Assignment No.

Course Name : Lab Organization, Management &

Safety Methods

Course Code : “8629’’

Semester : Autumn,2022 B.Ed(1.5Yrs)

Name : Farwa Munir

Roll No : CE-614625
 QUESTION NO #01

Keeping in view rules for storage of chemicals write the conditions or chemicals where these
substances should not be stored: i) Acetic Acid, Ammonium, Arsenic compound, Azides,
Chlorates, Carbon, Flammable liquids, Hydrocarbons, Hydrofluoric acids and
dimethylesulphoxide (DMSO)
ANSWER:
ACETIC ACID

Acetic acid should be stored in an approved area away from heat or other sources of ignition.
Keep away from incompatible materials including oxidizing agents, reducing agents,
metals, acids and alkalis. Store acetic acid in a cool, well-ventilated area in a tightly sealed
container.

This chemical must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state, and local environmental
regulations. Here’s a great resource for safety compliance information.

Safety is of the utmost importance when handling potentially For more information about
acetic acid uses, safety, or disposal, search our database of MSDS information.dangerous
chemicals such as acetic acid. This corrosive liquid should be used with care, both in the
workplace and in household products.

AMMONIUM
Ammonium nitrate should normally be stored in single storey, dedicated, well-ventilated
buildings that are constructed from materials that will not burn, such as concrete, bricks or
steel. Clean the store before it is used for ammonium nitrate.
ARSENIC COMPOUND
Arsenic compounds should be stored in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas. Containers should be
kept tightly closed to protect from atmospheric moisture and away from water, acids, heat and
direct sunlight. On heating, arsenic compounds produce toxic fumes.

Arsenic is carcinogenic and extremely toxic. The inhalation of dust or fumes irritates the
mucous membranes and leads to arsenical poisoning. Arsenic acid can irritate the eyes and skin,
and absorption causes poisoning. Ingestion may irritate the stomach severely and affect the
heart, liver, and kidneys; nervousness, thirst, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, cyanosis, and collapse
may be symptoms. Prolonged inhalation of small concentrations of dust or fumes over a long
period will cause poisoning. Repeated or prolonged skin contact may cause bronzing of the skin,
edema, dermatitis, and lesions. Do not inhale dust or fumes. Prevent contact with skin and
eyes.

STORAGE

1. The arsenic compounds must be stored in a tightly closed secondary containment

containers.

2. Do not store this material with incompatible materials. Reacts with strong acids, acid fumes,
forming toxic arsenic fumes. Incompatible with alkalis, ammonia, amines, isocyanates, alkylene
oxides, oxidizers, epichlorohydrin, vinyl acetate, amides. Reacts slowly with mild steel,
galvanized metals, and brass. Incompatible with iron, aluminum, zinc in the presence of water.

3. Storage cabinets containing this material must be labeled with the appropriate hazard
communication label (i.e. toxic or poison).
4. The secondary containment container must be labeled according to University guidelines (i.e.
full chemical name; hazard warning words – toxic; carcinogen; responsible party).

5. Due to the hazardous nature of the material only minimal quantities of material should be
purchased and stored.

AZIDES
Azides are a highly reactive and versatile class of chemicals that are commonly used in both
chemical synthesis and biomedical research applications. Organic azides are especially useful in
various types of synthetic conversions. Azides (inorganic and organic) possess toxic properties
and can be potentially explosive and shock sensitive under certain conditions. Therefore, azides
require precaution during preparation, storage, handling and disposal. All University employees
who work with azides must complete Chemical Hygiene Training before handling these
materials. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) should be reviewed to identify the specific hazards and
necessary precautions when working with particular azide compounds.

CHLORATES
The specific Safety Data Sheet (SDS) should always be consulted when doubts arise concerning
chemical properties and associated hazards. Always wear appropriate personal protective
equipment (e.g., laboratory coat, safety glasses, gloves, safety goggles, apron) when handling
hazardous chemicals. Be aware of the locations of the safety showers and emergency eyewash
stations. Chemical Safety Storage Priorities Keep in mind that most chemicals have multiple
hazards and a decision must be made as to which storage area would be most appropriate for
each specific chemical. First you have to determine your priorities:
1. Flammability. When establishing a storage scheme, the number one consideration should be
the flammability characteristics of the material. If the material is flammable, it should be stored
in a flammable cabinet.

2. Isolate. If the material will contribute significantly to a fire (e.g., oxidizers), it should be
isolated from the flammables. If there were a fire in the laboratory and response to the fire
with water would exaggerate the situation, isolate the water reactive material away from
contact with water.

3. Corrosivity. Next look at the corrosivity of the material, and store accordingly.

4. Toxicity. Finally, consider the toxicity of the material, with particular attention paid to
regulated materials. In some cases, this may mean that certain chemicals will be isolated within
a storage area. For example, a material that is an extreme poison but is also flammable, should
be locked away in the flammable storage cabinet to protect it against accidental release.

CARBON

carbon sequestration, the long-term storage of carbon in plants, soils, geologic formations, and

the ocean. Carbon sequestration occurs both naturally and as a result
of anthropogenic activities and typically refers to the storage of carbon that has the immediate
potential to become carbon dioxide gas. In response to growing concerns about climate
change resulting from increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, considerable
interest has been drawn to the possibility of increasing the rate of carbon sequestration
through changes in land use and forestry and also through geoengineering techniques such as
carbon capture and storage.
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used for storage and handling of
flammable liquids. Approved safety cans or Department of Transportation approved containers
shall be used for the handling and use of flammable liquids in quantities of 5 gallons or less,
except that this shall not apply to those flammable liquid materials which are highly viscid
(extremely hard to pour), which may be used and handled in original shipping containers. For
quantities of one gallon or less, the original container may be used, for storage, use and
handling of flammable liquids.
Flammable liquids shall not be stored in areas used for exits, stairways, or normally used for the
safe passage of people.

"Indoor storage of flammable liquids."

No more than 25 gallons of flammable liquids shall be stored in a room outside of an approved
storage cabinet. For storage of liquefied petroleum gas.

Acceptable wooden storage cabinets shall be constructed in the following manner, or

equivalent: The bottom, sides, and top shall be constructed of an exterior grade of plywood at
least 1 inch in thickness, which shall not break down or delaminate under standard fire test
conditions. All joints shall be rabbeted and shall be fastened in two directions with flathead
wood screws. When more than one door is used, there shall be a rabbeted overlap of not less
than 1 inch. Steel hinges shall be mounted in such a manner as to not lose their holding
capacity due to loosening or burning out of the screws when subjected to fire. Such cabinets
shall be painted inside and out with fire retardant paint.

Approved metal storage cabinets will be acceptable.

Cabinets shall be labeled in conspicuous lettering, "Flammable-Keep Away from Open Flames."

Not more than 60 gallons of Category 1, 2 and/or 3 flammable liquids or 120 gallons of
Category 4 flammable liquids shall be stored in any one storage cabinet. Not more than three
such cabinets may be located in a single storage area. Quantities in excess of this shall be stored
in an inside storage room.

Inside storage rooms shall be constructed to meet the required fire-resistive rating for their
use. Such construction shall comply with the test specifications set forth in Standard Methods
of Fire Test of Building Construction and Material, NFPA 251-1969.

Where an automatic extinguishing system is provided, the system shall be designed and
installed in an approved manner. Openings to other rooms or buildings shall be provided with
noncombustible liquid-tight raised sills or ramps at least 4 inches in height, or the floor in the
storage area shall be at least 4 inches below the surrounding floor. Openings shall be provided
with approved self-closing fire doors. The room shall be liquid-tight where the walls join the
floor. A permissible alternate to the sill or ramp is an open-grated trench, inside of the room,
which drains to a safe location. Where other portions of the building or other buildings are
exposed, windows shall be protected as set forth in the Standard for Fire Doors and Windows,
NFPA No. 80-1970, for Class E or F openings. Wood of at least 1-inch nominal thickness may be
used for shelving, racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay, and similar installations.

HYDROCARBONS

These wells are used for the underground storage of crude oil and liquid hydrocarbons in
naturally occurring rock formations. 

HYDROFLUORIC ACIDS
Store in a cool, dry place away from incompatible materials. HF reacts with many materials
therefore avoid contact with glass, concrete, metals, water, other acids, oxidizers, reducers,
alkalis, combustibles, organics and ceramics. Store in containers made of polyethylene or
fluorocarbon plastic, lead, or platinum.

DIMETHYLESULPHOXIDE (DMSO)

Storage: Keep away from sources of ignition. Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool,
dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. Storage under a nitrogen blanket
has been recommended.

REFERENCE:
 AIOU Course book 8629 “Lab Organization, Management & Safety Methods”
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.scribd.com
 https://www.slideshare.net/EqraBaig/laboratory-organization-management-and-
safety-methods-chapter-02-management-of-science-laboratories-course-code-8629-
aiou
 https://bedmedassignment.blogspot.com/2019/09/aiou-assignment-bed-1-5-year-
8629-laboratory-organization-management-and-safety-methods-assignment-1.html
 https://talabilm.com/aiou-past-papers/698-laboratory-organization-management-
and-safety-methods/sub0079210

QUESTION NO #02

Visit two laboratories. Find the system of locating items of chemicals from different locations
of stored materials.
ANSWER:

The procurement of chemicals or chemical products is one of the first opportunities to facilitate
chemical safety in the lab. The following considerations are recommended:

When purchasing new chemicals for use in the lab, always order the smallest amount needed
to complete a project.

When possible, purchase the lowest concentration of a chemical.

Review the Safety Data Sheet and identify whether a less hazardous substitute could be
purchased. Consider ordering less hazardous materials if the same research objectives can be
achieved.

Contact other laboratories through the LabConnect listserv and inquire whether another
department may have excess amounts of the same chemical available for use.

Prior to ordering, determine its hazards and assure the space is approved for the chemical
hazard and anticipated quantities.
Review the Safety Data Sheet to become aware of any unique waste handling or disposal needs.

CHEMICAL REGISTRATION
University personnel using hazardous materials in their research and/or teaching laboratories,
or any other space where chemicals are used/stored, must generate an inventory listing and
update it annually. This policy resulted from negotiations with the State Fire Marshall related to
chemical use and storage, and concerns raised by accidents at other universities as well as the
Federal Bureau of Investigation. The registration process has been vetted through the
University Environmental Health and Safety Committee as well as the Chemical Safety and
Hazardous Materials Management Committee, and the Occupational Health and Safety
Committee. Registration is completed through EHS' Safety Management System. For additional
information, please contact EHS at 231-3600. This requirement is relevant to all departments,
colleges, laboratories, centers, and institutes where work is performed using hazardous
materials or where conditions exist that could result in immediate or serious harm. The
registration is required to be updated annually.

CONTAINER LABELING
Three types of chemical containers used in the lab or work areas are subject to container
labeling requirements:

Primary or original manufacturer containers have labels that are prepared by the manufacturer.
Secondary containers have labels referred to as alternative workplace labels that are prepared
by the user of the chemical container. Secondary containers are defined as containers into
which chemicals are transferred from the original manufacturer container for use in a lab or
work area.

Transfer containers are used solely to transfer chemicals from a labeled container to a
secondary container or for immediate use. Such containers may not require a label when
immediately emptied.

The labeling requirements for each of these container types is described below and
summarized in this Table. Lab personnel or other users must understand the information
conveyed by the manufacture on the primary container labels and how to prepare and
understand any alternate workplace container labels.

PRIMARY OR ORIGINAL MANUFACTURER'S LABELS

Chemical manufacturers, importers, or distributors are required by OSHA to label, tag or mark
each container of hazardous chemicals with the following label elements after they classify the
hazards of the chemical in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR
1910.1200:
Name, Address and Telephone Number of the chemical manufacturer, importer or other
responsible party.

Product Identifier is how the hazardous chemical is identified. This can be (but is not limited to)
the chemical name, code number or batch number. The manufacturer, importer or distributor
can decide the appropriate product identifier. The same product identifier must be used both
on the label and in section 1 of the SDS for any given chemical.

Signal Words on the label alert the reader to the relative severity of hazard posed by that
chemical. There are only two words used as signal words, "Danger" and "Warning." Within a
specific hazard class, "Danger" indicates a more severe level of hazard, and "Warning" indicates
a less severe level of hazard. There will only be one signal word on the label no matter how
many hazards a chemical may have. If a chemical has more than one hazard and one of the
hazards warrants a "Danger" signal word, then "Danger" should appear on the label, even if its
other hazards warrant the "Warning" signal word.

Pictograms are graphic symbols used to communicate specific information about the hazards of
a chemical. OSHA requires chemical hazards to be conveyed via pictograms on primary labels.
Each pictogram is determined by the specific OSHA hazard classification(s).

REFERENCE:
 AIOU Course book 8629 “Lab Organization, Management & Safety Methods”
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.scribd.com
 https://www.slideshare.net/EqraBaig/laboratory-organization-management-and-
safety-methods-chapter-02-management-of-science-laboratories-course-code-8629-
aiou
 https://bedmedassignment.blogspot.com/2019/09/aiou-assignment-bed-1-5-year-
8629-laboratory-organization-management-and-safety-methods-assignment-1.html
  https://talabilm.com/aiou-past-papers/698-laboratory-organization-management-
and-safety-methods/sub0079210

QUESTION NO 03

Q.3 Write apparatus and procedures for the following practicals:

i. Separate the mixture of iron filling and sand.
ANSWER:

Sand is non-magnetic whereas iron fillings can be used as magnets. So, they can be separated
by a method which uses a magnet for separating a mixture. Magnetic separation is the process
which uses magnetic force for the extraction of magnetic material from a mixture.

COMPLETE STEP BY STEP SOLUTION

Filtration is the process which is used to separate solids from liquids or gases by using a
medium which is termed as filter. The filter allows only liquids or gas to pass through it, solids
do not pass through it.
Here, sand and iron filings are neither liquid nor gas. Therefore, this method cannot be used to
separate the mixture of sand and iron filings.
Sedimentation is the process which uses gravity to remove suspended solids from water. It is a
physical water treatment process. It is the act of depositing sediment. This process cannot be
used in a sand and iron filings mixture because none of them is liquid. So, none of them can
settle down with each other.
Magnetic separation is the process which uses magnets to attract magnetic materials which
separates the components of mixtures. This process is used when one of the components in a
mixture is magnetic and the other one is non-magnetic. So, this is the best process to separate
a mixture of sand and iron fillings because iron fillings are magnetic and sand is a non-magnetic
material. Magnets will attract the iron fillings towards them and sand will not be attracted by
which the iron filings and sand will get separated.
 ii. Use of microscope to observe movement of water in plants and to compare sizes
of various types of cells.
ANSWER:

A typical animal cell is 10–20 μm in diameter, which is about one-fifth the size of the smallest
particle visible to the naked eye. It was not until good light microscopes became available in the
early part of the nineteenth century that all plant and animal tissues were discovered to be
aggregates of individual cells. This discovery, proposed as the cell doctrine by Schleiden and
Schwann in 1838, marks the formal birth of cell biology.

Animal cells are not only tiny, they are also colorless and translucent. Consequently, the
discovery of their main internal features depended on the development, in the latter part of the
nineteenth century, of a variety of stains that provided sufficient contrast to make those
features visible. Similarly, the introduction of the far more powerful electron microscope in the
early 1940s required the development of new techniques for preserving and staining cells
before the full complexities of their internal fine structure could begin to emerge. To this day,
microscopy depends as much on techniques for preparing the specimen as on the performance
of the microscope itself. In the discussions that follow, we therefore consider both instruments
and specimen preparation, beginning with the light microscope.

In general, a given type of radiation cannot be used to probe structural details much smaller
than its own wavelength. This is a fundamental limitation of all microscopes. The ultimate limit
to the resolution of a light microscope is therefore set by the wavelength of visible light, which
ranges from about 0.4 μm (for violet) to 0.7 μm (for deep red). In practical terms, bacteria and
mitochondria, which are about 500 nm (0.5 μm) wide, are generally the smallest objects whose
shape can be clearly discerned in the light microscope; details smaller than this are obscured by
effects resulting from the wave nature of light. To understand why this occurs, we must follow
what happens to a beam of light waves as it passes through the lenses of a microscope
Because of its wave nature, light does not follow exactly the idealized straight ray paths
predicted by geometrical optics. Instead, light waves travel through an optical system by a
variety of slightly different routes, so that they interfere with one another and cause optical
diffraction effects. If two trains of waves reaching the same point by different paths are
precisely in phase, with crest matching crest and trough matching trough, they will reinforce
each other so as to increase brightness. In contrast, if the trains of waves are out of phase, they
will interfere with each other in such a way as to cancel each other partly or entirely. The
interaction of light with an object changes the phase relationships of the light waves in a way
that produces complex interference effects. At high magnification, for example, the shadow of
a straight edge that is evenly illuminated with light of uniform wavelength appears as a set of
parallel lines, whereas that of a circular spot appears as a set of concentric rings. For the same
reason, a single point seen through a microscope appears as a blurred disc, and two point
objects close together give overlapping images and may merge into one. No amount of
refinement of the lenses can overcome this limitation imposed by the wavelike nature of light.

iii. Measurement of volumes of a cylinder by measuring length and diameter of a

solid cylinder.
ANSWER:
The volume of a 33 -dimensional solid is the amount of space it occupies.  Volume is measured
in cubic units ( in3,ft3,cm3,m3in3,ft3,cm3,m3 , et cetera).  Be sure that all of the measurements
are in the same unit before computing the volume.
The volume VV of a cylinder with radius rr is the area of the base BB times the height hh .
V=Bh  or  V=πr2h
REFERENCE:
 AIOU Course book 8629 “Lab Organization, Management & Safety Methods”
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.scribd.com
  https://www.slideshare.net/EqraBaig/laboratory-organization-management-and-
safety-methods-chapter-02-management-of-science-laboratories-course-code-8629-
aiou
 https://bedmedassignment.blogspot.com/2019/09/aiou-assignment-bed-1-5-year-
8629-laboratory-organization-management-and-safety-methods-assignment-1.html
 https://talabilm.com/aiou-past-papers/698-laboratory-organization-management-
and-safety-methods/sub0079210

QUESTION NO 04

Q.4 Write the composition and function of: aqua Regia, Cobalt chloride paper,
heat sensitive paper, Millions reagent and Iodine.
ANSWER:

AQUA REGIA
Aqua regia is a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3) at a ratio of either 3:1
or 4:1. It is a reddish-orange or yellowish-orange fuming liquid. The term is a Latin phrase,
meaning king’s water. Aqua Regia or nitro-hydrochloric acid is a highly corrosive mixture of
acids; it can dissolve metals like gold and platinum. It is a fuming yellow or red solution.

 Aqua regia is primarily used to produce chloroauric acid

 used to dissolve gold and platinum.

COBALT CHLORIDE PAPER

Make your own cobalt chloride indicator papers, which can be used to test for the presence
of water
This resource provides instructions for preparing your own cobalt chloride indicator papers. You
can use the papers to test for the presence of water, where the colour changes from blue to
pink.

Cobalt(II) chloride is an inorganic compound of cobalt and chlorine, with the formula CoCl 2. It is
usually supplied as the hexahydrate CoCl2·6H2O. The hexahydrate is deep purple in color,
whereas the anhydrous form is pale blue. Cobalt chloride paper is useful because the
hydration/dehydration reaction occurs readily making the paper an indicator for water.

HEAT SENSITIVE PAPER

Students can use Heat Sensitive Paper to collect data to construct an argument with evidence
that some changes caused by heating or cooling can be reversed and some cannot. Students
can use Heat Sensitive Paper to make observations to provide evidence that energy can be
transferred from place to place by heat currents

MILLIONS REAGENT

The reagent used for the test is called Millon's reagent, and it consists of mercuric nitrate and
mercurous nitrate that is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. ... After the addition of nitric
acid and heating, however, the residue turns red in color.

Iodine.
Iodine is a trace element that is naturally present in some foods, is added to some types of salt,
and is available as a dietary supplement. Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid
hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
REFERENCE:
 AIOU Course book 8629 “Lab Organization, Management & Safety Methods”
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.scribd.com
 https://www.slideshare.net/EqraBaig/laboratory-organization-management-and-
safety-methods-chapter-02-management-of-science-laboratories-course-code-8629-
aiou
 https://bedmedassignment.blogspot.com/2019/09/aiou-assignment-bed-1-5-year-
8629-laboratory-organization-management-and-safety-methods-assignment-1.html
 https://talabilm.com/aiou-past-papers/698-laboratory-organization-management-
and-safety-methods/sub0079210

QUESTION NO # 05

Q.5 Write need and importance of practical work and science Laboratory.
ANSWER
PRACTICAL WORK OF SCIENCE
Learning by doing can be achieved only by doing experimentation. Any course of Science which
does not period opportunities for lab work is incomplete from the point of view of efficient
teaching.

Equipments of Practical Work: –

On every practical turn, a student must carry with him the following things to the laboratory so
that he is well equipped to perform various type of experiments-
1. SCALE, 2. ERASER, 3. A PENCIL, 4 AUXILIARY NOTEBOOKS AND 5. LABORATORY NOTE-BOOKS.

IMPORTANT OF PRACTICAL WORK-

Following are the importance of practical work of science:
1. Learning by doing:
Practical work follows the basic principle of Learning by doing. The students gets an opportunity
to activity participate in the learning process.

2. Training for adjustment:

When students know elementary things about electricity, electronics, sanitation etc. they
depend less on others for minor repairs.

3. Scientific knowledge and Scientific Outlook:

Practical work helps in acquiring of scientific knowledge and scientific outlook, the twin main
objectives of teaching science.

4. Handing of Objects:
By doing experiments students learn how to handle and operate apparatus etc.

5. Development of good habits:

Through practical work the students learn many good habits like resourcefulness, initiative, co-
cooperation etc.

6. Satisfaction of curiosity:
Validity of the concepts learned by the students can be tested by experimentation. This satisfies
basic human desire of knowledge of what, how and why of things.

7. Development of Scientific attitude:

Lab work develops scientific attitude and scientific temper.

8. Motivation:
By doing experiments, students are motivated to know more and more of science.
ADMINISTRATION OF PRACTICAL-WORK:
1. Procedure of Laboratory work:
The science teacher should check the availability of the apparatus required for particular
experiments. Afterwards he should assure that the apparatus is ready and working condition
before the students enter the laboratory. The broken apparatus is noted down in the breakage
register.

2. Grouping:
In some schools, same experiment is done by all the students at the same time. The teacher
gives general instructions to the whole class at one instant and can cyclise form where the
number of students in a class is much more each group is allotted a different experiment. The
experiments are cycled in groups. This method had following limitations-

a. There is every possibility that weaker students may copy the results of the brighter students.

b. It may become difficult to correlate .theory and practicals for all students.

c. Supply different apparatus and chemicals to different groups.

3. Guideline rules:
In order to make practical work effective, the laboratory should be made a place of learning by
doing. Guideline should be laid down by the teacher about the laboratory rules such as the
following-

a. Work area must be cleared.

b. Strict attention should be paid to own work.

c. Reagent stoppers should not be left on counter tops.

d . Wastage of water, gas, electricity should be strictly avoided.

e. Directions should be read and followed very carefully.

f. Teachers should allow the student’s entry in lab in his/her presence.

g. Only those experiments should be done which are recommended by the teacher-incharge.

REFERENCE:
 AIOU Course book 8629 “Lab Organization, Management & Safety Methods”
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.scribd.com
 https://www.slideshare.net/EqraBaig/laboratory-organization-management-and-
safety-methods-chapter-02-management-of-science-laboratories-course-code-8629-
aiou
 https://bedmedassignment.blogspot.com/2019/09/aiou-assignment-bed-1-5-year-
8629-laboratory-organization-management-and-safety-methods-assignment-1.html
 https://talabilm.com/aiou-past-papers/698-laboratory-organization-management-
and-safety-methods/sub0079210