FLORENE BHON GUMAPAC 12 DALTON

E APPLICATIO
SS T
H N S OF R E COMBI T DNA
DIS
CU N AN
WHAT'S NEW
PRE-ACTIVITY: Designer Genes Work

LE
SSON 2
1. How does DNA Replicate?
The three major processes of replication are the opening of the
double helix and separation of the DNA strands, priming of the
template strand, and construction of the new DNA segment. During
separation, the two strands of the DNA double helix uncoil at a
specific location known as the origin. A combination of enzymes and
proteins then prime the strands for duplication. Finally, a specific
enzyme known as DNA polymerase organizes the assembly of the
new DNA strands.

2. What is Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)?

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is a plant, animal, microbe, or
other organism whose genetic makeup has been manipulated in a
laboratory through the use of genetic engineering or transgenic
technology. This results in gene combinations for plants, animals,
bacteria, and viruses that do not occur in nature or can only be
produced through traditional crossbreeding processes. Many of
the products we use every day have been genetically engineered.
As the number of GMOs available for commercial use grows each
year, the NonGMO Project works hard to develop the most precise,
up-to-date standards for nonGMO verification.

3. Illustrate your own Designer genes.

Sweet-tart Apple size and shape then

Orange Apple
taste Apple the color is Orange

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FLORENE BHON GUMAPAC 12 DALTON

WHAT'S MORE
The steps in restriction digestion and PCR.

LE
Target Gene
SSON 2

AATTC 3'

Target Gene G 5'

AATTC G
G CTTAA

5' G
3' CTTAA

AATTC
G
CTTAA G

Plasma

RESTRICTION DIGESTION STAGES

PCR STAGES

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FLORENE BHON GUMAPAC 12 DALTON

WHAT’S I’VE LEARNED

1. Discuss how PCR may be used for the detection of disease-causing pathogens in a population during the COVID Pandemic.

PCR testing is used to detect illness signs even in the early stages of infection. It is one of the most
extensively used diagnostic tests for detecting pathogens, particularly viruses, that cause diseases such
as Ebola, African swine fever, and foot-and-mouth disease. Because the COVID-19 virus only includes RNA,
real-time or conventional RT–PCR is utilized to detect it. Real-time RT–PCR is a nuclear-derived technology
for identifying the presence of specific genetic material in any disease, including viruses. One of the most
extensively used laboratory methods for detecting the COVID-19 virus is real-time RT–PCR. While many
countries have employed real-time RT–PCR to diagnose other diseases, such as the Ebola and Zika viruses,
many still require assistance in adapting this approach for the COVID-19 virus, as well as improving their
national testing capacities. A sample is taken from the areas of the body where the COVID-19 virus
congregates, such as the nose or throat. The sample is subjected to a series of chemical treatments that
eliminate components such as proteins and lipids while extracting only the RNA contained in the sample.
This extracted RNA contains both the person's genetic information and, if present, the virus's RNA.

2. Discuss how the cloning and expression of certain genes allows for massive production of the desired product.
Cloning is the process of producing an exact duplicate of something. The word typically refers to
the creation of a genetically identical replica. Long before attempting to clone a whole organism,
scientists discovered how to copy tiny portions of DNA, a technique known as molecular cloning.
Gene cloning has proven to be incredibly effective in fundamental biological research. Its
significance is in the generation of DNA fragments containing a single gene, which has resulted in
advances in our understanding of that gene's structure, function, expression, and regulation.

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