϕ0 and this is (i) Work function ; 𝜙 = ℎ 𝜈 =
ℎ
𝜆
expressed as ; 𝒂 = 𝑨 − 𝝓
 Thus, wave theory predicts that for a unit time, at low light intensities when Hence threshold wavelength,
− −
𝑨 < 𝝓 , no electrons are emitted. At higher intensities, when 𝑨 ≥ 𝝓 , ℎ . .
𝜆 = = −
= −
electrons are emitted. This implies that higher the light intensity, greater will 𝜙 . . .
−
be Kmax. .
𝜆 =
 Kmax is dependent only on the intensity under given conditions – that is, by .
− −
suitably increasing the intensity, one can produce photoelectric effect even if 𝝀 = . = = 𝑨°
the frequency is less than the threshold frequency. So the concept of (ii) By Einstein’s photo electric equation; 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙 = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙
ℎ
threshold frequency does not even exist in wave theory.  Energy of incident photon; 𝐸 = ℎ 𝜈 =
𝜆
(ii) According to wave theory, the intensity of a light wave is proportional to the − −
. .
square of the amplitude of the electric field (𝐸 ). The amplitude of this electric 𝐸= −
=
field increases with increasing intensity and imparts an increasing acceleration − − −
and kinetic energy to an electron. This means that Kmax should not depend at all 𝐸= . = .
on the frequency of the classical light wave which again contradicts the  and working function,
− −
experimental results. 𝜙 = . = . . = .
(iii) If an electron accumulates light energy just enough to overcome the work  Hence, = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙
− − −
function, then it is ejected out of the atom with zero kinetic energy. Therefore, = . − . = .
−
= 𝐴 − 𝜙 𝐴 = 𝜙 = .
−
𝜙 𝜙 . .  Then stopping potential,
= = = = . ≈ 𝒂 − −
𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝜋𝑟 . − . ( − ) . .
= =
 Thus, wave theory predicts that there is a large time gap between the . −
incidence of light and the ejection of photoelectrons but the experiments =
show that photo emission is an instantaneous process
4. The work function of potassium is 2.30 eV. UV light of wavelength 3000 Å and (ii) Threshold wavelength ;
−
intensity 2 Wm–2 is incident on the potassium surface. (i) Determine the ℎ .
maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons (ii) If 40% of incident photons 𝜆 = = −
𝜙 .
produce photo electrons, how many electrons are emitted per second if the area . −
. −
of the potassium surface is 2 cm2 ? 𝜆 = −
=
− − . .
-Solution :-𝜆 = 𝐴° = ;𝜙 = . ; 𝐴= = 𝝀 = . −
= −
= 𝑨°
ℎ
(i) Energy of incident photon; 𝐸 =ℎ𝜈= 6. Calculate the momentum and the de Broglie wavelength in the following cases:
𝜆
. −
. − (i) an electron with kinetic energy 2 eV.
−
𝐸= −
= −
= . (ii) a bullet of 50 g fired from rifle with a speed of 200 m/s
. . −
. (iii) a 4000 kg car moving along the highways at 50 m/s
𝐸= = −
= = . Hence show that the wave nature of matter is important at the atomic level but
. .
By Einstien’s photo electric equation, the maximum kinetic energy is, is not really relevant at macroscopic level.
-Solution :-
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙 − −
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = . − . = . [ = . −
] (i) = = . ; = . ` 𝑔
= . − Momentum of electron,
𝒂
(ii) Number of photons reaches the surface per second; = 𝐴 = √
𝐸
−
= √ . ` − . −
= = − −
. − . = √ . − = . 𝒌
−
= . = . / Hence de Broglie wavelength of electron,
Hence rate of emission of photons, ℎ . −
= % = . = . . 𝜆= = −
.
= . / −
.
5. Light of wavelength 390 nm is directed at a metal electrode. To find the energy 𝜆=
of electrons ejected, an opposing potential difference is established between it .
− − −
𝜆= . = .
and another electrode. The current of photoelectrons from one to the other is
𝝀= . 𝑨
stopped completely when the potential difference is 1.10 V. Determine (i) the − −
(ii) = 𝑔= 𝑔; = , then momentum of bullet,
work function of the metal and (ii) the maximum wavelength of light that can − −
eject electrons from this metal. = = =
−
-Solution :- 𝜆 = = −
; = . = 𝒌
(i) By Einstien’s photo electric equation,, Hence de Broglie wavelength of bullet,
−
ℎ .
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙 = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙 − −
𝜆= = = . 𝒌
 Hence working function, −
ℎ (iii) = 𝑔; = then momentum of car,
𝜙 = ℎ𝜈 − = − = = =
𝜆 −
. − = 𝒌
−
𝜙 =[ −
]− [ . . ] Hence de Broglie wavelength of car,
−
− ℎ .
. − 𝜆= = = . −
𝒌 −
𝜙 =[ ]− [ . ]
− − −  From these calculations, we notice that electron has significant value of de Broglie
𝜙 =[ . ]− [ . ] = [ . − . ]
− wavelength (≈ –9m which can be measured from diffraction studies) but moving
𝝓 = . bullet and car have negligibly small de Broglie wavelengths associated with them
−
. . (≈ –33m and 10–39m respectively, which are not measurable by any experiment).
𝝓 = −
=
.  This implies that the wave nature of matter is important at the atomic level but it
𝝓 = . is not really relevant at the macroscopic level.
7. Find the de Broglie wavelength associated with an alpha particle which is 9. Calculate the cut-off wavelength and cut-off frequency of x-rays from an x –ray
accelerated through a potential difference of 400 V. Given that the mass of the tube of accelerating potential 20,000 V.
proton is 1.67 × 10–27 kg. -Solution :- =
−
-Solution :- = ; = . 𝑔  The cut-off wavelength of the x-rays in the continuous spectrum is given by,
 An alpha particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons. It is represented by
− − 𝜆 = 𝐴°
 Hence ; = = . = . 𝐶
− −
= = . = . 𝑔 −
𝜆 = 𝐴° = 𝐴° = 𝐴°
 The de Broglie wavelength associated with it is,
ℎ 𝝀 = . 𝑨°
𝜆=  The corresponding frequency is
√
. − 𝜈 =
𝜆= 𝜆
√ . − . −
. −
. − 𝜈 = −
=
𝜆= = . .
√ . − √ . 𝝂 = .
− −
𝜆= .
− −
𝝀= . = . = . 𝑨°
8. A proton and an electron have same de Broglie wavelength. Which of them moves
faster and which possesses more kinetic energy?
Solution :-
ℎ
 de Broglie wavelength of proton ; 𝜆 =
√ 𝑚 𝐾
ℎ
 de Broglie wavelength of electron ; 𝜆 =
√ 𝑚𝑒 𝐾𝑒
 Since proton and electron have same de Broglie wavelength (𝜆 = 𝜆 ), we get,
ℎ ℎ
=
√ √
= −−−−−−−−
Since < ; < . . the electron has more kinetic energy than the
proton.
 Also kinetic energy of proton ; =
 And kinetic energy of eletron ; =
𝐾 𝑚 𝑣
 Then ratio of the kinetic energies ;
𝐾𝑒
=
𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑒
= = √
𝑣 𝑚 𝑚𝑒 𝑚
 Put equation (1),
𝑣𝑒
= √𝑚 𝑒 𝑚
= √𝑚 𝑒 =
Since < ; 𝒗 < 𝒗 . . the electron moves faster than the proton.
−
EXERCISE PROBLEMS- (ii) If 𝜆 = . = . then, energy of X-ray photon,
1. How many photons per second emanate from a 50 mW laser of 640 nm? ℎ
𝐸 =ℎ𝜈=
-Solution :- = = −
; 𝜆= = − 𝜆
− −
 Number of photons per second, . .
𝐸= −
= −
𝜆 .
−
= = = = 𝐸= .
𝐸 ℎ𝜈 ℎ ⁄ ℎ . −
. .
𝜆 𝐸= = =
− − − −
. .
= −
= − 𝐸= . =
. .
(iii) If 𝜆 = then, energy of radio waves,
= = . = . ℎ
. 𝐸 =ℎ𝜈=
2. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy and maximum velocity of the 𝜆
− −
photoelectrons emitted when the stopping potential is 81V for the photoelectric . .
𝐸= =
emission experiment. −
-Solution :- = 𝐸= .
− − −
. . .
 The maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons is equal to stopping potential 𝐸= = =
. − .
energy. (i.e.) − −
𝐸= . = .
𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
− − 4. A 150 W lamp emits light of mean wavelength of 5500 Å . If the efficiency is 12%,
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = . = .
− find out the number of photons emitted by the lamp in one second.
𝒂 = . −
 But kinetic energy is given by -Solution :- = ; 𝜆= 𝐴° = ; 𝜂= %=
 Number of photons emitted per second,
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜆
= = = =
. −
= . −
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸 ℎ𝜈 ℎ ⁄ ℎ
𝜆
− −
. .
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = −
. − . .
−
. . = = . =
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ = √ . . −
. . = . /
−
𝒗 𝒂 = .  The number of photons emitted by the lamp in one second,
3. Calculate the energies of the photons associated with the following radiation: (i)
violet light of 413 nm (ii) X-rays of 0.1 nm (iii) radio waves of 10 m. = 𝜂 = . = . = .
-Solution :- = . /
−
(i) If 𝜆 = = , then energy of violet light photon, 5. How many photons of frequency 1014 Hz will make up 19.86 J of energy?
ℎ 𝑈
𝐸 =ℎ𝜈= -Solution :- 𝜈 = 𝑧 ; = = .
𝑡
𝜆  Number of photons emitted per second,
− −
. .
𝐸= −
= − = =
− 𝐸 ℎ𝜈
. .
𝐸= =
. −
−
. . .
𝐸= −
= =
. .
𝐸= . −
= . ≈ .
= . ≈
6. What should be the velocity of the electron so that its momentum equals that of (iii) By Einstein’s photo electric equation,
4000 Å wavelength photon.
− ℎ𝜈=𝜙 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥
-Solution :- = ; 𝜆 = 𝐴° =
 de Broglie wavelength of photon, 𝜙 =ℎ𝜈− 𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝜆 = = = 𝜙 =ℎ𝜈−
− −
− 𝜙 = . − . .
ℎ . − −
= = − −
𝜙 = . − .
𝜆 . 𝜙 = . −
− . −
. . − 𝜙 = . − . −
= = = .
. . 𝝓 = . −
−
𝒗 = . −
.
7. When a light of frequency 9 X 1014 Hz is incident on a metal surface, 𝜙 = −
=
.
photoelectrons are emitted with a maximum speed of 8 X10 5 ms-1. Determine 𝝓 = .
the threshold frequency of the surface. (iv) Work function,
−
-Solution :- : 𝜈 = 𝑧 ; 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜙 =ℎ𝜈
 By Einstein’s photo electric equation, 𝜙 . −
.
𝜈 = = =
ℎ𝜈=ℎ𝜈 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ . −
.
−
𝝂 = . = .
ℎ𝜈 =ℎ𝜈− 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (v) Net energy of the electron after it leaves the surface is nothing but its kinetic
energy which is given by,
− −
ℎ𝜈 =[ . ]− [ . ] 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙
ℎ𝜈 =[ . ]− [ −
. − ] 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = . − .
− − 𝒂 = .
ℎ𝜈 =[ . ]− [ . ]
9. A 3310 Å photon liberates an electron from a material with energy 3 X 10 -19 J
− −
ℎ𝜈 =[ . − . ] = . while another 5000 Å photon ejects an electron with energy 0.972 X 10-19 J from
− −
. . . the same material. Determine the value of Planck’s constant and the threshold
𝜈 = = =
ℎ . . − wavelength of the material.
−
𝝂 = . -Solution :- 𝜆 = 𝐴° = ; = X − J
−
8. When a 6000Å light falls on the cathode of a photo cell, photoemission takes 𝜆 = 𝐴° = ; = . X − J
place. If a potential of 0.8 V is required to stop emission of electron, then  By Einstein’s photo electric equation,
determine the (i) frequency of the light (ii) energy of the incident photon (iii) ℎ 𝜈 = 𝜙 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥
work function of the cathode material (iv) threshold frequency and (v) net ℎ
= 𝜙 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥
energy of the electron after it leaves the surface. 𝜆
-Solution :- 𝜆 = 𝐴° = −
; = .  For given material, work function is constant ,
(i) Frequency of light , ℎ
=𝜙 + −−−−−−
𝜆
𝜈= = −
= = . ℎ
𝜆 =𝜙 + −−−−−−
𝝂= 𝜆
(ii) Energy of incident photon, ℎ ℎ
𝐸 =ℎ𝜈= . −
= . − − ⟹ − = 𝜙 + − 𝜙 −
𝜆 𝜆
− −
. . −
𝐸= −
= = . ℎ [ − ]= −
. 𝜆 𝜆
𝑬= .
𝜆 − 𝜆 11. UV light of wavelength 1800Å is incident on a lithium surface whose threshold

ℎ [ ]= −
𝜆 𝜆 wavelength is 4965Å. Determine the maximum energy of the electron emitted.
− −
− −
-Solution :- 𝜆 = 𝐴° = ; 𝜆 = 𝐴° =
ℎ [ ] −
= − .  By Einstein’s photo electric equation,
− ℎ 𝜈 = 𝜙 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ [ ]= .
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ 𝜈 − 𝜙
−
− −
. 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ 𝜈 − ℎ 𝜈
ℎ = ℎ ℎ
. − 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − =ℎ [ − ]
ℎ = 𝜆 𝜆 𝜆 𝜆
𝜆 − 𝜆
= . − 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ [ ]
𝜆𝜆
 From equation (2), Work function is, −
−
ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = . [ ] −
𝜙 = −
𝜆
−
. − 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = . [ ]
−
𝜙 =[ ]− [ . ] −
− .
− 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ]
. − . −
𝜙 =[ ]−[ . ] .
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ] [ ]
− −
𝜙 =[ . ]−[ . ]
− .
𝜙 = [ . − . ] 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
−
𝜙 =
ℎ 𝒂 = . ≈ .
−
= 12. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a proton whose kinetic energy is equal to
𝜆
− 81.9 × 10–15 J. (Given: mass of proton is 1836 times that of electron).
ℎ .
𝜆 = −
= −
-Solution :- = . X − J ; =
𝝀 = . −
= −
= 𝑨°  de Broglie wavelength of proton,
ℎ ℎ
10. At the given point of time,the earth receives energy from sun at 4 cal cm–2 min–1 𝜆 = =
Determine the number of photons received on the surface of the Earth per cm 2 √ √
−
per minute. (Given : Mean wavelength of sun light = 5500 Å ) .
-Solution :- = 𝑎 − −
= . = . − − 𝜆 =
√ . − . X −
−
𝜆= 𝐴° = . −
 The number of photons received on the surface of the Earth per cm2 per minute , 𝜆 =
√ . .
𝜆 𝜆 = . − −
= = = =
𝐸 ℎ𝜈 ℎ ⁄ ℎ 𝝀 ≈ −
𝜆
. − 13. A deuteron and an alpha particle are accelerated with the same potential. Which
= −
one of the two has (i) greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated with it
. and (ii) less kinetic energy? Explain.
− −
= = . -Solution :- = . 𝑔 ; = . 𝐶
.
= .  For deuteron ; = , =
For alpha particle ; 𝛼 = , 𝛼
=
(i) de Broglie wavelength of deuteron,
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝜆 = = = =
√ √ √ √
de Broglie wavelength of alpha particle, 15. The ratio between the de Broglie wavelength associated with proton,
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ accelerated through a potential of 512 V and that of alpha particle accelerated
𝜆𝛼 = = = =
√ √ √ √ through a potential of X volts is found to be one. Find the value of X.
𝛼 𝛼
ℎ -Solution :- = ; 𝜆 𝜆𝛼 = ; 𝛼 =
[ ]  For proton ; = , =
𝜆 √
= = = = For alpha particle ; 𝛼 = , =
𝜆𝛼 ℎ 𝛼
[ ]  de Broglie wavelength of proton,
√ ℎ ℎ
𝝀 = 𝝀𝜶 𝜆 = =
(ii) de Broglie wavelength of deuteron , √ √
ℎ ℎ ℎ de Broglie wavelength of alpha particle,
𝜆 = = = ℎ ℎ ℎ
√ √ √ 𝜆𝛼 = = =
ℎ √ 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 √ √
𝜆 = ℎ
[ ]
ℎ 𝜆 √ ℎ √
= = = = √
𝜆 𝜆𝛼 ℎ √ ℎ
[ ]
de Broglie wavelength of alpha particle, √
ℎ ℎ ℎ 𝜆
𝜆𝛼 = = = ( ) =
√ 𝛼 𝛼 √ 𝛼 √ 𝛼 𝜆𝛼
ℎ 𝜆
𝜆𝛼 = = ( )
𝛼 𝜆𝛼
ℎ
𝛼 = =
𝜆𝛼
ℎ =
[ ]
𝜆 ℎ 𝜆𝛼 𝜆𝛼 𝜆𝛼
= = = = ( )
𝛼 ℎ 𝜆 ℎ 𝜆 𝜆
[ ]
𝜆𝛼
𝜆𝛼
= ( ) = =
𝛼 𝜆𝛼
𝜶
=
14. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 81V. What is the
de Broglie wavelength associated with it? To which part of electromagnetic
spectrum does this wavelength correspond?
-Solution :- =
 de Broglie wavelength of electron,
.
𝜆= 𝐴
√
. .
𝜆= 𝐴 = 𝐴
√
𝝀= . 𝑨
 It lies in X -ray region of electromagnetic spectrum..
HIGHER SECONDARY
SECOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT - 9
ATOMIC PHYSICS
AND
NUCLEAR PHYSICS

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 9 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- • For hydrogen atom ; = , and for first orbit ; = . Hence
−
1. The radius of the 5th orbit of hydrogen atom is 13.25 Å. Calculate the de Broglie .
= 𝛼= =
wavelength of the electron orbiting in the 5th orbit. 𝜀 ℎ . − . −
− . .
-Solution :- = . = . ; = = 𝛼= =
• From quantum mechanics ; = . . .
−
. . − = 𝛼≈
= = = . .
• It is dimensionless number.
−
= . = . (b) From equation (1) ,
2. Find the (i) angular momentum (ii) velocity of the electron revolving in the 5 th
orbit of hydrogen atom. (h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js, m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg) = 𝛼 [ ]
− −
-Solution :- = ; = . , = . • For hydrogen atom ; = Hence.
(i) According to Bohr s atom model, the angular momentum
ℎ . −
. − = 𝛼 [ ]
= ℏ= = =
• For first orbit (i.e.) ground state ; =
− −
= . . = 𝛼 = = .
− −
= . = . −
(ii) By definition, angular momentum is given by; = .
• For second orbit (i.e.) first excited state ; =
Hence velocity,
= 𝛼 [ ]= [ ]= . [ ]
= = −
= .
−
. • For third orbit (i.e.) second excited state ; =
= − −
. .
. = 𝛼 [ ]= [ ]= . [ ]
= −
. . = .
− −
= . = . • Here ; > >
3. (a) Show that the ratio of velocity of an electron in the first Bohr orbit to the 4. The Bohr atom model is derived with the assumption that the nucleus of the
speed of light c is a dimensionless number. (b) Compute the velocity of electrons atom is stationary and only electrons revolve around the nucleus. Suppose the
in ground state, first excited state and second excited state in Bohr atom model nucleus is also in motion, then calculate the energy of this new system.
for hydrogen atom. -Solution :-
-Solution :- • Let the mass of the electron be m and mass of the nucleus be M. Since there is no
ℎ
(a) Velocity of electron in nth orbit ; = 𝜋
[ ] external force acting on the system, the
𝑜 centre of mass of hydrogen atom
𝜀 ℎ
• Where, = = . → Bohr radius remains at rest. Hence, both nucleus and
ℎ ℎ𝜋 electron move about the centre of mass
• Hence ; = 𝜀 ℎ
[ ]= 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 ℎ
[ ] = 𝜀𝑜 ℎ
[ ] as shown in figure.
𝜋 ( 𝑜 )
𝜋𝑚𝑒 • Let V be the velocity of the nuclear
• If c be the velocity of light, then motion and υ be the velocity of electron
motion. Since the total linear
= [ ] = 𝛼 [ ] −−− −
𝜀 ℎ momentum of the system is zero ;
• Where, = 𝛼 → fine structure constant ⃗ + ⃗ = ⃗ (or) |⃗ | = |⃗⃗ | =
𝜀 ℎ
• Hence kinetic energy of the system, First excitation energy,

+ 𝑬 = − = − . − − . =− . + . = .
= + = [ + ]= [ ] Hence first excitation potential,
𝑬 .
= [ ]= = = = .
𝜀 ℎ
Similarly, first ionization energy
Where, = → reduced mass 𝑬 = ∞− = − − . = .
+
• Potential energy of the system, and first ionization potential,
𝑬 .
= − = = = .
𝜀 ℎ
• Hence total energy of the system, (c) Consider two photons to be A and B. Given that photon A with energy 42 eV and
photon B with energy 51 eV From Bohr assumption, difference in energy levels is
= − equal to the energy photon absorbed, then atom will absorb energy, otherwise,
𝜀 ℎ
not.
• Since the nucleus is very heavy compared to the electron, the reduced mass is
closer to the mass of the electron − = − . − − . =− . + . = .
5. Suppose the energy of an electron in hydrogen–like atom is given as − = − . − − . =− . + . = .
. − = − . − − . =− . + . =
𝑬 = − where ∈ ℕ . Calculate the following: − = − . − − . =− . + . = .
(a) Sketch the energy levels for this atom and compute its atomic number. • For all possibilities, no difference in energy is an integer multiple of photon
(b) If the atom is in ground state, compute its first excitation potential and also energy. Hence, photon A is not absorbed by this atom. But for Photon B,
its ionization potential E4 – E1 = 51 eV, which means, Photon B can be absorbed by this atom.
(c) When a photon with energy 42 eV and another photon with energy 56 eV 𝑜
are made to collide with this atom, does this atom absorb these photons?
(d) The radius of Bohr orbit is ; = 𝑧
(d) Determine the radius of its first Bohr orbit. Here, = , =
. 𝑋 −
(e) Calculate the kinetic and potential energies of electron in the ground state. Hence, ; = 𝑜
= = . −
= . Å
-Solution :-
(e) Since, total energy is equal to negative of kinetic energy in Bohr atom model, we
(a) Given energy ;
. get
𝑬 = − . .
= − = − (− ) =
• If = then, = − .
For ground state = ; 𝑬 = .
• If = then, = − .
And potential energy,
• If = then, = − . . .
• If = then, = − . = − = − ( ) =−
• If = ∞ then, ∞ = For ground state = ; = − .
(b) From Bohr s atom model, total energy of an atom ; 6. Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine if no distinction is made between
. its different isotopes?
𝑬 = − -Solution :
Compare it with the given equation, • The element chlorine is a mixture of 75.77% of and 24.23% of . So the
. = . average atomic mass will be
. . .
= = = . + . = .
.
= ±
Since, atomic number cannot be negative number, Z = 2
7. Calculate the radius of nucleus. 11. (a) Calculate the disintegration energy when stationary nucleus decays to
-Solution : = ; = thorium with the emission of α particle. The atomic masses are of
= = . , = . , 𝑯 = .
− (b) Calculate kinetic energies of and α-particle and their ratio.
= .
− -Solution :
= . .
= . −
= . (a) The equation is given by ; → + 𝜶
8. Calculate the density of the nucleus with mass number A. • Hence the mass defect,
-Solution : ∆ = Total mass before decay - Total mass after decay
• The total mass of the nucleus having mass number A is equal to where m is ∆ = − ℎ+ 𝛼 = . − . + .
mass of the proton and is equal to 1.6726 x 10-27 kg ∆ = . − . = .
• Hence the nuclear density, • Energy equivalent to is . Hence the binding energy is,
Nuclear mass = ∆ = . = .
= = =
Nuclear volume 𝜋𝑅
𝜋 𝑅 • This disintegration energy Q appears as the kinetic energy of α particle and
− the daughter nucleus.
.
= = = (b) In any decay, the total linear momentum must be conserved. (i.e.)
. . −
• Total linear momentum of the parent nucleus = total linear momentum of
. . the daughter nucleus and α particle
−
= = = . = 𝜶 ⃗⃗ 𝜶 + ℎ ⃗⃗ ℎ
. . .
− = 𝜶 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝜶 + ℎ ⃗⃗⃗ ℎ
𝝆= .
𝜶 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝜶 = − ℎ ⃗⃗⃗ ℎ
• It implies that nucleons are extremely tightly packed or compressed state in the
• It implies that the alpha particle and daughter nucleus move in opposite
nucleus and compare this density with the density of water which is 103 kg m-3.
directions.
9. Compute the binding energy of 𝑯 nucleus using the following data: Atomic
• In magnitude, 𝜶 𝜶 = . Hence the velocity of 𝛼-particle,
mass of Helium atom, 𝑯 = . and that of hydrogen atom, ℎ
𝑯 = . . 𝜶 = −−−−−
𝜶
-Solution : = ; = ; = − = ; 𝐻 = . ; 𝐻= . • The ratio of the kinetic energy of α particle to that of the daughter nucleus
• Mass defect , ∆ = 𝐻 + − 𝐻
∆ = . + . − . 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
= =
∆ = . + . − . ℎ ℎ ℎ
ℎ ℎ
∆ = . − .
∆ = . • Put equation (1) , we get,
• The energy equivalent to this mass defect is called binding energy. 𝛼 𝛼 ℎ
= ( )
• Energy equivalent to is . Hence the binding energy is, ℎ ℎ ℎ 𝜶
𝑬= ∆ = . = . 𝛼 ℎ .
= = =
10. Compute the binding energy per nucleon of 𝑯 nucleus. ℎ 𝜶 .
-Solution : = ; = =𝛼 ℎ −−−−
• Mass defect of helium nucleus, ∆ = . • The kinetic energy of products
• Binding energy of helium nucleus, 𝛼 + ℎ = .
𝑬= ∆ = . = ℎ + ℎ = .
• Hence Binding energy per nucleon, ℎ = .
.
̅̅̅̅
𝑬= = = 𝑬 = = .
𝑬𝜶 = . = .
12. Calculate the number of nuclei of carbon-14 un decayed after 22,920 years if the 14. Keezhadi (கீழடி), a small hamlet, has become one of the very important
initial number of carbon-14 atoms is 10,000. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 archeological places of Tamilnadu. It is located in Sivagangai district. A lot of
years. artefacts (gold coins, pottery, beads, iron tools, jewellery and charcoal, etc.)
-Solution : = ; = ; / = have been unearthed in Keezhadi which have given substantial evidence that an
• Number of half life periods, ancient urban civilization had thrived on the banks of river Vaigai. To determine
the age of those materials, the charcoal of 200 g sent for carbon dating is given
= = = in the following figure (b). The activity of is found to be 38 decays/s.
/
• The number of nuclei remaining un decayed after 22,920 years (i.e.) 4 half life Calculate the age of charcoal.
periods, -Solution : = /
= ( ) = ( ) = =
13. A radioactive sample has 6.μg of pure which has a half-life of 10 minutes.
(a) How many nuclei are present initially? (b) What is the activity initially?
(c) What is the activity after 2 hours? (d) Calculate mean life of this sample.
−
-Solution : : / = min = ; = . = . ; =
(a) The atomic mass of nitrogen is 13. Therefore, 13 g of contains Avogadro
number ( . ) of atoms. • The atomic mass of carbon is 12. Therefore, 12 g of contains Avogadro
. 𝑋 number ( . ) of atoms.
• In 1 g, the number of atoms present = . 𝑋
• In 1 g, the number of atoms present =
• So the number of atoms present in 2.6 μg is
. . • So the number of atoms present in is
− −
= . = = . . .
= = =
(b) The initial activity R0
. . −
• When the tree(sample) was alive, : = . ∶
= = = .
• So the total number of carbon-14 atoms is given by
−
−
= . = .
= . . = . • Decay constant,
= . / = . . .
Since , 𝑖= . we have, = =
.
.
= 𝑖= = = . = . − −
. .
(c) Activity after 2 hours • The initial activity ,
𝑡 𝑋 −
= = . .
/
= ( ) = ( ) =( ) . =( ) . = . = . ≈ /
=
−𝜆𝑡
= = . • Activity of the sample ; =
−𝜆𝑡 𝜆𝑡
(d) Mean life, = =
𝜏= • Taking log on both sides, we get

.
𝜏= = . ln ( )= . log ( )=
.
= . log ( )
= . log ( ) EXERCISE PROBLEMS-

. −
1. Consider two hydrogen atoms HA and HB in ground state. Assume that hydrogen
= . log . atom HA is at rest and hydrogen atom HB is moving with a speed and make head-
. −
on collision with the stationary hydrogen atom H A. After the collision, both of
= . . them move together. What is minimum value of the kinetic energy of the moving
. −
hydrogen atom HB, such that any one of the hydrogen atoms reaches first
. .
= excitation state.
. -Solution :
−
= . = . • The collision between atom is elastic and during elastic collision, there is no loss
• In years, in kinetic energy. (i.e.)
. Total K. E before collision = Total K.E after collision
=
.
. + = +
=
. • Here, = = ; = ; = 𝑖 ; = = . Then
.
= + = +
. 𝑖
= .
= ≈ 𝑖 = ( )
15. Calculate the amount of energy released when 1 kg of undergoes fission 𝑖 = −−−−−−−−−
reaction. • We know that, for hydrogen atom
-Solution : Energy of electron in Ground state (n=1) = − .
• The atomic mass of is 235. Therefore, 235 g of contains Avogadro Energy of electron in First excited state (n=2) = − .
number ( . ) of atoms. Hence first excitation energy ; = − . − − . = .
. 𝑋
• In 1 g, the number of atoms present = • The minimum value of the kinetic energy of the moving hydrogen atom HB
𝑬 = = . = .
• So the number of atoms present in is
2. In the Bohr atom model, the frequency of transitions is given by the following
. .
= = expression = [ − ] 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 < .
• Each nucleus releases 200 MeV of energy during the fission. The total Consider the following transitions: Show that the
energy released by 1kg of is frequency of these transitions obey sum rule
. (which is known as Ritz combination principle)
= = -Solution :
= . • For transition → ; = ; = . Hence
−
• In terms of joule, [ = . ] the frequency.
−
= . . = [ − ]= [ − ]=
→
= .
• In terms of joules [ ℎ= . ] • For transition → ; = ; = . Hence the
. . frequency
= =
. → = [ − ]= [ − ]=
= .
• For transition → ; = ; = . Hence the frequency,
→ = [ − ]= [ − ]=
• From additive law, 4. Calculate the radius of the earth if density of the earth is equal to the density of
the nucleus. [mass of earth . ].
→ + → = + -Solution :- = .
+ • Given, 𝐸 = = . −
→ + → = =
• Density of earth,
𝐸 𝐸
→ + → = 𝐸 = =
𝐸
+
→ → = → 𝐸
3. (a) A hydrogen atom is excited by radiation of wavelength 97.5 nm. Find the 𝐸 𝐸
∴ 𝐸 = =
principal quantum number of the excited state. (b) Show that the total number
− 𝐸
of lines in emission spectrum is Compute the total number of possible
. .
lines in emission spectrum as given in (a). 𝐸 = =
− . . . .
-Solution : = . = .
(a) Energy required to excite the atom to nth level, . . .
ℎ . − 𝐸 = = =
=ℎ = = . . . .
. −
− . .
. ∴ 𝐸 =[ ] = [ ]
= − − . .
. .
. . 𝐸 = . = .
= = 𝑬 =
= . 5. Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy per nucleon of the
• For hydrogen atom, the ground state energy ; =− . nucleus. [atomic mass of Ag =107.905949 u]
• If th
be the energy of n state, then the excitation energy -Solution :- = ; = ; = − = ; 𝐻 = .
= − • In terms of this atomic mass unit,
= + = . + − . = . − . the mass of the neutron = 1.008665 u,
=− . the mass of the proton = 1.007276 u,
• From Bohr s postulate, the energy of hydrogen atom in nth state, the mass of the hydrogen atom = 1.007825 u
. • Mass defect ,
=−
∆ = 𝐻 + − 𝐻
. . ∆ = . + . − .
= − =−
− . ∆ = . + . − .
. ∆ = . − .
= = . ≈
. ∆ = .
∴ = • Binding energy,
(b) Total number of possible transitions, = ∆ = .
− −
= = = = 𝑬= .
• Binding energy per nucleon,
Thus the possible transitions, .
1) → ̅̅̅̅ = =
2) → ̅̅̅̅
𝑬= .
3) →
4) →
5) →
6) →
6. Half lives of two radioactive elements A and B are 20 minutes and 40 minutes (c) Mean life period,
respectively. Initially, the samples have equal number of nuclei. Calculate the / .
𝜏= =
ratio of decayed numbers of A and B nuclei after 80 minutes. . .
-Solution :- / = min ; / = min ; = 𝑖 𝝉= .
• Let the initial number of nuclei in sample A and B be = (d) If be the number of atoms present in the sample initially,
=
• Number of half lives for sample A ; = = =
/ 𝑖
∴ = = −
Number of half lives for sample B ; = = = .
−
/ .
• Then the number of nuclei remains undecayed in the samples after 80 minutes, = −
.
.
= ( ) = ( ) = =
.
= .
= ( ) = ( ) =
8. Calculate the time required for 60% of a sample of radon undergo decay.
• Thus the number of nuclei decayed in the samples after 80 minutes, Given T1/2 of radon =3.8 days
− -Solution : = % ; = − = % ; / = .
− = − = =
• From law of disintegration, the amount of sample left un decayed,
− −𝜆𝑡
− = − = = =
−𝜆𝑡
=
• Hence the ratio of the number of nuclei decayed in the samples A and B ,
−𝜆𝑡
=
− ( )
= = = 𝜆𝑡
− = = .
− ∶ − = ∶ • Taking log on both sides,

7. On your birthday, you measure the activity of the sample 210Bi which has a half- = log .
life of 5.01 days. The initial activity that you measure is μCi . (a) What is the = . log .
approximate activity of the sample on your next birthday? Calculate (b) the = . .
decay constant (c) the mean life (d) initial number of atoms.
-Solution :- / = . ; = 𝑖 ; = = = . .
.
• Number of half-life periods, ( )
/
= = ≈
/ . = . .
(a) The activity of given sample after 73 half-life periods (i.e.) after 1 years .
.
= . .
= ( ) = ( ) 𝑖 = 𝑖 .
−
= .
= .
− 9. Assuming that energy released by the fission of a single nucleus is 200MeV,
≈
calculate the number of fissions per second required to produce 1 watt power.
(b) Decay constant,
-Solution :-
. . .
= = −
= − • Energy released per fission = 200 MeV = X X . X − J
. .
/ • Energy produced per second (i.e.) power = 1W = 1 J/s
.
= − • Let Number of fissions per second f = N (say)
− −
= .
• Hence. • Taking log on both sides,

Energy released per fission X N = Energy produced per second (power)
log ( ) =
X X . X − X N = .
N = = . log ( )=
X X . X − .
−
N= .
∴ = . log ( )
= . .
10. Show that the mass of radium ( ) with an activity of 1 curie is almost a = . log − log .
gram. Given T1/2 =1600 years. .
-Solution :- = 𝑖= . disintegration/s ( )
• From law of disintegration,
dN /
= λN or = λN = . . − .
dt .
R R T/ = . .
N = = = .
λ . .
( ) = . years
T/
X X X X
N= X . X
.
N= . X X
N = 2.694 X 1021 atoms
• The atomic mass of 𝑖 is 226. Therefore, 226 g of contains Avogadro
number ( . ) of atoms.
(i.e.) mass of . atoms = 226 g
Hence, mass of one atom =
. X
. 𝑋
• In 1 g, the number of atoms present =
• Hence, total mass of 2.694 X 1021 atoms with an activity of 𝑖 is,
= .
. X
−
.
=
.
−
= . = .
≈
11. Charcoal pieces of tree is found from an archeological site. The carbon-14
content of this charcoal is only 17.5% that of equivalent sample of carbon from
a living tree. What is the age of tree?
-Solution :- = 5730 years, = % ; = . %
• From law of disintegration,
−𝜆𝑡
=
−𝜆𝑡
. =
.
= −𝜆𝑡
𝜆𝑡
=
.
HIGHER SECONDARY
SECOND YEAR
PHYSICS
UNIT - 10
ELECTRONICS
AND
COMMUNICATIONS

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 10 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- 4. Determine the wavelength of light emitted from LED which is made up of GaAsP
1. An ideal diode and a Ω resistor are semiconductor whose forbidden energy gap is 1.875 eV. Mention the colour of
connected in series with a 15 V power the light emitted (Take h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js).
supply as shown in figure below. -Solution :- = . 𝑉 = . 𝑋 . 𝑋 − ; ℎ= . 𝑋 −
Calculate the current that flows through • By definition,
the diode. ℎ
=ℎ =
-Solution :-
• The diode is forward biased and it is an ideal one. Hence, it acts like a closed switch ℎ . 𝑋 − 𝑋 𝑋 . 𝑋 −
∴ = = =
with no barrier voltage. Therefore, current that flows through the diode can be . 𝑋 . 𝑋 −
calculated using Ohm s law. = . 𝑋 −
𝑚 = 𝑋 − 𝑚 =
𝑉= • The wavelength 660 nm corresponds to red colour light.
𝑉 5. In a transistor connected in the common base configuration
𝑜 = = =
= . , = . Calculate the values of IC and IB.
2. A silicon diode is connected with kΩ -Solution :- = . , 𝐸= 𝑚
resistor as shown. Find the value of 𝐼
current flowing through AB. • Current gain in common base mode ; = 𝐼𝐸
-Solution :- = 𝑘 Ω = Ω • Hence, = 𝐸 = . 𝑋 = .
• The barrier voltage for silicon diode ; 𝑉 𝑖 = . 𝑉 • Also, = + 𝑜 = − = − . = .
• The P.D. between A and B is given by ; 6. In the circuit shown in the figure, the input voltage Vi is 20 V, VBE = 0 V and
𝑉 = [𝑉 − 𝑉 ] − 𝑉 𝑖 = [ . − − . ] − . = . − . = 𝑽 VCE = 0 V. What are the values of IB , IC , ?
• The value of current flowing through AB can be obtained using Ohm s law. -Solution :- = 𝑘Ω ; = 𝑘Ω
𝑉= • Voltage across ; 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉 𝐸
𝑉 Since, 𝑉 = 𝑉 we have, 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖 Hence
𝑜 = = = = − =
𝑉 𝑉𝑖
3. Find the current through the Zener diode when the load resistance is kΩ. Use = = = = . 𝑋 −
diode approximation. 𝑋
-Solution :- 𝑉 = 𝑉 ; = 𝑘Ω= Ω = 𝑋 − = 𝝁
𝑉 = 𝑉 ; 𝐿 = 𝑘Ω= Ω • Similarly, voltage across ; 𝑉 = 𝑉 −𝑉
• From figure, 𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 = − = 𝑉 Since, 𝑉 = 𝑉 we have, 𝑉 = 𝑉 Hence
• From Ohm s law, current through 𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 = = = = 𝑋 − =
𝑋
= = = 𝑋 − =
• And current gain,
• And current through load resistance 𝑋 −
𝑉𝐿 𝑉 . = = = . 𝑋 =
− 𝑋 −
𝑳 = = = = = . 𝑋 = .
𝐿 𝐿 7. The current gain of a common emitter transistor
• If be the current through Zener diode, then using Kirchoff s current law at circuit shown in figure is 120. Draw the DC load line
junction A gives, and mark the Q point on it. (VBE to be ignored).
= 𝐿+ -Solution :- = ;𝑉 = 𝑉; = Ω ;
𝑜 = − 𝐿= − . = 𝑘Ω
= . • Voltage across ; 𝑉 = 𝑉 −𝑉 𝐸
Since, 𝑉 = 𝑉 we have, 𝑉 = 𝑉 Hence
𝑉 𝑉
= = = = 𝑋 − = 𝝁
𝑋
𝐼 10. In the combination of the following gates,

• By definition, current gain ; = 𝐼 write the Boolean equation for output Y in
• Hence collector current, terms of inputs A and B.
= = 𝑋 𝑋 − = 𝑋 − -Solution :-
−
= 𝑋 = • The output at the 1st AND gate = . ̅
• From figure, 𝑉 𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 = 𝑉 − • The output at the 2nd AND gate = ̅ .
𝑉𝐸= − 𝑋 − 𝑋 𝑋 • The output at the OR gate ; = .̅+ ̅.
𝑽 = − = 𝑽 11. Prove the Boolean identity AC + ABC = AC and give its circuit description.
8. Calculate the range of the variable capacitor that is to be used in a tuned- -Solution :-
collector oscillator which has a fixed inductance of μH. The frequency band + = . + [OR law-2]
is from 500 kHz to 1500 kHz. = . [AND law – 2]
-Solution :- = + =
• Resonance frequency ; = 𝑜 = • Thus the Boolean identity is proved.
𝑜 𝜋√ 𝑜 𝜋
Circuit description:
• Hence capacitance ; =
𝜋2 𝐿 𝑜2
• When, 𝑜
= 𝑘 𝑧 ,
= −
𝑋 . 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
=
𝑋 . 𝑋 𝑋
− −
= . 𝑋 = . 𝑋 12. A transmitting antenna has a height of 40 m and the height of the receiving
≈ antenna is 30 m. What is the maximum distance between them for line-of-sight
• When, 𝑜 = 𝑘 𝑧 communication? The radius of the earth is 6.4×106 m.
= −
𝑋 . 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
=
𝑋 . 𝑋 𝑋
= . 𝑋 − = . 𝑋 −
≈
• Therefore, the capacitor range is -
9. What is the output Y in the following -Solution :-
circuit, when all the three inputs A, B, and • The total distance d between the transmitting and receiving antennas will be the
C are first 0 and then 1? sum of the individual distances of coverage.
-Solution :-
= + = √ ℎ + √ ℎ = √ (√ℎ + √ℎ )
• Out put of gate P : = .
• Out put of gate Q : = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
. = √ 𝑋 . 𝑋 (√ +√ )
A B C = . = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
. = √ 𝑋 . 𝑋 𝑋√ (√ + √ )
0 0 0 0 1 = √ 𝑋 . 𝑋 (√ + √ )
1 1 1 1 0
= √ 𝑋 𝑋 (√ + √ )
= . 𝑋 𝑋 + .
= . 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 .
𝒅= . = . 𝒌
EXERCISE PROBLEMS- 3. Assuming VCEsat = . V and = , find the minimum

1. The given circuit has two ideal diodes connected as shown in figure below. base current (IB) required to drive the transistor
Calculate the current flowing through the resistance R1. given in the figure to saturation.
-Solution :- 𝑉 = 𝑉 ; = 𝑘Ω = Ω
• From figure, 𝑉 = + 𝑉
𝑜 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝐸
𝑉 − 𝑉𝐸 − .
𝑜 = =
−
= .
𝐼
• Then current gain ; = . Hence,
𝐼
−
-Solution :- . 𝑋 − −
• Here diode is reverse biased. So it acts as open switch (OFF) and hence it does = = = . 𝑋 = 𝑋 = 𝝁
not allows current to pass through it. 4. A transistor of = .99 and VBE = 0.7 V is connected in the common emitter
• But diode is forward biased. So it acts as closed switch (ON) and hence it allows configuration as shown in the figure. If the transistor is in saturation region, find
current to pass through it. the value of collector current.
• From Ohm s law, 𝑉 = -Solution :-
𝑉 • If = . then,
𝑜 = = = = .
+ =
𝛼
=
.
=
.
=
2. Four silicon diodes and a Ω resistor are connected as shown in figure below. −𝛼 − . .
Each diode has a resistance of Ω. Find the current flows through the Ω • By definition. current gain,
resistor. = 𝑜 = =
-Solution :-
• Here diode & is reverse biased. So it • Here one thing must be remember that,
acts as open switch (OFF) and hence it does transistor in saturation region have,
not allows current to pass through it. 𝑉 𝐸− = . 𝑉 and 𝑉 𝐸− = . 𝑉
• But diode & is forward biased. So it • From figure, for input applying Kirchoff s voltage law
acts as closed switch (ON) and hence it allows 𝑉 + 𝑉 + 𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 −
current to pass through it. + + + + = − .
• Hence the given circuit is simplified as shown. + = . −−−−−−
• Since the barrier voltage of silicon is 0.7 V and • Similarly for output applying Kirchoff s voltage law
hence voltage across 𝛀 resistor, 𝑉 + 𝑉 + 𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 −
𝑉 = − . − . = . 𝐕 + + + + = − .
• Total resistance of the circuit, + = . −−−−−−
= + + = 𝛀 • (2) X 6  + = . −−−−−−
• Then the current through 𝛀 resistor, • (3) - (1)  = .
𝑉 . .
= = = . = = . 𝑋 −
−
= . = .
5. In the circuit shown in the figure, the BJT has a 8. Verify the given Boolean equation A + ̅ B = A + B using truth table.
current gain of . For an emitter – base Solution :-
voltage VEB = 600 mV, calculate the emitter – ̅ ̅
A B +̅ A+B
collector voltage VEC (in volts).
Solution :- 𝑉 = 𝑉 ; = Ω ; = Ω 0 0 1 0 0 0
• From figure, , 𝑉𝐸 = 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑉 0 1 1 1 1 1
𝑜 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝐸 1 0 0 0 1 1
= − 𝑋 − 1 1 0 0 1 1
𝑋 = − . = .
. 9. In the given figure of a voltage
= = . 𝑋 − regulator, a Zener diode of breakdown
𝑋 voltage 15V is employed. Determine the
= 𝑋 − = 𝝁
𝐼 current through the load resistance, the
• By definition, current gain = total current and the current through
𝐼
𝑜 = = 𝑋 𝑋 − = 𝑋 − = 𝑋 − = the diode. Use diode approximation.
• Hence, 𝑉𝐸 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 − = − 𝑋 − 𝑋 . 𝑋 Solution :- 𝑉 = 𝑉 ; = Ω; 𝑉 = 𝑉 ; 𝐿 = 𝑘Ω= Ω
𝑽 = − = 𝑽 • From the figure, 𝑽 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 = − = 𝑉
6. Determine the current flowing through Ω and Ω • From Ohm s law Current through load resistance ,
resistors of the circuit given below. Assume that diodes 𝑉𝐿 𝑉
𝑳 = = 𝑍= = 𝑋 − =
D1 and D2 are ideal diodes. 𝐿 𝐿
Solution :- • And, current through (i.e.) total current
• Here diode D1 is forward biased (closed switch) and D2 𝑽
= = = = . = 𝑋 − =
is reverse biased (open switch) 𝑆
• So D1 conducts while D2 do not conduct the current. • If be the current through Zener diode, then from Kirchoff s current law,
• For ideal diode, there is no barrier voltage (i.e.) VB = 0 = 𝐿+
• Let I be the current through D1,then by Ohm s Kirchoff s voltage law, 𝑜 = − 𝐿= 𝑋 − − 𝑋 − = 𝑋 −
+ = 𝒓 = 𝒓 = =
• Since D2 will not conduct, no current flows through diode D2 10. Write down Boolean equation for the output
• Thus current flowing through Ω and Ω resistors of the circuit are 0 and 2 A Y of the given circuit and give its truth table.
Respectively. Solution :-
7. Prove the following Boolean expressions using the laws and theorems of • Output of AND gate= .
̅ ̅
Boolean algebra. (i) (A+B) (A+ ) = A (ii) A( +B) = AB (iii) (A+B) (A+C) = A+BC • Output of NOR gate = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ +
Solution :- • Thus the final output of OR gate ;
(i) + + ̅ = + ̅ + + ̅ [ By AND laws; = & ̅ = ] = . + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+
= + ̅ + + ̅
[ By OR laws ; + = & A +0 =0] A B A.B A+B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+ = . + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+
= + [ By AND laws ; . = ]
+ +̅ = [ By OR laws ; + = ] 0 0 0 0 1 1
(ii) ̅+ = ̅+ [ By AND laws ; ̅= ] 0 1 0 1 0 1
= + [ By OR laws ; + = ] 1 0 0 1 0 1
̅+ = 1 1 1 1 0 1
(iii) + + = + + +
= + + +
= + + + [ By OR laws ; + = ]
= +
+ + = +
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S.B.O.A MATRIC.HR.SEC.SCHOOL.

ALL NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS. 3. Two small-sized identical equally charged spheres, each

. . − ▪ From the figure, 𝜃 = °, then the total force on

(b) = − 𝜇𝐶 ; = ; = ⃗ =? ⃗ =? ▪ Its magnitude, |⃗⃗⃗ | = . √ + = . √

22. Find the equivalent capacitance between P and Q ▪ Total charge ; = +

So the equivalent capacitance between P and Q is = 𝐅 . .

EXERCISE PROBLEMS. ▪ Resultant force on q along Y- axis

▪ In region - A ; = − =−; = . − = . (a) Let V be the required potential difference, then ; =

Thus 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parallel ℎ= + =

Thus, 𝐶 , 𝐶 and 𝐶 are in parallel,

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

14. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- 3. Compute the magnetic length of a uniform bar

the new magneticlength is ;: 

complete one semi-circular path. = √ −

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

𝑰𝒅 = 𝑰 = ❖ Put this in equation (1),

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

9. A point object is placed at 20 cm from a thin plano-

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

coincides with (n+1)th order bright fringe of shorter wavelength λ2, = = = =

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS- 2. A radiation of wavelength 300 nm is incident on a silver surface. Will

𝜆 − 𝜆 11. UV light of wavelength 1800Å is incident on a lithium surface whose threshold

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

• Hence kinetic energy of the system, First excitation energy,

𝜏= • Taking log on both sides, we get

= . log ( ) EXERCISE PROBLEMS-

− ∶ − = ∶ • Taking log on both sides,

• Hence. • Taking log on both sides,

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

𝐼 10. In the combination of the following gates,

EXERCISE PROBLEMS- 3. Assuming VCEsat = . V and = , find the minimum

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