NDT-SA-ARAMCO-MCCL-RT-57, REV00, Date 25 - June - 2023

NDT Corrosion Control Services Co.
Dammam – Saudi Arabia Date: 25th June 2023
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
INDEX
SL# CONTENT PAGE NO
1 Scope 4
2 Personal protection 4
3 Reference documents 4
4 General requirements 4
4.1 Personnel qualification 4
4.2 Surface preparation 5

4.3 Back scatter radiation check 5
4.4 System of identification 5
4.5 Monitoring density limitations of radiographs 6
5 Equipment and materials 6
5.1 Films 6
5.2 Processing 6
5.3 Intensifying screens 6
5.4 IQI design 6
5.5 Facilities for viewing radiographs 6
6 Calibration 7
6.1 Source size 7
6.2 Step wedge film and densitometer 7
6.3 Verifications of Parameters 8
7 Examination 8
7.1 Radiographic technique 8
7.2 Selection of energy of radiation 8
7.3 Source to film & object distance 9
7.4 Location markers 10
7.5 IQI selection 11
7.6 Use of IQI to monitor radiographic examination 13
8 Evaluation of radiography quality 15
8.1 Quality of radiographs 15
8.2 Radiographic density 15
8.3 IQI Sensitivity 16
8.4 Excessive scatter 16
8.5 Geometric unsharpness limitations 16
9 Documentation 17
9.1 Radiographic Technique Information 17
Page 1 of 37
9.2 Records 17
9.3 Reports 17
9.4 Identification of complited work 18
10 Evaluation 18
11 Acceptance criteria 28
11.1 ASME SEC VIII D1 28
11.2 ASME SEC VIII-DII 29
11.3 ASME B31.3 30
11.4 API STD 1104 33
11.5 AWS D1.1 35
12 Report Format 37
Table 5.4.1(a) ASTM Wire Type IQI 7
Table 5.4.1 (b) ISO Wire Type IQI 7
Table 7.1 Radiogrpahic Technique 8

Table 7.4 Number Spacing (As per SAEP -1143) 11
Table 7.5.2 (a) ISO: IQI Selection 12
Table 7.5.2 (b) ASME: IQI Selection 12
Table 7.5.3 (a) IQI Selection as per API 1104 13
Table 8.5(a) Allowed Geometrical unsharpness 16
Page 2 of 37
Document Revision History
1 00 25th June “23 Singupuram Joseph Initial Issue

Narayana Cherian
Sl. No Rev No Date Prepared By Reviewed By Comments
Page 3 of 37
1 SCOPE
This specification is intended for the use with any standard code referenced & it covers the
minimum requirements used by NDT personnel to carry out the radiographic examination of
weld joints by X-Ray & gamma rays.
This Procedure establishes the minimum requirements for performing radiographic examination
conducted in accordance with the requirements of the referenced codes/standards.
2 PERSONAL PROTECTION
Each person using X-ray or gamma ray equipment shall make a radiation survey during the
initial operation and for each additional radiographic exposure.
All necessary steps shall be taken to assure that the radiation intensity outside the established
barriers is such that a person would not receive more than 0.75 mR in any one hour.
Each person using the radiation equipment shall wear a film badge or Thermo Luminescent
Dosimeter (TLD) at waist level or at chest level, a direct reading pocket dosimeter, an alarming
rate meter or Electronic Pocket Dosimeter.
For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference shall be made to current
document of the NDT Corrosion Control Services (NDTCCS) safety manual NDT/RP 001(Latest
Revision).
3 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
1. ANSI/ASME Section V, Article 2 – 2021 Edition

2. ANSI/ASME B31.3 – 2020 Edition
3. ANSI / ASME Sec. VIII, Div. I& II – 2021 Edition
4. API 1104 -2021 Edition
5. AWS D1.1/D1.1M -2018Edition
6. AWS D14.1/D14.1M : 2018 Edition
7. ASTM E-747 – 2017 Edition
8. ASTM E-94 -04 2017 Edition
9. ISO 19232 -1– 2016 Edition
10. SAEP 1141 – 25Th Jan 2023 Edition
11. SAEP-1143 – 6th September 2020 Edition
12. SAEP 1142 – 17th April 2022 Edition
13. 32-SAMSS-004 2018 Edition
14. NDT/CERT/01 Certification Manual (Latest Revision)
15. NDT/RP-001 (Latest Revision)
16. ASNT CP-189 – 2020 Edition
4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
4.1 PERSONNAL QUALIFICATION

All personnel performing radiographic examination in accordance with this specification shall
be certified in accordance with the requirement of NDT/CERT/01 Certification manual (Latest
Revision). NDT CCS Certification Manual NDT/CERT/01 meets the recommendations of the
American Society for Non Destructive Testing recommended practice ANSI CP-189. They shall
perform the radiography meeting the requirements of NDT/RP 001(Latest revision) (Safety
Manual for Ionizing Radiation). All personnel performing radiography for client or on client
property or concessionaire areas shall have passed the Radiation Safety examination
administered by the Project Loss Prevention Department and be in possession of a current Saudi
ARAMCO Radiographer Permit issued by the Inspection Department prior to commencement
or radiography.
Page 4 of 37
4.1.1 A Level-I may perform any radiographic operation, but must be under the direct supervision
of Certified Level-II or Level-III. A Level I cannot interpret the radiographs.
4.1.2 A Level-II may perform any radiographic operation including the processing of the films
radiographs. The Level-II may be required to prepare technique sheet and shooting sketch for
each part radiographed and submit these to the Level-III for approval. The Level-II shall be
responsible to the Level-III.
4.1.3 Personnel performing radiographic film interpretation shall have passed NDTCCS internal Level
II Film Interpretation Examination and valid RTFI Qualification Card from ARAMCO.
4.1.4 A Level III shall be responsible for writing the appropriate procedure and techniques to be
applied. He shall be responsible fully for the quality of radiography job. He shall be responsible
for in-house certification of Level I & II Radiographers.
4.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
4.2.1 The weld joint surfaces may be in "as welded" conditions, ground or machined according to
drawing requirements. The weld crown, if present, shall not exceed the maximum permitted by
the referencing Code Section.
4.2.2 The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities, weld spatter on both sides (inside where
accessible) shall not interfere with the film interpretation. Backing strips need not to be removed
provided they do not interfere with the interpretation of the radiographs.
4.2.3 When the time of examination is not specified stated in the referenced code or project
specification, final radiography for acceptance of the weld / material shall be performed after
final inspection.
4.2.4 If the weld is ground flush, markers, such as arrows or V's, pointing toward the centreline of the
weld shall be placed on both sides of the weld approximately 6 mm (.25 in) away from the toe
of the weld. At least two sets of arrows or V's shall appear on each film; one set near each end
of the interpreted area of the film.
4.3 BACK SCATTER RADIATION CHECK
A lead letter "B" with a minimum dimension of 11 mm (0.4375 in) in height and 1.5 mm(0.0625
in) in thickness shall be attached to the back of each film holder, during each exposure to
determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film.
4.4 SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION
An identification symbol system shall be used in order to ensure a permanent record of the
seam to be radiographed. Each radiograph shall be identified using lead numbers and/or
letters. The radiographic identification shall include the following information:
The information shall not obscure the area of interest on the radiograph.
1.B Number / Job Order Number
2. Manufacturer's name or symbol.
3. Component, vessel or piping identification.
4. Seam or weld identification.
5. Welder Identity No.
6. R1 for repair 1, R2 for repair 2, if necessary etc.
7. Cut out shall be identified as a new weld, e.g. NSW1, etc
8. In case of reshoot, the film shall contain the symbol RS1, RS2, etc, if more than one reshoots.
9. When tracer shots are required for random or spot radiography, the rejected weld number
followed by letter T1, T2 etc., shall be included as a part of the film identification.
10. Date of radiography.
11. Station or location marks shall be spaced in inches or centimeter.
Page 5 of 37
4.5 MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATION OF RADIOGRAPHYS

Only calibrated densitometer shall be used. Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison
film strip shall be used for judging film density. Densitometer performance shall be verified
before each use with a density film strip traceable to a national standard. Densitometer shall
be calibrated at least every 90 days.
5 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
5.1 FILMS
5.1.1 Radiographs shall be made using industrial radiographic film either Class I or II. The films used
shall be either Agfa, Kodak or Fuji and it shall be approved by the Project inspection Unit. that
complies with ASTM E1815, ISO 11699 or equivalent from a manufacturer holding valid third
party certification for film classification systems,
5.1.2 Film shall be either Type I or Type II. Film shall be selected to produce radiographs possessing
acceptable sensitivity, density, and contrast. Type I film shall be used for radiography of pipes
having low thickness and with diameters of 8-inch Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) or less.
5.2 PROCESSING
To produce a satisfactory radiograph, the care used in making the exposure must be followed
by equal care in processing. The most careful radiographic techniques can be nullified by
incorrect or improper darkroom procedures. Film shall be processed in accordance with ASTM
E-94.
5.2.1 Automatic Processing:
The essence of automatic processing system is control. The processor maintains the chemical
solutions at the proper temperature, agitates and replenishes the solutions automatically and
transports the films mechanically at a carefully controlled speed throughout the processing
cycle. Film characteristics must be compatible with processing conditions.
5.2.2 Manual Processing:
Technician should follow detailed recommendations on manual film processing as listed in
NDT/CCS MSA-002.1. This shall be used as a guide for processing film. Variation to the film
manufacturer’s processing recommendations to compensate for exposure is not permitted.
5.3 INTENSIFYING SCREENS
Intensifying lead screens shall be used in direct contact with the film unless otherwise
specifically directed. For Radiography using gamma ray sources, the minimum thickness of the
front lead screen shall be 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) for Ir- 192 and Se-75. For Co-60 and Linear
accelerator the minimum thickness of the front lead screen shall be 0.25mm (0.010 Inch).
Lead screens which are an integral part of “ready pack” film, i.e., Pb contact pack, are
acceptable.
Special techniques utilizing intensifying screens of materials other than lead may be utilized
provided that the technique is qualified and the density and IQI requirements of this procedure
are met. Such special techniques shall require prior written approval by a Saudi Aramco before
employed in production radiography.
5.4 IQI DESIGN
5.4.1 The IQI used shall be of the wire type and shall be manufactured and identified in accordance
with the requirements of SE 747 for wire type. Refer table 5.4.1(a). Image Quality Indicators shall
be of the “Wire Type”.
5.4.2 ISO type IQI as described in ISO 19232-1 or ASTM type IQI as described in ASTM E747, shall be
used. Tables 4 and 5 show identification numbers and wire sizes for ASTM and ISO wire packs.
Refer Table 5.4.3(a), 5.4.4 (a)
Page 6 of 37
5.4.3 Table 5.4.1(a) ASTM Wire Type IQI
ASTM Set
Wire Diameter mm (inch)
Designation
A .081 (.0032) .102 (.004) .127 (.005) .160 (.0063) .203 (.008) .254 (.010)
B .254 (.010) .330 (.013) .406 (.016) .508 (.020) .635 (.025) .813 (.032)
C .813 (.032) 1.016 (.040) 1.27 (.050) 1.6 (.063) 2.03 (.080) 2.54 (.100)
D 2.54 (.100) 3.2 (.126) 4.06 (.160) 5.08 (.200) 6.35 (.250) 8.13 (.320)
5.4.4 Table 5.4.1 (b) ISO Wire Type IQI
ISO Pack
Wire Diameter mm (inch) and wire number
Designaton
3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.08
1 ISO7
(0.125) (0.098) (0.078) (0.062) (0.050) (0.040) (0.032)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.00 0.08 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25
6 ISO 12
(0.040) (0.032) (0.024) (0.020) (0.016) (0.013) (0.010)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.125 0.1
10 ISO 16
(0.016) (0.013) (0.010) (0.008) (0.006) (0.004 (0.004)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
5.4.5 Damaged IQI's shall not be used, e.g., bent wires. IQI's shall not be modified in any way.
5.4.6 IQI's shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as identified in ASTM
E747 or from an alloy material group or grade with less radiation absorption than the material
being radiographed.
5.5 FACILITIES FOR VIEWING RADIOGRAPHYS
The equipment used to view films for radiographic interpretation shall provide a variable high
intensity light source sufficient for the essential wire to be visible for the specific density range.
The viewing conditions shall be such that light coming from around the outer edge or from low
density portions of the radiographic does not interfere with interpretation.
The viewing facilities should provide subdued back ground lighting on an intensity that will not
cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph. Radiographic
Radiographic viewers shall meet the minimum requirements set forth in ISO 5580 and shall
provide a variable light source for the essential designated wire to be visible throughout the
specified density range.
6 CALIBRATION
6.1 VARIFICATION OF SOURCE SIZE

The equipment manufacturer's or supplier's publications, such as technical manuals,decay
curves, or written statements documenting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot,
shall be acceptable as source size verification.
6.2 STEP WEDGE FILM AND DENSITOMETER
The Density film strip shall be replaced annually. The first time use date shall be recorded.
Page 7 of 37
Densitometers shall be used to measure the density of the film. The densitometer shall be
calibrated every three (3) months in accordance with ASME SEC V Article 2, T-262. Performance
shall be verified with a density film strip traceable to a national standard at the beginning of
each shift, after 8 hours of use or after change of aperatures, whichever occurs first.
The densitometer shall be calibrated in accordance with recommendation listed in NDT/CCS
document WI 111-3 for "Calibration of Transmission Densitometers"
6.3 VARIFICATION OF PARAMETERS
6.3.1 Before commencement of the actual examination of the welded joints by radiography, test
films are exposed to establish the parameters chosen are adequate to give for radiographs of
acceptable quality for sensitivity, density and cleanliness.
6.3.2 Whenever there is any change of any radiographic parameters, material thickness, diameter,
material type the procedure 6.3.1 is repeated to establish the changed parameters.
The following are the list of radiographic parameters :
1) Source type, size and strength.
2) Source to film distance & object to film distance.
3) Intensifiers and filters.
4) Type of film.
5) Developer and Fixer.
6) Temperature of Developer and Fixer.
7 EXAMIANTION
7.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

A Single wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it is
not practical to use a single wall technique, a double wall technique shall be used.
Table 7.1 for Technique and Exposure requirement
Table 7.1 Radiogrpahic Technique
Nominal Min. Num. of Location
Technique Type of exposure and viewing
Pipe Size mm Exposure
(in) Figure
≤ 89.0 (3.5) Elliptical Dbl. Wall Exp. Dbl. Wall Viewing 2 (0,90) 2F
Elliptical Dbl. Wall Exp. Sgl. Wall Viewing 4 (0,90,180,270) 2E or F
Superimposed Dbl. Wall Exp. Dbl. Wall Viewing 3 (0,60,120) 2G
≥ 89.0 (3.5) Contact Dbl. Wall Exp. Sgl wall Viewing 3 (0,120,240) 2D or E
≥ 89.0 (3.5) Panoramic Sgl. Wall Exp. Sgl wall Viewing 1 1A
≥ 89.0 (3.5) Single Wall Single wall viewing 4 (0,90,180,270) 1B or 1C
Note:
Techniques other than those described in above table may be used with the approval
of ARAMCO inspection Department.
If the minimum number of exposures are shown above is not adequate to demonstrate
the required coverage, additional exposure shall be made as specified by the
certified Saudi ARAMCO Film Interpreter.
Page 8 of 37
7.1.1 Single Wall Exposure

In the single wall Viewing (SWE/SWV) technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of
the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. An adequate number
of exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained.
7.1.2 Double Wall Exposure
When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, one of the following double wall
techniques shall be used:
7.1.3 Single wall viewing
For welds in components, a technique in which the radiation passes through two walls and only
the weld on the film side wall is viewed for acceptance may be used. When complete
coverage is required for circumferential welds (material), a minimum of three exposures taken
120 deg. To each other shall be made.
7.1.4 Double wall viewing
For welds in components 89.0 mm (3.5 in) or less in nominal outside diameter, a technique in
which the radiation passes through two walls and the weld in both walls is viewed for
acceptance on the same radiograph may be used. Care should be exercised to ensure that
the required geometric un-sharpness is not exceeded. If the geometric un-sharpness
requirement cannot be met, then single wall viewing shall be used.
For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at an angle
sufficient to separate the images of the source side and film side portions of the weld so
that there is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted. When complete coverage is
required, a minimum of two exposures taken 90 deg. To each other shall be made for each
joint.
Only a source side IQI shall be used for the double wall viewing technique.
As an alternate, the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam positioned so that
the images of both walls are superimposed. When complete coverage is required, a
minimum of three exposures taken at either 60 deg. Or 120 deg. to each other shall be
made for each joint.
Additional exposures shall be made if the required radiographic coverage cannot be

obtained using the minimum number of exposures indicated above.
7.2 SELECTION OF ENERY OF RADIATION
7.2.1 X-Ray Source
The voltage for examinations with X-ray tube shall be selected to insure that the required wire
is visible on the radiograph. For x-ray machines operating at 320KV and less, the focal spot size
may be determined by the pinhole method.
7.2.2 Gamma ray Source
the Gamma Ray Radiation of Ir-192, Se-75 may be used for any material thickness provided the
radiographic technique used demonstrates that the required radiographic sensitivity has been
obtained. Use of Co-60 is only permitted when the thickness of the material exceeds the
practical limits of Ir-192 or Se-75.
7.3 SOURCE TO FILM AND OBJECT DISTANCE

The source or focal spot to film distance shall be determined by the formula:
D = Ft / Ug
where:
Ug = geometric unsharpness
Page 9 of 37
F = source size : maximum projected dimensions of local spot or source size referred to the axis
of the beam
D = Distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed
t = distance from the source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film
7.3.1 Source to Object Distance: Radiography of Method / Structural weld (AWS D14.1):
Radiographs shall be made using a single source of radiation approximately centered with
respect to the length and width of the area being examined. The minimum source to object
distance shall be greater of the films length or 7 (seven) times the maximum thickness of the
weld being examined. For panoramic examinations, the minimum source to object distance
shall be 7 (seven) times the maximum weld thickness. During exposure, the films shall be close
as possible to the opposite side of the weld being examined. Edge block shall be used when
radiographing butt joints greater than ½ in thick . The minimum width of the edge block shall
be 1 in or half the weld thickness whichever is greater. The edge block shall have a thickness
equal to or greater than the thickness of the weld being radiographed.
7.4 LOCATION OF MARKERS

Each radiograph shall exhibit location markers which shall appear as radiographic images on
the film. The markers shall be placed on the part being examined and not on the exposure
holder/cassette. Figures 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 indicate the recommended placement of location
markers. Location markers shall not intrude into the area of interest. Regardless of the technique
used, the area of interest of the radiograph shall be accurately traceable to its location on the
part until acceptance.
In all cases and all techniques, the location markers shall be identified on the surface of the
specimen being radiographed. Regardless of the technique used, the area of interest of
the radiograph shall be accurately traceable to its location on the part until acceptance
of the radiographs.
The lead identification markers that shall appear on the film shall be placed on the
corresponding marked areas of the weld joint being radiographed and shall be positioned
as follows:
Number belt spacing around the circumference of the piping shall not exceed the
requirements of Table 7.4. Number belts shall be in “inch” units of measure unless specifically
noted on the report.
Station or location markers, i.e., numbers, shall be spaced in centimetres (inches), with the
unit of measure clearly identified on the RT report.
For pipe or tube welds greater than 89.0 mm (3.5 in) NPS, a number belt shall be used. The
number belt shall consist of lead numbers between 6.0 mm (0.25 in) and 12.0 mm (0.50 in)
in height.
When using a DWE/DWV technique for pipe or tube welds 89.0 mm (3.5 in) NPS or less in
diameter, the first exposure shall be identified with a lead letter “A” and the second
exposure shall be identified with a lead letter “B”. (“C” for the third exposure when required).
The location markers that are indicating the area of interest and permanent identification
of film serial number, construction serial number or item traceable to the contract and
component to be inspected and the number of welds must appear as radiographic images.
Lead location markers that are indicating the area of interest shall be placed on the surface
of the part to be examined (not on the exposure holder or cassette).
The radiographic serial number shall be marked on the object surface (adjacent to the weld
seam) where lead location markers are applied.
If the weld is ground flush with the adjacent base material, arrows or "V's" should be placed
on the object at the extremities of the film in the area to be examined. The arrow or "V's"
should be placed approximately 1/4" away from the edge of the weld opposite the film
location numbers.
Page 10 of 37
Table 7.4 Number Spacing ( As per SAEP -1143)

Nominal Pipe Size mm (in) Spacing mm (in.)
Over 89.0 (3.5)through 203.2 (8.0) 25.4 (1.0)
Over 203.2 (8.0)through 508 (20.0) 50.8 (2.0)
Over 508 (20.0) Up to the discretion of the RTFI Film Interpreter or
Field Supervisor
7.4.1 Single wall viewing

On source side:
Joints in flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components.
Joints in curved components whose concave side is toward the source and when the
source to material distance is less than the inside radius of the components.
Joints in curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source.
On film Side:
Location markers shall be placed on the film side when radiographic joints in either
curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and when
the source to material distance is greater than the inside radius.
As an alternative for the source side markers in. para. 7.4.1 (a) (1), location markers
may be placed on the film when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the location
markers to the extent demonstrated in sketch 7.4(e), and when this alternate is
documented in the radiographic examination report.
Either side markers:
Location markers may be placed on either the source or film side joints in curved or spherical
components whose concave side is toward the source and the source to material distance
equals the inside radius of the component.
7.4.2 Double wall viewing
In this case at least one location marker shall be placed on the film side of the object adjacent
to the weld (shall not appear in the area of interest) for each radiograph.
7.4.3 Mapping the placement of location markers
When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the placement of markers as stipulated in para.
7.4.1 and para. 7.4.2, a dimensioned map of the actual marker placement shall accompany
the radiographs and shall show the full coverage has been obtained.
7.5 IQI SELECTION

IQI's shall be wire type and shall be selected to ensure that the designated wire required by
Table 7.5.2(a), 7.5.2(b) or Table 7.5.3(a) , 7.5.3(b) as applicable, shall be included in the
penetrameter pack used. Whenever possible, IQI shall be selected to ensure that it contains
higher & lower thickness wires against the designated wire required to achieve sensitivity.
7.5.1 Weld with reinforcements
the thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall material thickness plus the
weld reinforcement thickness estimated to be present on both sides of the weld (I.D. and O.D.
i.e., cap and root). The values used for the estimated weld reinforcement thicknesses shall be
representative of the weld conditions and shall not exceed the maximum permitted by the
referencing Code Section. Physical measurement of the weld reinforcement is not required.
Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in IQI selection. In general,
the following applies:
Page 11 of 37
SWE/SWV or DWE/SWV techniques - the required wire size is based on the wall thickness
plus one weld reinforcement (cap and root) where such reinforcement is not ground
off.
DWE/DWV elliptical technique - the required wire size is based on twice the specified
wall thickness plus one weld reinforcement (cap and root) where such reinforcement
is not ground off.
DWE/DWV superimposed technique - the required wire size is based on twice the
specified wall thickness plus twice the weld reinforcement (cap and root) where such
reinforcement is not ground off.
7.5.2 Weld without reinforcements
For welds without reinforcement, the thickness on which the IQI is based is the
nominal single wall thickness for SWE/SWV and the nominal single wall thickness for
DWE/DWV technique.
Table 7.5.2 (a) ISO : IQI Selection
Nominal Single-Wall Source side Film side

Material thickness Range
In. mm Wire-type Essentila Wire Wire-type esseentila Wire
Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 13 14
Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 12 13
Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 11 12
Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 10 11
Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 9 10
Over 1.00 to 1.5 Over 25.4 to 38.1 8 9
Over 1.5 to 2.0 Over 38.1 to 50.8 7 8
Over 2.0 to 2.5 Over 50.8 to 63.5 6 7
Over 2.5 to 4.0 Over 63.5 to 101.6 5 6
Over 4.0 to 6.00 Over 101.6 to 152.4 4 5
Table 7.5.2 (b) ASME: IQI Selection
Unless otherwise stated in the Scope of Work, IQIs

shall be selected as shown in the following columns.
Nominal Material thickness Source side Film side
In. mm Wire Number Wire Number
Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 5 4
Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 6 5
Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 7 6
Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 8 7
Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 9 8
Over 1.00 to 1.5 Over 25.4 to 38.1 10 9
Over 1.5 to 2.0 Over 38.1 to 50.8 11 10
Over 2.0 to 2.5 Over 50.8 to 63.5 12 11
Over 2.5 to 4.0 Over 63.5 to 101.6 13 12
Over 4.0 to 6.00 Over 101.6 to 152.4 14 13
Page 12 of 37

Over 6.0 to 8.00 Over 152.4 to 203.2 16 14
Over 8.0 to 10.00 Over 203.2 to 250.0 17 16
7.5.3 IQI Selection as per API 1104
Table 7.5.3 (a) Unless otherwise stated in the Scope of Work, IQI's shall be selected as shown in the following columns:
Nominal Single-Wall ASME SET Letters

Material thickness Range
mm inch
Up to 6.4, inclusive Up to 0.25, incl. 13

Over 6.4 through 9.5 Over 0.25 through 0.375 12
Over 9.5 through l2.7 Over 0.375 through 0.50 11
Over l2.7 through 19.1 Over 0.50 through 0.75 10
Note: In accordance with API 1104, for purposes of IQI selection, when the SWE/SWV technique
is used, the thickness of the weld means specified wall thickness plus the weld reinforcement
(internal plus external combined). When the elliptical DWE/DWV technique is used, the
thickness of the weld means twice the specified wall thickness plus the single weld
reinforcement (internal plus external combined). When the superimposed DWE/DWV
technique is used , the thickness of the weld means twice the specified wall thickness plus twice
the weld reinforcement (internal plus external combined)
7.6 USE OF IQI TO MONITOR RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
7.6.1 Placement of IQI
Source side IQI(s)
When using separate blocks for IQI placement based onthe thickness of the blocks shall be
such that the image brightness at the body of the IQI isjudged to beequal to or greater than
the image brightness at the area of interest for a negative image format. If verified by
measurement, pixel intensity variations up to 2% are permitted in the determination of “equal
to.” This image brightness requirement is reversed for a positive image format
The IQI shall be placed on the source side of part being examined, except in the condition
described in (b) below. When, due to part or weld configuration or size, it is not practical to
place the IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block. Separate blocks shall be made of the
same or radiographically similar materials (as defined in SE- 1025) and may be used to facilitate
IQI positioning. There is no restriction on the separate block thickness, provided the IQI/area-
of-interest density tolerance requirements of para 8.2 are met. IQI shall be placed on the
weldment in the area of interest being radiographed as shown in the figure 7.6.1.
a. The IQI on the source side of the separate block shall be placed no closer to thefilm
than the source side of the part being radiographed.
b. The separate block shall be placed as close as possible to the part being radiographed.
c. The block dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of atleast
three sides of the IQI image shall be visible on the radiograph.
Film side IQI(s)
Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the IQI on the source side, it shall be placed on
the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter "F" at least as high as the
Page 13 of 37
IQI identification number shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI but shall not mask the
essential wires.
Wire IQI’s:
The IQI(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the
length of the weld. The identification numbers and, when used, the lead letter “F”, shall not be
in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical.
7.6.2 Number of IQIs
Number of IQIs. For DWE/SWV or SWE/SWV techniques requiring multiple exposures for
complete inspection of the weld, and where the length of the film to be interpreted is greater
than 127 mm (5 inches), two IQI’s placed across the weld and perpendicular to the weld length
shall be used. One shall be within 25.4 mm (1inch) of the end of the film length to be interpreted
and the other shall be at the center of the film length to be interpreted. When the film length
to be interpreted is 127 mm (5 inches) or less, one IQI’s shall be placed across the weld and
perpendicular to the weld length at the center of the length to be interpreted.
When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image shall appear
on each radiograph except as outlined in (b) below.
a) Multiple IQIs. If the requirements of 8.2 are met by using more than one IQI, one shall be
representative of the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of interest; the
intervening densities on the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density.
b) Special Cases:
1. For Monorail / Structural weld (AWS D14.1), one penetramter centered on the film, shall be
used for film 10 in (250mm) or less in length. Two Penetrameters, one centered and one at
the end of the film, shall be used for radiographs with a film length greater than 10 in
(250mm) in length. For Panoramic exposure, three penetrameters shall be paced at
120°apart around the object being radiographed. penetrameters shall be placed on the
source side whenever possible. According to SAEP-1143, when a complete circumferential
weld is radiographed in a single exposure using a source inside the piping, i.e., panoramic
radiography, at least four (4) penetrameters shall be used and placed perpendicular to
the weld and spaced equally around the circumference.
2. For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a
single exposure, at least four IQIs, spaced approximately 90 deg. apart, are required when
the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more film holders or when a
section or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of the
outermost sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using one or more film holders.
Additional film locations may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
3. For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a
single exposure, at least four IQIs, with one placed at each end of the span of the
circumference radiographed and one in the approximate center of the span, are required
when a section of the circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg. and less
than 240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder or when a section or sections of
the circumference, where the length between the ends of the outermost sections span less
than 240 deg., is radiographed using more than one film holder.
4. In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitudinal welds adjoining the circumferential
weld are radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, an additional IQI shall
be placed on each longitudinal weld at the end of the section most remote from the
junction with the circumferential weld being radiographed.
5. For spherical components where the source is placed at the center of the component for
a single exposure, at least four IQIs, spaced approximately 90 deg. apart, are required
when a complete circumference is radiographed using one or more film holders or when
a section or sections of a circumference, where the length between the ends of the
Page 14 of 37
outermost sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using one or more film holders.
Additional film locations may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
6. For spherical components where the source is placed at the center of the component for
a single exposure, at least four IQIs, with one placed at each end of the radiographed span
of the circumference radiographed and one in the approximate center of the span, are
required when a section of a circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg.
and less than 240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder or when ass section or
sections of a circumference, where the length between the ends of the outermost sections
span less than 240 deg. is radiographed using more than one film holder.
7. In (4) and (5) above, where other welds are radiographed simultaneously with the
circumferential weld, one additional IQI shall be placed on each other weld.
8. When an array of components in a circle is radiographed, at least one IQI shall show on
each component image.
9. In order to maintain the continuity of records involving subsequent exposures, all
radiographs exhibiting IQIs that qualify the techniques permitted in accordance with (1)
through (6) above shall be retained.
Except as provided in item b. below, IQIs shall be placed in contact with the piping.
Wire type IQIs: When a complete weld is radiographed in a single exposure using a source
inside the piping, at least four IQIs placed across the weld and spaced approximately equally
around the circumference shall be used. For the DWE/DWV procedure, one IQI shall be placed
on the source side of the pipe and adjacent to the weld so that its image is not superimposed
onto the weld image. For the DWE/SWV or SWE/SWV procedures requiring multiple exposures
for complete inspection of the weld, and where the length of film to be interpreted is greater
than 5 in. (130 mm), two IQIs placed parallel to the weld and located on the film side shall be
used. One shall be within 1 in. (25 mm) of the end of the film length to be interpreted and the
other shall be at the center of the film. When the film length to be interpreted is 5 in. (130 mm)
or less, one IQI shall be placed on the film side, parallel to the weld and located at the center
of the length to be interpreted. When a repaired weld is radiographed, at least one IQI shall
be placed adjacent to each repaired area.
Heat shields: IQIs may be placed on a heat shield rather than in contact with the pipe,
provided that the acceptability of such IQI placement is demonstrated prior to production
testing.
8 EVALUATION OF RADIOGRAPHY QUALITY
8.1 QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS

8.1.1 Quality of Radiographs
All radiographs shall be free in the area of interest from mechanical, chemical or other
blemishes to the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of any
discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being radiographed. Such blemishes include,
but are not limited to:
a) Fogging
b) Processing defects such as streaks, water marks or chemical stains.
c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges or tears.
d) Loss of detail due to poor screen to film contact.
e) False indications due to defective screens or internal faults.
8.2 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY

8.2.1 Density Limitations
The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of IQI and the area of
interest for single viewing shall be 1.8 minimum for films performed by X-ray and 2.0 for films
Page 15 of 37
performed by Gamma- ray. Radiographic film density through the area of interest or adjacent
to the designated wire type penetrameter shall be no greater than 4.0 for radiographs
produced by Gamma Rays or X-Rays. Composite viewing is not permitted on Projects. A
tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations between densitometer readings.
8.2.2 Density Variation
a) General: If the density of the radiograph any where through the area of interest varies by
more than -15 % or +30 % from the density through the body adjacent to the designated
wire of a wire IQI, within the minimum and maximum allowable density ranges specified in
8.2.1, than additional IQI shall be used for each exceptional area or areas retaken. When
calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation may be rounded to the
nearest 0.1 within range specified in 8.2.1.
b) With shims: When shims are used the +30 % density restriction of (a) above may exceed,
provided the required IQI sensitivity is displayed and the limitations of 8.2.1 are not
exceeded.
8.3 IQI (PENETRAMENTER) SELECTION

Required Sensitivity.
Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the essential
wire of a wire-type IQI. The radiographs shall also display the IQI identifying numbers and letters.
Multiple film technique is not applicable to phosphor imaging plate radiography. For wire-type
IQIs, the essential wire shall be visible within the area of interest representing the thickness used
for determining the essential wire.
8.4 EXECESSIVE SCATTER

If a light image of letter "B" appears on the darker background of the radiograph, protection
from back- scattered radiation is insufficient and the radiography shall be retaken providing
for a stronger protection with thicker protection screen. A dark image of the "B" on a lighter
background is not the cause for rejection.
8.5 GEOMETRIC UNSHAPNESS LIMITATIONS

Geometric Unsharpness Determination: Geometrical unsharpness, “Ug”, equals source size
times thickness divided by the object-to-source distance.
Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be determined in accordance with:
Ug = Fd/D
Ug = Geometric unsharpness
F = source size, the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or effective focal
spot) in the place perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being
radiographed, in.
D = distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed, in.
d = distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film.
D and d shall be measured to the approximate center of the area of interest.
Geometric Unsharpness Limitation:
Table 8.5(a) Allowed Geometrical unsharpness
Material Thickness – mm (in) GEOMETRICAL UNSHARPNESS (Ug)- mm (in)
Below 50.8 (2.0) 0.500 (0.020)
Between 50.8 - 76.2 (2.0 – 3.0) 0.760 (0.030)
Between 76.4 - 101.6 (3.01 - 4.0) 1.010 (0.040)
Greater than 101.6 mm (4) 1.780 (0.070)
Page 16 of 37
Note: Material thickness to be considered is the thickness on which the IQI is based.
The following formula should be used to determine the minimum source to object distance, D,
necessary to ensure that the UT does not exceed the values listed in Table 7.
D = (Ft/UT) + t
9 DOCUMENTATION
9.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE INFORMATION

Technique File:
It is advised that a radiographic technique log or record containing the essential elements be
maintained.(EXBT -I)
The radiographic technique log or record should contain the following:
a) Description or sketch of the object,
b) Material type and thickness,
c) Source or focus-film distance,
d) Film type,
e) Film density,
f) Screen type and thickness,
g) Isotope or X-ray machine identification,
h) Curie or mill ampere minutes,
i) Film placement for non-standard items,
j) Source position for non-standard items,
k) QI and shim thickness,
l) Special masking or filters and
m) Collimator or field limitation device.
9.2 RECORDS
It is recommended that an X-ray log (a log may consist of a card file, punched card system, a
book, or other record) constituting a record of each job performed, be maintained. This record
should comprise, initially, a job number (which should appear also on the films), the
identification of the parts, material or area radiographed, the date the films are exposed, and
a complete the record of the radiographic procedure, in sufficient detail so that any
radiographic techniques may be duplicated readily. If calibration data, or other records such
as card files or procedures, are used to determine the procedure, the log need refer only to
the appropriate data or other record. Subsequently, the interpreter's findings and disposition
(acceptance or rejection), if any and his initials, should also be entered for each job.
9.3 REPORTS
Reports should include the following, plus such other items as may be agreed upon:
(EXHIBIT-III)
a) A listing of each radiograph location
b) Identification as required by para. 4.4.
c) The dimensional map of marker placement in accordance with 7.4
d) Number of radiographs (exposure)
e) X-ray voltage or isotope type used
f) Source size
g) Base material type and thickness, weld thickness, weld reinforcement thickness, as
applicable
h) Source to object distance
i) Distance from source side of object to film
j) Film manufacturer and manufacturer’s type/designation
k) Number of films in each film holder/cassette
Page 17 of 37
l) Single or double wall exposure

m) Single or double wall viewing
n) Achieved sensitivity and Density of each film
o) Evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or weld(s) examined
p) Identification (name) of the Manufacturer’s representative who performed the final
acceptance of the radiographs.
q) Date of Manufacturer’s evaluation
r) Report number, date, BI or JO number, names, and badge numbers (if any) of the
radiographers, and the governing acceptance criteria.
s) The radiographic interpreter's full name and badge number, (if any) with signature.
t) IQI, Designated Wire
These information can be obtained directly from the report.
9.4 IDENTIFICATION OF COMPLETED WORK

Whenever radiography is an inspective (rather than investigate) operation whereby material is
accepted or rejected, all parts and material that have been accepted should be marked
permanently, if possible, with a characteristic identifying symbol which will indicate to
subsequent or final inspectors the fact of radiographic acceptance. Whenever possible, the
completed radiographs should be kept on file for reference. The custody of radiographs and
the length of time they are preserved should be agreed upon between the contracting parties.
10 EVALUATION
Prior to being presented to the inspector for acceptance the radiographs shall be examined
and interpreted by NDT CCS Level-II Film Interpreter as complying with the referencing code
section. The Level-II Film Interpreter shall record the interpretation of each radiograph and
disposition of the material examined on a radiographic examination report (EXHIBIT-IV) as per
Attachment-I and it should accompany the radiographs. All personnel performing
Radiographic Film Interpretation (RTFI) or having an influence of Radiographic Film
Interpretation shall be certified to level II and have met the requirements of SAEP-1140 or SAEP-
1142 as applicable. Personnel shall have in their possession a NDT CCS’s RTFI certification and
in addition shall be qualified by Saudi ARAMCO prior to performing RTFI.
Page 18 of 37
EXHIBIT – I
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE DETAILS:-
METHOD : INSPECTION BY GAMMA RAYS

LOCATION : AS APPLICABLE
CLINET : AS APPLICABLE
MATERIAL : STEEL
DIA : ANY SIZE
JOB NO./COMP. NO. : AS APPLICABLE
WALL THICKNESS : STD
RADIATION SOURCE : IR-192
TYPE OF EQUIPMENT : EXTERNAL
MANUALLY OPERATED/CABLE : MANUALLY OPERATED
MODEL AND MAKE : 880-DELTA /SIGMA
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE : DWE / SWV
NO. OF EXPOSURE : MIN. 3 REFER EXPOSURE
INTENSIFYING SCREENS : LEAD FOIL SCREENS F&B
(Type & Thickness) 0.0125 mm
FILTER TYPE & PLACEMENT : NONE
GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS : MAX. 0.020 in. .up to 2 inches of t(OFD)
GEOMETRIC RELATIONSHIP : SOURCE SIZE - (refer source certificate)
STRENGTH - MAX 100 CI
O F D - IN DIRECT CONTACT
S F D - O.D. OF PIPE
RADIATION ANGLE - 90 DEGREE
NO OF FILM - ONE IN A CASSETTE
FIELD LIMITATION DEVICE : COLLIMATORS (TUNGSTEN)
FILM TYPE : MAKE - KODAK/DUPONT/AGFA/FUJI
TYPE – II
SIZE - 70MM ROLL FILM 10x40 & 10x24 CM STRIP
EXPOSURE TIME (curie) :CALCULATED W/HELP OF EXPOSURE CALCULATOR

OR CHART.
FILM DENSITY : 2.0 TO 4.0
SENSITIVITY : REFER 7.5
REFERENCE MARKER : LEAD MARKER & ID MARKER AS PER
IQI : AS PER 7.5
PROCESSING : MANUAL PROCESSING DEVELOPMENT
ACCEPTANCE STANDARD : AS APPLICABLE;
SKETCH : REF. TABLE
EXPOSURE ARRANGEMENT – D
Page 19 of 37
EXHIBIT – II
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE DETAILS:-

MATERIAL : STEEL
DIA : 3-1/2 OR LESS
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE : DWE / SWV
NO. OF EXPOSURE : MIN. 2
O F D - IN DIRECT CONTACT ( PIPE OD)
S F D - 18 INCH
RADIATION ANGLE - 90 DEGREE
OFFSET OF 4" MAX. NO OF FILM-ONE IN A CASSETTE

TYPE – II
SIZE 10x24 CM FILMS
EXPOSURE TIME (curie) :CALCULATED W/HELP OF EXPOSURE CALCULATOR

OR CHART.
SENSITIVITY : 2%
REFERENCE MARKER : LEAD MARKER AT EVERY 10 CM AND ID
IQI : AS PER 7.5
ACCEPTANCE STANDARD : AS APPLICABLE;
SKETCH : EXPOSURE ARRANGEMENT – F
Page 20 of 37
EXHIBIT – III
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE DETAILS:-MONORAIL /STRUCTURAL WELD (AWS D14.1)
MATERIAL : STEEL
DIA : AS APPLICABLE
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE : SWE / SWV
NO. OF EXPOSURE : MIN. 1
O F D - IN DIRECT CONTACT
S F D - AS PER SIZE AND THIXK OF BEAM
RADIATION ANGLE -45, 90,120 DEGREE
TYPE – II
SIZE 10x24, 10X40 & 10X48 CM FILMS
EXPOSURE TIME (curie) :AS PER CURI / EXPOSURE.

SENSITIVITY : 2%
REFERENCE MARKER : LEAD MARKER AT EVERY 10 CM AND ID
IQI : AS PER 7.5
ACCEPTANCE STANDARD : AWS D14.1
SKETCH : EXPOSURE ARRANGEMENT – F
Page 21 of 37
FIGURE: 7.1.1 SINGLE WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Source- Weld - Film arrangement IQI
Exposu Placement
re Side location
techni Radiograp marker
PIPE OD que h viewing End View Side View Placement
Source Side if
>12” Single accessible,
Single wall Either side
wall film side if
not.
>12” Single source side Source

Single wall
wall side
Single Source
Any Single wall source side
wall side
Page 22 of 37
FIGURE: 7.1.2 DOUBLE WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Source- Weld - Film arrangement IQI
location
Pipe Exposure Radiograph marker
OD technique ic viewing End View Side View placement Placement
Double
Wall, at
least 3
exposures
120° to
Any Single wall Either Side Film side
each
other for
complete
coverage
Double
wall: At
least 3
exposures
at 120
Any Single wall Either Side Film side
deg to
each
other for
complete
coverage
Double
wall: At Double wall
least 2 (Ellipse):
3.5
exposures Read Off-
inch Tabl source
at 90 deg set source Either side
or e2 side
to each side and
Less
other for film side
complete images
coverage
Page 23 of 37
FIGURE: 7.1.2 (Cont) DOUBLE WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Source- Weld - Film
arrangement IQI
Exposure Radiograph location

Pipe OD technique viewing End View Side View placement marker
Double wall:
At least 3
Double wall:
exposures at
Read Super-
3.5 inch 60 deg or
imposed Either
(88mm) or 120 deg to source side
source and side
less each other
film side
for
images
complete
coverage
Page 24 of 37
FIGURE: 7.4(a) Location Marker Sketches
Page 25 of 37
FIGURE: 7.4(b) Location Marker Sketches
Page 26 of 37
Figure 7.6.1 View of placement of Wire type IQI (Image quality indicator)
11 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The standard of acceptance used by the film interpreter shall be as specified in the
applicablereference codes listed in Para 3. of this document. As a guide to technician
standard of acceptability shall be submitted for approval along with technique sheet.
11.1 ASME SEC VIII D1,
Table 11.1 – Maximum Discontinuity Size Allowed

Defect ASME SEC VIII D1 Para ASME SEC VIII D1 Para
UW 51 UW 52
Crack None None
Lack of fusion None None
Incomplete None None
Penetration
Elongated 6.0mm(¼)” for up to 2/3t where t is the thickness
Indication 19.0mm(¾)” .1/3t for t from of the weld excluding the
19.0mm(¾)” to 57mm allowed reinforcement
(2¼)”
inclusive.
19.0mm(¾)” for t over 57
mm(2¼)”
Group of Aggregate length greater The sum of the longest
Aligned than t in a length of 12t, dimensions of all such
indications except when the distance indications is < t in a length
between successive of 6t & the longest
indications exceed 6L indications are separated
where L is the longest in by 3L where L is the length
the of the longest indication.
group. The maximum length of the
acceptable indication shall
be (¾)”. Any such indication
shorter than (¼)” shall be
acceptable for any plate
thickness.
Porosity & Refer table 11.2b of this Rounded indications are not
rounded appendix a factor unless
Page 27 of 37
indications 100%examination is
required.
Tungsten Refer table 11.2b of this Rounded tungsten
appendix inclusions are evaluated as
rounded indications
Root Concavity Unacceptable if the
density
is greater than that of the
parent material
Rounded Indications shall be judged against the standards set forth in ASME SEC VIII D1,
Appendix 4.
11.2 ASME SEC VIII-DII,
Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as defects are
unacceptable under the conditions listed in this paragraph and shall be repaired as provided
in 6.2.7 (ASME SEC VIII -DIV II). Repaired welds shall be re-examined, either by radiography in
accordance with this paragraph or, at the option of the Manufacturer, ultrasoni- cally in
accordance with 7.5.4 or 7.5.5 (ASME SEC VIII -DIV II) and the standards specified in this
paragraph. Should ultrasonic examination be performed, this examination method shall be
noted under remarks on the Manufactu rer's Data Report Form.
a) Linear Indications
1) Terminology
Thickness t · the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement For a butt weld
joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two
thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the fillet throat shall
be included in the calculation oft.
Acceptance/Rejection Criteria
(-a) Any crack or zone of incomplete fusion or lack of penetration
{-b) Any other linear indication that has a length greater than:
(-1) 6 mm(% in.) for t less than or equal to 19 mm(% in.),
(-2) t / 3 fort greater than 19 mm(% in.) and less than or equal to 57 mm (2-% in.),
(-3) 19 mm(% in.) fort greater than 57 mm (2-1/4 in.).
(-c) Any group of indications in line that has an aggregate length greater than tin a length of
12t except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L, where L is the
length of the longest imperfection in the group;
(-d) Internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density or image brightness change
as indicated in the radiograph is not abrupt. Linear indications on the radiograph at either
edge of such conditions shall be evaluated in accordance with the other sections of this
paragraph.
b) Rounded Indications
2) Terminology
(-a) Rounded Indications - indications with a maximum length of three times the width or less
on the radiograph are defined as rounded indications. These indications may be circular,
elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails. When evaluating the size of an
indication, the tail shall be included.
(-b) Aligned Indications - a sequence of four or more rounded indications shall be considered
to be aligned when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld drawn through the
center of the two outer rounded ind icat ions.
(-c) Thickness t - the thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt
weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two
thicknesses . If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the fillet throat shall
be included in the calculation of t .
Acceptance Criteria
Page 28 of 37
(-a) Rounded Indication Charts relevant rounded indications characterized as imperfections

shall not exceed those shown in Figures 7.5 through 7.10 (ASME SEC VIII -DIV II), which illustrate
various types of assorted, randomly dispersed and clustered rounded indications for different
weld thicknesses reater than 3 mm1/8in.). The charts for each thickness range re-present full-
scale 150 mm (6 in.) radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or reduced. The distributions shown
are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the radiograph, but are typical of the
concentration and size of indications permitted.
(-b) Relevant Indications (see Table 7.7(ASME SEC VIII -DIV II). for examples)· only those rounded
indications that exceed the following dimensions shall be considered relevant and
compared to the acceptance charts for disposition.
(-1) t/10 fort less than 3mm (1/8 in)
(-2) 0.4 mm ( 1 / 6 4 in.) for t greater than or equal to 3 mm(1/8 In) and less than or equal to 6
mm (1/4 inch)
(-3) 0.8 mm ( 1/32in.) for t greater than 6 mm (% in.) and less than or equal to 50 mm (2 in.)
(-4) 1.5 mm ( 1 / 1 6 in.) for t greater than 50 mm (2 in.)
(-5) Maximum Size of Rounded Indication · the maximum permissible size of any indication
shall be t/4 or 4 mm (5/32 in.), whichever is smaller; except that an isolated indication
separated from an adjacent indication by 25 mm (1 in.) or more may be t/3, or 6 mm(% in.),
whichever is less. Fort greater than 50 mm (2 in.) the maximum permissible size of an isolated
indication shall be increased to 10 mm (3/8 in.).
(-6) Aligned Rounded Indications· aligned rounded indications are acceptable when the
summation of the diameters of the indications is less than t in a length of 12t (see Figure 7.3
(ASME SEC VIII -DIV II)). The length of groups of aligned rounded indications and the spacing
between the groups shall meet the requirements of Figure 7.4 (ASME SEC VIII -DIV II).
(-7) Clustered Indications - the illustrations for clustered indications show up to four times as
many indications in a local area, as that shown in the illustrations for random indications. The
length of an acceptable cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 25 mm (1 in.) or 2t . Where more
than one cluster is present, the sum of the lengths of the clus- ters shall not exceed 25 mm (1
in.) in a 150 mm (6 in.) length weld.
(-8) Weld Thickness t less than 3 mm(1/8 in.) - fort less than 3 mm (1/8 in.) the maximum number
of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a 150 mm (6 in.) length of weld. A proportionally
fewer number of indications shall be permitted in welds less than 150 mm (6 in.) in len gth.
(-c) Image Density - density or image brightness within the image of the indication may vary
and is not a criter- ion for acceptance or rejection.
(·d) Spacing - the distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a factor in
determining acceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated indications or groups of
aligned indications.
11.3 ASME B31.3

The type of weld joints and service conditions shall be considered to determine the method of
NDE required. Table 11.2 is to be used with all notes and is included with this procedure for
radiographic film interpretation.
Porosity - Refer to Table 11.1 of this appendix.
Page 29 of 37
Table 11.3 (a) : ASME B31.3 Acceptance
Table 11. 3 (b) – Acceptance Criteria

Symbol Measure Acceptable Value Limits (Note 6)
A Extent of imperfection Zero (no evident imperfection)
B Depth of incomplete penetration ≤ 1 mm (1/32 in.) and ≤ 0.2Tw
Cumulative length of ≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.)

incomplete penetration weld length
Depth of lack of fusion and
C ≤ 0.2Tw
incomplete penetration
Page 30 of 37
Cumulative length of lack of fusion

≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.)
and incomplete penetration [Note
(7)] weld length
See BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1,
D Size and distribution of internal
Appendix
porosity
4
For Tw ≤ 6 mm (¼ in.), limit is same as D
E Size and distribution of internal
For Tw > 6 mm (¼ in.), limit is 1.5 X D
porosity
Slag inclusion Tungsten inclusion or ≤ Tw/3
F
elongated ≤ 2.5 mm (3/32 in.) and ≤ Tw/3
indication
≤ Tw in any 12Tw weld length
Individual length
Individual width
Cumulative length
Slag inclusion Tungsten inclusion or ≤ 2Tw
G
elongated ≤ 3 mm (1/8 in.) and ≤Tw/2
indication
≤ 4Tw in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
Individual length
Individual width
Cumulative length
H Depth of undercut ≤ 1 mm (1/32 in.) and ≤Tw/4
I Depth of undercut ≤1.5 mm (1/16 in.) and ≤Tw/4 or 1 mm

(1/32 in.)
J Surface roughness ≤ 500 min. Ra per ASME B46.1
K Depth of root surface concavity Total joint thickness, incl. weld reinf., ≤ Tw
Height of reinforcement or internal For Tw mm (in.) Height, mm (in.)
L
protrusion [Note (8)] in any plane ≤ 6 (¼) ≤ 1.5 (1/16)
through the weld shall be within > 6 (¼), ≤ 13 (½) 3 (1/8)
limits of the applicable height > 13 (½), ≤ 25.4 (1) 4.0 (5/32)
value in the tabulation at right. > 25 (1) ≤ 5 (3/16)
Weld metal shall merge smoothly
into the component surfaces.
Height of reinforcement or internal
M Limit is twice the value applicable for L above
protrusion [Note (8)] as describe in
L
Tw = Nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld.
Notes:
(1) Criteria given are for required examination. More stringent criteria may be specified in the
engineering design. See also paragraphs. 341.5 and 341.5.3 of ASME/ANSI B31.3
(2) Branch connection weld includes pressure containing welds in branches and fabricated
laps
(3) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. Criteria are not intended to
apply to welds made in accordance with a standard listed in Table A-I or Table 326.1 of
ASME B31.1.
Page 31 of 37
(4) Fillet weld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment for slip-on flanges and branch
reinforcement.
(5) These imperfections are evaluated only for welds  5 mm (3/16 in.) in nominal thickness.
(6) Where two limiting values are separated by "and", the lesser of the values determines
acceptance. Where two sets of values are separated by "or", the larger value is acceptable.
(7) Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable.
(8) For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the
adjacent components. For fillet welds, height is measured from the theoretical throat, Fig.
328.5.2A, of ASME/ANSI B31.3 internal protrusion does not apply.
(9) For welds in aluminum alloy only, internal protrusion shall not exceed the following values
(a) 1.5mm ((1/16in.) for thickness 2 mm 5/64 in)
(b) 2.5mm (3/32in.) for thickness > 2 mm and  6 mm (¼ in.)
For external reinforcement and for greater thicknesses , refer the tabulation for L symbol
11.4 API STD 1104

Table 11.4 is applicable in determining the size and type of discontinuities when viewing
radiographs for final acceptance in accordance with API STD 1104,
Table 11.4 – Acceptance Criteria for API STD 1104
Indication/Defect Unacceptable if any of the following conditions exist:

Inadequate 1. Length of an individual indication of IP exceeds 25 mm (1.0").
Penetration (IP) 2. The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 300 mm
(without high-low) (12") length of weld exceeds 25 mm (1.0").
3. The aggregate length of indications of IP exceeds 8% of the weld
length in any weld less than 300 mm (12") in length.
Inadequate 1. Length of an individual indication of IPD exceeds 50 mm (2.0").
Penetration due to 2. The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 300 mm
High-Low (IPD) (12") length of weld exceeds 75 mm (3.0").
1. Length of an individual indication of IF exceeds 25 mm (1.0").
Incomplete Fusion (IF)
2. The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continuous 300 mm
(12") length of weld exceeds 25 mm (1.0").
3. The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds 8% of the weld
length in any weld less than 300 mm (12") in length.
Incomplete Fusion due 1. Length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 50 mm (2.0").
to 2. The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continuous 300 mm
(12") length of weld exceeds 50 mm (2.0").
Cold Lap (IFD)
3. The aggregate length of indications of IFD exceeds 8% of the weld
length.
Any length of IC is acceptable provided the density of the radiographic
Internal Concavity (IC)
image of the IC does not exceed that of the thinnest adjacent base
metal. For areas that exceed the density of the thinnest adjacent base
metal, the criteria for burn through are applicable.
Burn-Through (BT) Pipe OD ≥ 2.375 in.(60.3 mm) Pipe OD < 2.375 in.(60.3 mm)
1. Maximum dimension 1. Maximum dimension exceeds
exceeds 6 mm (¼") and the density of the
6 mm (¼") and the density of BT's image exceeds that of the
the thinnest adjacent base metal
BT's image exceeds that of the 2. Maximum dimension exceeds
thinnest adjacent base metal
Page 32 of 37
2. Maximum dimension the thinner of nominal wall thicknesses

exceeds joined, and the density of the BT's
the thinner of nominal wall image exceeds that of the thinnest
thicknesses joined, and the adjacent base metal
density of the BT's image 3. More than one BT of any size is
exceeds that of the thinnest present and the density of more
adjacent base metal than one of the images exceeds
3. Sum of maximum dimensions that of the thinnest adjacent base
of metal.
separate BTs whose image
density exceeds that of the
thinnest adjacent base metal
exceeds 13 mm (½") in 300 mm
(12") of weld or the total weld
length, whichever is less.
Slag Inclusions
Pipe OD ≥2.375 in.(60.3 mm) Pipe OD < 2.375 in.(60.3 mm)
Elongated (ESI)
Isolated (ISI) 1. ESI length > 2" (50 mm) 1. ESI > 3 X nominal WT of the
Note: ESI indications 2. ESI width > 1/16" (1.6 mm) thinner thickness joined.
separated by approx. 3. Sum of the lengths of ISI > ½" 2. ESI width > 1/16"
width of root bead (13 mm) in 12" (300 mm) of 3. Sum of ISI lengths > 2 X
(wagon tracks) to be weld. nominal WT of thinner thickness
considered as a single 4. Width of ISI > 1/8" (3 mm) joined and ISI width > ½
indication unless the 5. more than four ISI with nominal WT of thinner thickness
width of either > 1/32". maximum width of 1/8" (3 mm) joined.
In that event, they shall in any 12" (300mm) of weld. 4. Aggregate length of ESI & ISI >
be considered as 6. Sum of the lengths of ESI & ISI 8% of weld length.
separate > 8% of weld length.
Porosity - individual / 1. Size of individual pore exceeds 1/8" (3 mm)
Scattered (P) 2. Size of individual pore exceeds 25% of thinner WT joined
Note: Size based on 3. Distribution of Porosity exceeds API STD 1104 Porosity Charts.
maximum dimensions
1. Diameter of the cluster (CP) exceeds ½" (13 mm)
Porosity - Cluster (CP)
2. Aggregate length of CP > ½" (13 mm) in any continuous 12" (300 mm)
length of weld
1. Length of individual indication of HB exceeds ½" (13 mm)
Porosity - Hollow-Bead (HB)
2. Sum of HB lengths > 2" ( 50 mm) in any continuous 12" (300 mm) of
weld
3. Individual HB each > ¼"( 6 mm) separated by less than 2"(50 mm)
4. Sum of HB lengths > 8% weld length.
Any size or location of cracks are unacceptable except for shallow
Cracks (C)
crater or star cracks. Shallow crater or star crack with a length that
exceeds 5/32" (4 mm) is unacceptable.
Undercutting 1. Any combination EU & IU length > 2"(50 mm) in any continuous 12"
Adjacent to cover pass (300 mm) of weld.
(EU) Adjacent to root 2. Sum of EU & IU lengths in any combination > one sixth of weld length.
pass (IU)
Note: When both mechanical and Radiographic measurement are
available the undercut length and depth measurements shall be given
below table
Depth Length
˃ 1/32 Inch (0.8mm) or > 12.5% of Not acceptable
pipe wall thickness, which ever is
smaller
Page 33 of 37
˃ 1/64 Inch (0.4mm) but ≤ 1/32 2 Inch (50mm) in a continuous 12-

inch (0.8mm) or ˃ 6% but ≤ 12.6% inch (300mm) weld length or
of pipe wall thickness, which ever one/sixth the weld length which
is smaller ever is smaller
≤ 1/64 Inch (0.4mm) ≤ 6% of pipe Acceptable regardless of length.
wall thickness is smaller
Accumulation of 1. Sum lengths of indications > 2"(50 mm) in any continuous 12" (300 mm)
Discontinuities of weld.
2. Sum lengths of indication > 8% of weld length.
Excluding IPD, EU & IU
Arc burns, long seam discontinuities and other discontinuities in the pipe
Pipe / Fitting Discontinuities
or fittings detected by RT shall be recordable.
a) the length of an individual indication of ICP exceeds 2 in. (50 mm); b)
Inadequate Cross
the aggregate length of indications of ICP in any continuous 12-in. (300-
Penetration (ICP)
mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
Note: WT -wall thickness
11.5 AWS D1.1

Radiographic acceptance criteria for AWS D1.1 is different for Statically Loaded and
Dynamically Loaded structures. This Procedure covers only statically loaded structures. For
Dynamically loaded structures, refer to the appropriate sections of AWS D1.1. If there is doubt
as to the designation of statically or dynamically loaded, refer to the project engineer for
determination. The radiographic film interpreter should confirm the loading classification prior
to proceeding the interpretation of film. Rejection criteria for Statically loaded structures are
provided below. Note that to determine the allowable and rejectable size of discontinuities,the
use of both the tables and charts are required. Statically Loaded Structures
Table 11.5 (AWS D1.1 Paragraph 8.15.3.2) and figure 11.5 together establish the rejection criteria
for radiographic indications of statically loaded structures. Discontinuities exceeding the
following limitations shall be unacceptable. (E = weld size; T = material thickness)
Table 11. 5 – Rejection Criteria for Statically Loaded Structures, AWS D1.1 Para 8.15.3.2
Indication Rejection Criteria
Cracks None permitted
Elongated Discontinuities > maximum size of chart 4-1
Clearance between < minimum clearance allowance of fig 4-1

discontinuities
> E/3 or > ¼" for T ≤ 2"
Rounded Discontinuities
> E/3 or > 3/8" for T > 2"
Minimum clearance between a rounded discontinuity >
3/32" to an acceptable rounded or elongated
discontinuity or to an edge or end of an intersection shall
be three (3) times the larger discontinuity.
Isolated Discontinuity, i.e., a Sum of greatest dimension > maximum size of a single
cluster of rounded indications discontinuity permitted in Fig. 4-1. Minimum clearance to
another cluster or elongated discontinuity or to an edge
or end of an intersecting shall be three (3) times the
larger discontinuity.
Sum of Individual Discontinuities
shall not exceed 2E/3 or 3/8" which ever is less in 1" of weld.
each being < 3/32"
Page 34 of 37
In-Line Discontinuities Sum > E in any length of 6E. Where length of weld is < 6E,
permissible sum shall be proportionately less.
Tungsten Inclusions Individual tungsten inclusions are be evaluated as
rounded indications (Porosity). Elongated or aligned
tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.
Figure 11.5.1 Weld Quality Requirements for Elongated Discontinuities as Determined by
Radiography for Statically Loaded Structures (see AWS D1.1 Paragraph 6.15.3.2)
Figure 11.5.2 Weld Quality Requirements for Discontinuities Occurring in Welds (Limitation of
Porosity & Fusion-Type Discontinuities)
Page 35 of 37
Note: Adjacent discontinuities, spaced less than the minimum required clearance shall be
measured as one length equal tothe sum of the total length of the discontinuities plus the
length of the space between them and evaluated as a single discontinuity.
1) The greatest dimension of any porosity or fusion type discontinuity indications that are
1/16inch (2mm) or larger shall not exceed the size B, indicated in the above figure 11.5.2
for the effective throat of a groove weld or weld size of a fillet weld. The distance from any
indication of porosity or fusion type discontinuity to another such indication, to an edge, or
any intersecting weld shall not be less than the minimum clearance allowed, C, indicated
in the above figure 11.5.2 for the size of discontinuity under examination.
2) Discontinuities meeting the requirements of visual weld examination and having a greatest
dimension of less than 1/16 inch (2mm) are nevertheless not acceptable if the sum of their
greatest dimensions exceeds 3/18 inch (10 mm) in any linear inch (25 mm) of weld.
3) The limitations for 1-½ (40 mm) groove weld effective throat in the above figure 11.5 shall
apply to all welds with larger effective throats.
12 RADIOGRAPHY EXAMINATION REPORT
All recordable discountinuties/defects shall be receded in below attached RT report formate.
Page 36 of 37
Page 37 of 37

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NDT Corrosion Control Services Co.

Dammam – Saudi Arabia Date: 25th June 2023

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

4.2 Surface preparation 5

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Table 7.1 Radiogrpahic Technique 8

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Document Revision History

1 00 25th June “23 Singupuram Joseph Initial Issue

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

1. ANSI/ASME Section V, Article 2 – 2021 Edition

4.1 PERSONNAL QUALIFICATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

4.5 MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATION OF RADIOGRAPHYS

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

5.4.3 Table 5.4.1(a) ASTM Wire Type IQI

5.4.4 Table 5.4.1 (b) ISO Wire Type IQI

6.1 VARIFICATION OF SOURCE SIZE

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

7.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

Elliptical Dbl. Wall Exp. Sgl. Wall Viewing 4 (0,90,180,270) 2E or F

Superimposed Dbl. Wall Exp. Dbl. Wall Viewing 3 (0,60,120) 2G

≥ 89.0 (3.5) Panoramic Sgl. Wall Exp. Sgl wall Viewing 1 1A

≥ 89.0 (3.5) Single Wall Single wall viewing 4 (0,90,180,270) 1B or 1C

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

7.1.1 Single Wall Exposure

Additional exposures shall be made if the required radiographic coverage cannot be

7.3 SOURCE TO FILM AND OBJECT DISTANCE

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

7.4 LOCATION OF MARKERS

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Table 7.4 Number Spacing ( As per SAEP -1143)

7.4.1 Single wall viewing

7.5 IQI SELECTION

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Nominal Single-Wall Source side Film side

In. mm Wire-type Essentila Wire Wire-type esseentila Wire

Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 13 14

Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 12 13

Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 11 12

Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 10 11

Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 9 10

Over 1.00 to 1.5 Over 25.4 to 38.1 8 9

Over 1.5 to 2.0 Over 38.1 to 50.8 7 8

Over 2.0 to 2.5 Over 50.8 to 63.5 6 7

Over 2.5 to 4.0 Over 63.5 to 101.6 5 6

Over 4.0 to 6.00 Over 101.6 to 152.4 4 5

Table 7.5.2 (b) ASME: IQI Selection

Unless otherwise stated in the Scope of Work, IQIs

Nominal Material thickness Source side Film side

In. mm Wire Number Wire Number

Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 5 4

Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 6 5

Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 7 6

Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 8 7

Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 9 8

Over 1.00 to 1.5 Over 25.4 to 38.1 10 9

Over 1.5 to 2.0 Over 38.1 to 50.8 11 10

Over 2.0 to 2.5 Over 50.8 to 63.5 12 11

Over 2.5 to 4.0 Over 63.5 to 101.6 13 12

Over 4.0 to 6.00 Over 101.6 to 152.4 14 13

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE