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Irrigation Engineering
Volume - 1: Study Material with Classroom Practice euestions

GATE r Civil Engineering

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 Water Requirements of Crops
-----+ Saturation capacity
SYNOPSIS

l. The loams are ideal soils for irrigation, which

posses good water holding capacity, good
drainage and aeration characteristics.
,u(;f.r-rl o 'l
.+ PWP
T{o(.
2 Saturation capacify: It is the total water tOG!t\' | (
---------'
uwP
content of a soil when all the pores of the soil Irr l

are filled with water.

\-rl
8. Equivalent Depth of water held by soil at
a
J. Field capacity (FC): It is the maximum fieldcapacity:SxdxFC
amount of water content which can be held by Equivalent Depth of water held by soil at
soil against gravity. It is the upper limit of PWP
capillary water or the water content available
to the plant roots. y:SxdxPWP
Available water or moisture depth,
4. Permanent wilting Point(PWP): It is the y: Sxd(FC-PWP)
water content in a soil when plants become
permanently wilted. This value is 2Yo for It is also called as storage capacity bf the soil.
sandy soil, and 30o/ofor clayey soils. I
9. Readily available moisture depth, (d*)
5. Ultimate wilting Point(UWP): It occurs d* : S x d (Field capacity -Water content at
when plants are completely wilted i.e., die lower limit of readily available
away.It is similar to hygr6scopic coefficient.
moisture)
(or)
Available moisture: It is the difference in :
d* S x d (Field capacity-Optimum
water content of the soil between the
"fip!_d moisture)
capacity and the permanent wilting point.

Where S: Specific gravity : TalT*,

7. Readily available moisture: It is that portion
of the available moisture, which is most d: depth ofroot zone
easily extracted by plant roots. About l5o/o of
the available moisture is usually readilv 10. If Cu is evapotranspiration loss or
available consumptiye use (depth/time)
Then frequency of irrigation, f : d*/Cu

11. Crop Period : Total time elapses between the

sowing of the crop and its harvesting.
 17. Paleo irrigation (Paleo): It is watering done
prior to the sowing of a croP.

18. Kor watering: The first watering after the

plants have grown a few cm high'
is slightly more than the base period for any
crop.
19. Outlet Duty of water at the canal
I
outlet
13. Dufy (D): It is defined as &l4Elof land in
hectares which can be irrigated for growing
any crop, if one cumec of water is supplied 20. One cumec day: It is a volumetric unit' It is
the total volume of water supplied @ 1 cumec
.otttitt rorr.ly to the land for the entire base
period of croP. in a day. It is equal to 8.64 hect.m

21. Consumptive use or Evapotranspiration

14. Delta (A): It is the total depth of water over
(CJ : It is the total loss of water due to plants
the irrigated land required by a crop grown on
transpiration and evaporation from the land'
it during the entire base period of the crop'
Lysimeter is used to measure co
Crop Average delta(cm)
r20 22. lrrigation efficiencies :
Rice
Wheat 37 .5 lPs c,'o Water conveyance efficiency (r1.) :It is
to
Cotton 45 .^the ratio of quantity of water delivered
Tobacco 60 field to the quantity of water diverted
90 the canal sYstem from reservoir'
Sugarcane
ter application efficiency (n"): It is
15. Relation between Duty and Delta: ratio of quantity of water stored in the
zone of the plants to the quantity of
D: 8.64 B/A ater delivered to the field.
Where, D: DutY in Hectares /cumec,
B: Base period in daYs , c Water use efficiency(r1'): It is ratio of
]L^ ^"^ntitv
lrl) of water used benefrcially
A: Delta in 'm' fo- t

"The dufy of water goes on increasing as N'+u the water required for leaching
quantitY of water delivered
the water flows"
r
storage efficiency(r1.): Ratio of
16. Duty of water increases as one movps from quantity of water stored in the root zone
the Lsad of the canal-system to the;fuld and during inigation to the quantity of water
henclthe place at which duty <if water is eded to bring water content of the soil
measured must be specifie'd. In order to state field caPacitY .
the duty of water in aprecise way it is
Consumptive rise efficiency: Ratio of
essential to state normal consumptive use of water to the
(i) The base of dutY of water and net amount of water depleted from the
(ii) Place of measurement of duty of water root zone.
Base of duty of water: It is the period to
which dutY of water has reference

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J
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I
 0 Water distributioh efficiency: Sol:.
i
t1
[ ",I
to=11_:_s_1100
nu:0.8, le:0.7
I
1 y,J Net inigation requirement, NIR : I4.9
I
I
Where,
NIR 14'9
fm: Mean depth of water stored during
FIR = - - r8.625 cm
irrigation
ru 0.8

/a : Average of the absolute values of .'. GIR

FIR
- 1'1.
-18'625 :26.607 cm
deviations form the mean 0.1

nd: Represents the extent to which the

water has penetrated to a uniform 24. Gross Command Area(GCA): Total area
depth through out the filed.
which can be inigated by a canal system if
ld ( 6o'lo unlimited quantity of water is available.
23. lrrigation Requirements of crops:
a) Consumptive irrigation requirement Culturable Command Area(CCA): That
(CIR): It is the amount of water required portion of the GCA which is culturable or
to meet the evapotranspiration needs of a cultivable. CCA: GCA - Uncultivable area
crop. Culturable cultivated Area : That portion of
CIR: Cu -Re
Where, Re: Effective Rainfall

b) Net irrigation requirement (NIR): CCA proposed to be irrigated annually.

Amount of irrigation water required to be
delivered at the
field meet to 26. Capacity factor: Ratio of mean supply
evapotranspiration and other needs such discharge ofcanal for a certain duration to its
as leaching maximum discharge capacily .
NIR: Cu -Re * Le
2l. Time factor: Ratio of number of days the
Where, Le: Leaching canal has actually run during a watering
c) Field inigation requirement (FIR) period to the total number of days of the
: NIR/q"
d) Gross irrigation requirement (GIR)
(ii) Rabi season
(ttz -- :t.14"*Le * cauve^.t L( Kharif crops (also known as monsoon
l<-tt)
crops): Sown in the month of April and
In an irrigated plot the net irrigation requirement
harvested in September. Examples: Rice,
of crop is found to be I4.9 cm, the application Maize.
efficiency is 80% and the water conveyance
efficiency is 70 %o. What is the gross irrigation Rabi crop (also called winter crops): Sown in
requirement ? October and harvested in March.
Example: Wheat, Tobacco
Hyde nbad I Delhi I Bhopal J Pme I Bhubmesw i Benga.lw I Lucknow I Patra I Chemai Vijalamda I Vizg I Tirupati i cutur j Kukapally(Hyd)
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c.F*iry "foLotoc. Cg . e/Ar*o
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ACE
oeerinsAcad€NnY

t &de^.qo " 9tg'

Sol: FC :2Jo/o ' an +.r
"T "r
PWP: 13%

Ya: 1 .5glcc
grown between Kharif season and Rabi
season) Apparent Sp. Gravity, 5 = !-: 1.5
T*
31. Summer crops: Hot weather crops and
Kharif crops are combinedly called sufirmer Available depth of water;
crops.
y=s.d(rc-PwP)
32. Dry crops: Crops grown without inigation.
= 1.5 x tx(o.zl - o. I 3): o.2r m
Depend on the rainfall, for survival
d:1 m
33. Wet crops: Crops which require irrigation.
d*: 800/o of Y
AreaunderRabi :0.168 m
lo
AreaunderKharif
Water to be supplied on the field
Water to be stored in root zone
The GCA of an irrigation canal is 50000 ha out of Iu
which 80 % is CCA. The intensity of irrigation
for Rabi season is 60 % and for Kharif rs 20 %o. 0.1 68
= 0.21m
What is the crop ratio ? 0.80
Sol: GCA: 5000 ha; CCA: 80%
AreaunderRabi
CropRatio:
AreaunderKharif Distributory

R60.
=-=
K20

Wheat is to be grown in a field having a field Water to be released at outlet

capacity of 2lo/o and the permanent wilting point
is 13%. Find storage capacity per m depth of soil Water to be deliveredto the frold
if the unit weight of soil is 1.5 gm/cc. Readily I"
available moisture may be taken as 80% of the
available moisture. Find the water depth required -o'21 :0.247 m
0.85
to be supplied to the field if the field application
efficiency is 80%. What is the amount of water
needed at the outlet if water lost in water course
is 15% ofoutlet discharge.
 ACE
hpd"gA"a*v tS : Water Requirements of Crops

=-700 :
1200
t.ll4mrlsec
What is the discharge capacity required at the
outlet to irrigate 2600 ha of sugar cane having a Discharge required for Rabi, =+
a-D
kor depth of I 7 cm and a kor period of30 days ?

Sol: A :2600ha
-2400
1700
- 1.4r lm3/sec
R Design discharge: higher discharge value
D =8.64x= :
A required l.7l4m3lsec
10
=8.64x - 1524.78
l1 The gross command area for an irrigation canal is
A 20,000 hectares out of which 15% is culturable
Q=l
-D command area. The intensity of inigation is 40o/o
for Rabi and l0o/o for rice. If kor period is 4
O -"""
2600 :
- =t524.18 l.7l -'/sec weeks for Rabi and2.5 weeks for rice, determine
the outlet discharge. Outlet factors for Rabi and
rice may be assumed as 1800 hec/cumec and 775
ff$ hect/cumec. Also calculate delta for each case.
The gross commanded area for a distributary is Sol: GCA: 20,000 hectares
6000 hectares, 80% of which is culturable
inigable. The intensrty of irrigation for Kharif CCA : 0.75x20000 : 15,000 ha
season is 25% and that for Rabi season is 50%. If
the average duty at the head of dishibutary is 700
.'. Area of Rabi: 15000x0.40:6000 ha

hectares/cumec for Kharif season and 1700 Area ofrice: 15000x0.10: 1500 ha
hectares/cumec for Rabi season, find the
Discharge Required for Rabi
discharge required for design at the head of
distributary.
=4=6000:3.33m3/sec
Sol: GCA:6000 ha
D 1800

Discharge Required for Rice

CCA:6000x0.8:4800 ha
l5oo
Area under Kharif. A:25o/o of CCA - 775
= I .93 m' / sec

28
=100 x 4800: 1200 ha ForRabi, A=8.64x1
Area under Rabi: 50% of CCA

50
=8.64r4x7 = 0.134m
=100 x4800 :2400ha 1800

2'5x7
*"- For Rice. A, = 8.64rP = 8.64x
Discharge required for kharif, Q =
A D 775
D :0.195 m

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Vijapwada j Vizs Trrupati I cuuu I KukapalV(Hvd)
I
 ,r

ACE
yPngin€edngAcade,my 6 Irrigation Engineering

07. For a standing crop, the consumptive use of

TEVEL -l OUESTIONS water is equal to the depth of water
(a) transpired by the crop
(b) evaporated by the crop
01. In a well-drained soil, the useful moisture for (c) transpired and evaporated by the crop
plant growth essentially comes from (d) Used by the crop in transpiration,
(a) gravity water (b) capillary water evaporation and also the quantity of water
(c) hydroscopic water (d) water of adhesion. evaporated from the adjacent soil

02.Inigation frequency is a function of 08. Effective precipitation for a crop may be

(a) crop only defined as
(b) soil, crop and climate (a) total precipitation minus the loss due to
(c) soil, crop, climate and fertilizer evaporation
(d) soil and climate (b) total precipitation minus the loss due to
infiltration
03. The outlet discharge factor is (c) total precipitation during the crop period
(a) the ratio of the actual discharge of an (d) available water stored in the soil with in
outlet to its designed value root zone ofthe crop
(b) the ratio of the discharge out of an outlet
to the discharge in the parent channel 09. The field capacity of a soil is 25yo, its
(c) the duty based on the discharge passing permanent wilting point is I5Yo and specifrc
through the outlet. dry unity weight 1.5. If the depth of root zone
(d) The flow loss at the outlet. of a crop, is 80 cm, the storage capacity of the
soil, is
04. An irrigation channel is carrying 2.0 m3/s to a (a) 8 cm (b) 10cm
' culturable command of 1500 ha with an (c) 12cm (d) 14cm
intensity of inigation of 50Yo. If the base
period of crop is 140 days, the duty of 10. The intensity of irrigation means
channel water is halm'ls. (a) percentage of culturable commanded area
(a) 605 (b) 37s (c) 1500 (d) 1210 to be irrigated annua-lly
(b) percentage of the gross commanded area
05. If Duty (D) is 1428 hectares/cumec and base to be inigated annually
period (B) is 120 days for an irrigated crop, (c) percentage of the mean of culturable
then delta (A) in meters is given by commanded area and the gross
(a) 102.8 (b) 0.73 (c) 1.38 (d) 0.01 commande d area to be irrigated annually
(d) total depth of water supplied by the
06. The field capacity of a soil depends upon number of waterinss
(a) capillary tension in soil

(b) porosity of soil

If lop
is for
' (c) both a and b fo
(a) 1000 (b) 1200
(d) neither a nor b
(c) 1400 (d) 1600

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 ACE
12. The outlet disclrargc lactor is the duty at the
head of
(a) main canal (b) branch canal
(c) water coursc (d) distributory
13. The ratio of quantity of water stored in the
root zonc ol'the crops to the quantity of water
actually tlclivered in the field is known as
(a) watcr conveyance efficiency
(b) water application efficiency
(c) water use efficiency
(d) none
14. With the increase in the quantity of water
supplied the yield of most crops
(a) increase continuously
(b) decrease continuously
(c) increase rlpto a certain limit and then
becomes constant
(d) increase upto a certain limit and then
decrease
LEVEL - 2 QUESTTONS
01. A loamy soil has field capacity of 25o/o and,
permanent wilting percentage l0%. The dry
unit weight of soi_Lis 1.5gm/cc. If
root zone is 0.75m, determine
capacity of the soil. Inigation wat
when moisture content drops to 14 yo.If the
water application efficiency is 75yo,
determine the water depth required to
applied in the field.
02. After how many days will you order inigation
in order to ensure healthy growth of crops, if
(D Field capacity :291%
(ii) Permanent wilting perccntage : llo/u
(iii) Densityof soil : 1.3 gmlcc
(iv) Effective depth of root zone : 70cm
(v) Daily consumptive use of water for the
given crop : I2mm
.. \
For healthy growth, rnoisture content must
not fall below 25Yo of thc water holding
capacity between the fielcl capacity and
permanent wilting point (ESE-92)
03. In a farm land inigated by systcm ol'pumps
from wells, the area inigated is 50 I lcclarcs.
Water pumped from wells is convoyccl
through a canal to the farms. Efhciency ol'
water conveyance is 85% and pumps work at
12 hours/day. Available moisture holding
capacity of the soil is 20cm per meter depth
and average root zone depth is lm. water
application efficiency is 80%. Irrigation is
started when moisture extraction level of 50%
of available moisture is reached. peak rate of
moisture use by plants is 5mm. Calculate
inigation period in days and total pumping
capacity required in litres/minute
(cATE_e7)
04. A certain crop is grown in an area of 5000Ha.
The field capacity : 25o/o, permanent wilting
point : 5%. The apparent specific gravity is
1.4. the effective depth of root zone :0.8m,
Cu : 1.68 cn/day. For healthy growth,
moisture content should not fall below 25o/o
of the water storage capacity.
Find:
1. Frequency of irrigation
2.Water discharge in m3/sec required to
irrigate the crop if the inigation efficiency
is 20%o.
be
05. For supplying water to Rabi crop, Kharif crop
and sugar cane, the channel is designed for a
capacity equal to the greater of the water
requirement of
(a) Rabi or Kharif
(b) Rabi and Kharif or sugarcane
(c) Rabi & sugarcane or Kharif & sugarcane
(d) Rabi or Kharif or susarcane
06. The duty for a crop at the field is 800
o/o
halcumec. If the conveyance loss is 20 then
the duty at the head of the canal is
(a) 900 ha / cumec (b) 666.66 ha / cumec
(c) 6a0 ha / cumec (d) 960 ha / cumec

07. A canal was designed to supply inigation

needs of 1200 ha of land growing rice of 140
days base period and having a delta of 134
cm. If the canal waters are used to irrigate 11. A pump is insttllcd on a well to lift water and
wheat of base period 120 days and having a apply it on 2.5 ltcctarcs under rice crop. Duty
delta of 52 cm the area that can be inigated is for rice is U60 ha/cutnec on the filed and
(GATE-02)
pump efficiently is 50'X,. If the lowest water
(a)265lha @) sa3 ha level inthe well is al [t.t, 100 and the level of
(c) 3608 ha (d)2s92ha
the highest portion ol' the field is at R. L
107.5, find the minimutn input H.P of the
08. A tank has a available storage of 10 Mm3. If pump.Neglect loss in ficld channel.
the overall losses are 10 % this storage can
inigate a wheat crop of base period 120 days 12. Determine the head discharge of a canal from
and delta 40 cm, planted area of the following data. Thc value of time factor
(a) 2600 ha (b) 2500 ha
may be assumed as 0.75. Conveyance loss in
(c)2250ha (d)2s92ha is
the entire canal system 20o/o.

Base Area in Duty in

09. Certain area the transplantation of rice crop
Crop period hectare hectares/cumec
takes 15 days and the total depth of Irrigation
in davs at the field
water required by the crop is 60 cm on the
Rice r20 4000 l 500
field. During this transplantation period, the
Wheat r20 3500 2000
useful rain falling on the field is 8 cm. Find 3000 1200
Sugarcane 310
the duty of Inigation water for this crop on
the field during transplantation period'
Assuming 25% losses of water in the water 13. A canal flowing at a rate of 120 lit/sec
course, find the duty at the head of water delivers 100 lit/sec to the field. An area of
course. l.62ha was irrigated in 8 hrs. The effective
depth of root zone is 1.70 m. The run ofT loss
10. The base period, intensity of irrigation and in the field is 425 m'. Available moisture
duty of water for various crops under a canal holding capacity of the soil is 20 cm per
system are given in the table below. metre depths of soil. Inigation is started at a
Determine the reservoir capacity if the C.C.A moisture extraction level of 50% of the
is 40,000 ha, canal losses are 20% and available moisture. Determine l.,Iu,'40 .
reservoir losses arc I0o/o.
(ESE-94 & GATE-92)
 LEVEL. 1
LEVEL - 2 Key

01. (b) 02. (b) 03. (c) 04. (b) 0s.o)

06 (c) 07. (d) 08. (d) 0e. (c) 10.(a)
68
01. (a) 0. | (b) 0. 165

11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 02. l0 days 03.5106.16

14. (d)
04 (a) l0 days, (b) 48.61 m'/sec

0s. (c) 06. (c) 07. (a) 0s. (c)

09.186.92 halcumec
10.56035 ha.m
11. 0.588 HP

12.8.6 m3lsec
 Methods of Imigatiort
SYNOPSIS

l. Broadly, classified into 3 groups

(i) Surface irrigation methods (ii) Sub-surface irrigation methods
(iii) Sprinkler irrigation methods

2. Surface irrigation methods : water is supplied by spreading on the land

Surface irrigation methods

Flooding method Furrow method Contour farming

Uncontrolled floodins Conhol flooding

From field channels Border strips hecks or leaves Basin method

3. Flooding method:
o Uncontrolled or wild flooding : Water is applied over the land without any prior preparation of
the land and with out enforcing any control over the water by leaves suitable for smooth and flat
land; - more wastage of water
o Controlled flooding: Also known as free flooding. Water is applied on the land with control over
the quantity as well as direction of flow , prior preparation of land is done.

4. Flooding from field channels :

o land is divided into strips by series of field channels or laterals and the strips are supplied water
form these field channeis. The supply channel is located at higher edge of field. Irrigation is
possible on one side gf field channel. Suitable for flat as well as relatively steep slopes

q)

(J)

FIELD CHANNEL PARALLEL TO CONTOURS

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hne Bhubanem Bengalm
I I I
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I I I
 5. Border strip method: land to be irrigated is 7. Basin method: Suitable for fruit trees a basin
divided in to a series of long narrow strips is created surrounding each tree and field
about 10 to 20 m wide and 100 to 300 m long channel supplies water to the basin. Used for
separated from each other by low levels or irrigation of orchards.
bunds and each strip is supplied water by the
field channel. The strips will have slope along
the direction of flow. Water flows in the form
of a sheet to the lower end of the field.

Time required for water to cover a area,

/ \ lt
t: Ilos"'[| -:-l
I q -q.A /
tJ

y: average depth of sheet of flowing watcr ; zuNG BASIN METHOD

q: discharge ofirrigation stream Furrow method:

A : area of the strip or land covered at any 8.
o
time;
water is applied to the land to be irrigated
I : rate of infiltration
by a series of long, narow field channel
called furrows. It reduces evaporation
losses.
Max area that can be irrigated with a stream
of discharge (q) can be found as follows
. suitable for row crops such as maize etc.
q
A:
I
F 6. Checks or levees method:
F o most common method
o also called method of irrigation by plots
F
p,
lE)
o land is divided into small plots surrounded
ttr by checks or levees. Each plot has nearly
iu
level surface.^Area of each plot is between
E
400 to 500 m'. o Water is not spread over the land. Water
B flowing in the furrows infiltrates into the
soil and spreads laterally to the roots of
plants. Has high water application
efficiency

rI 9. Contour farming:
o Practiced in hilly regions where the land
will be having steep slopes
o Also controls erosion due to rain
Checks or Levees field channel

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lTirupati lcuturl Kuka4ally(tlvd)

E7
 Acad€my

Can be used for anY topography. Land

nced not be level.
Not suitable for closelY planted crops such
as whcat, rice etc.

LEVEL -l QUESTIONS.

01. The systern of irrigation practiced on hill

Contour Farming slopes is
(a) contour farming
10. Sprinkler irrigation method: (b) checks irrigation
o Water is applied in the form of spray by (c) border method ol'irrigation
pipes and nozzle sYstem (d) sprinkler irri gation
o Erosion of soil is eliminated
o Uniform application of water is possible 02. In an irrigation syslctn, thc land was divided
o No land preparation is required
into large numbcr tll'srnaller size unit areas
o having fairly levcl surf'ace, by bunds and
Wind may distort the application of water
cross ridges. The basins thus created were
o Power requirement is more for constant
frlled with water to the clesired depth and the
pumping of water
water was retained for some time, this method
of irrigation is known as
11. Sub surface irrigation method: (a) border method
o water is applied below the ground surface (b) checks method
directly to the root zone of the plants, by (c) sub irrigation
pipe network. The evaporation losses are (d) contour irrigation
reduced
eg: Drip or trickle irrigation 03. For growing irrigated paddy, the ideal water
application method is
12. Drip or Trickle irrigation : (a) furrow irrigation
o Latest method of irrigation, getting (b) checks method
popular (c) border method of irrigation
o Water is applied to the land surface near (d) sprinkler irrigation
the base of the plants by a network of
plastic pipes (PVC pipes) and drip nozzles 04. For irrigation of orchards the best method is
called emitters or driPPers (a) free flowing method
o Require a pumping unit, pipe lines and (b) basin method
emitters. (c) furrow method
o Has highest water application efficiency (d) sprinkling method
(as high as 90 % )
. Suitable for areas where there is water 05. For cereal crops the most commonly adopted
scarcity and salt problems (saline lands) method of irrigation, is
o Evaporation loss is reduced and deep (a) free flowing method
percolation is avoided. (b) checks method
o Quite suitable for small trees and widely (c) funow method
spaced Plants, for fruit Plants. (d)sprinkling method
 lior. slrrrrcling crops in undulating sandy fields,
llrc bcst rnethod of irrigation, is rEVEL - 2 QUESTTONS
( ir ) sprinkler irrigation

(b) licc flooding

(c) chcck method 01. Determine the time required to irrigate a strip
(tl) lurrow method ofarea ofthe size 100 m x 10 m bv a stream
of discharge of 0.03 mt / r"". Assume average
07. Mixcd cropping is defined as depth water of 7.5 cm and average rate of
(rr) two or more crops grown during any year infiltration of 5 cm / hr. Also find max area of
(b) two or more corps grown during the same the strip that can be irrigated by that stream?
crop, season in different fields
(c) two or more crop seasons of the year
(d) growing of two or more crops together in LEVEL - 1
the same field during the same crop
season
01.(a) (b)02. 03. (b) 04. (b) 0s. (b)
0tt. A border strip is to be irrigated by a stream
06. (a) 07. (d) 08. (d)
with a discharge of 0.04 cumecs. If the
avetage infilE*@ rate is 4 cm/h\then the
max area of the strip rat can be irrigated is
(a) 0.15 ha (b) 0.23 ha LEVEL -ZKey
(c) 0.52 ha (d) 0.36 ha
60 m2)

'Ptr
T-

i i .i lr'-r,.,'.
"

1\- 1
i a ii 'l
lS,.

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 Grqvity Dqms

Gravity dam: A dam, which resists the Factor o[ saltty against sliding pg
: --ft-
external forces acting on it by its self weight' tan0
o Generally made of masonry or concrete uI P., + B.q
Shear friction lacror:
2. Axis of dam or Base Line of dam : In plan, it
5-
is the horizontal trace of upstrearn edge of the
top of the dam. Where,
B : width ofjoint or scotion -- area: B x I
o In the cross section of the dam, the q: shear strength of .ioint ---- (generally
taken 14kglct'''t' lbt rock foundation)
vertical line passing through the upstream
edge of the toP of the dam
(c) overstressing in thc dam material : The
stresses in thc darn material should be
3. Forces Acting On a Gravity Dam : Water
within the allow limits.
pressure, weight of dam, uplift pressure'
earthquake forces, ice pressure' wave
pressure, silt pressure etc.
(d) Compression (or) Crushing at base:
The maximum prcssure on the foundation
soil due to thc dam construction shall be
4. Modes of failure of gravitY dam :
less than the saf'e bearing capacity of
(a) Over turning: foundation soil. The pressure at base on
the soil is found as follows :
Stabilizingmomenl
L'u rI lt69
Ip., -r
t.e--
Overturningmoment o:
^ BL BI |

(b) Sliding: At any horirontal sectiop of the e: eccentricity t.

l
dam, the factor of safety (FS) against
sliding, I + oi I
Fp.,
u.I P.,
. +"lr
P.*: tsL BI
I

F.S: a;
L'H )p" [. . e1
Where, .Pmin: ?ll-6=
BL BI
|

p: coefficient of friction
IPv: Algebraic sum of vertical forces (e) Tension: No tension shall be permitted at
: (Total weight-UPlift Force)
IPn :
any point of the dam
Sum of horizontal forces causing
sliding
o For no tension to develop, the eccentricity
Fn should be less than ( B 6). In other I
Sliding factor, tanO: # words the resultant should always lie
)Pu within middle third of the base

I
 5. Silt pressure: It is assumed that mixture of
silt and water behaves as a liquid with the H_
following unit weight.
y*.(c-c+l)
For horizontal force component, the specific
Tw: unit weight of water
weight of silt liquid is taken as 1360 kg/m3.
For vertical component it is-46; as 1925 G: Specific gravity of concrete
kglm3. Let Hc be the maximum height which may be
provided for a dam having elementary profile
6. Ele Dam: without exceeding allowable stress for the
dam material

To be on safer side, the lower value of H6

:
is obtained when c 0 in the above
equation

Limiting height or critical height of a

dam having elementary profile

o Ifheight ofa dam is less than or equal to

o { right angled triangle the Hc ,the dam is called ' Low gravity
o For no tension condition. the min.base dam
o If height of a dam is more than the Hc . it
width B: is known as the ' high gravity dam,

. If uplift is not considered, f :(ff lJC) 8. Practical Profile Of A Gravity Dam:

o Free board : As per IS, free board shall be
t,
ti o For no sliding condition, the minimum more than 1.5 times the height of wave or
tl
ta 0.9 m whichever is greater
base width, B:
# o Economical top width, a: 14 %o of H
. If uplift is not considered, B =
H
tr.G

7. Limiting height of elementary profile (H.) :

. Principal stress at the toe will be,

:
o.1 T*.H(G-c+1)

if f : allor,l'able crushing stress of dam

material
ffi*,*ffi^*"* :16: Irrigation Engineering

9. Drainage Gallery: grouting of foundation, for post cooling of

o An opening left in the dam concrete, to lay mechanical equipment for
o To provide drainage of the dam ( i.e., to operation of outlet gates and spill way
drain off water which seeps through the gates etc.
upstream face of dam), for drilling and

10. Stabilitv calculations for a Gravifv Dam:

Toe

C.y,.H

Consider 1 m length of dam

:
Water pressure Pn (T*H' I Z)
y*: unit weight of water: I ton / mi W: Total weight of dam
P,,: Total uplift pressure c: uplift coefficient ( varies from 0 to 1)
C.G distance of W from heel z: Distance of resultant from heel
d: distance of resultant from toe

t. To find resultant distance from Heel ( i.e., 2. To find resultant distance from toe (i.e., to
find z) find d)
o _ Pr(H I l)+ W.x - Pu.ffi
u , _ Pr.(ul:)+ Pu.n - w(e - x)
ar--
(w - p") (w-P")
sum of momentsabout toe
A lg ebraic sum of moments about heel _ A lg ebraic
netweightof dam
netweightof dam
.'. Eccentricity, e: z- (B I 2) .'. Eccentricity, e: (B 12) - d

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 lior no tension condition, the e < (B/6)
)P" r LEVEL -l QUESTIONS
l) """ :
"'rx B \ B/
01. For no tension at any point in a gravity dam
Fn,vll-el
/-/ r the criterion to be satisfied is
l)...,..:
"tr) B \. B/ (a) The resultant of all the forces must always
pass through the middle third of the base
rP": (w-P,)
(b) The resultant force for all forces must
l. lior safety against foundation failure, the p,,'* always pass through the midpoint of the
safe bearing capacity of soil base of the dam
-<

wle - *] (c) The resultant of all forces must always

,+, l.'.S against overturning: pass through the upstream extremity of
en.(ttl3)+ P,,.n
the middle third of the base
I'rincipal stresses in the dam material ncar thc (d) The resultant of all the forces must always
toe Max. principal stress (Compressive) in the pass through the down stream extremity
dam material at the toe as shown (or ) of the middle third of the base
o-1 :pn.se.tB-p.tan2B 02. For a triangular dam section of height H for
just no tension under the action of water
(t. Shear stress ( r) at the toe, r : (po -p ) tanB pressure self weight and uplift pressure the
pn: Max. stress on the soil at the toe minimum base width required with usual
notation is
p : Water pressure at the toe : y* h
H
B
:
slope of D/s face of dam with vertical " G-1
For no tail water, p : 0 and
..H
(c)
Ol:Pn.SeC'B '. -G
For safety ,or shall be less than allowable
compressive stress in concrete.
03. If the uplift pressure is neglected, the base
width of an elementary profile of a gravity
dam of height H, having relative density of
Wave Height: Molitor's formula:
the dam material : G. and coefficient of
friction: p is
f leight of wave, h*:0.0322 Jf .V ... H
for F > 32krnr (a)
(G + l)
h* .... in meters
V: wind velocity in km/tr. - H
: the fetch of reservoir ... in km
(b).
' J
F (G-r);
lfctch: It is the straight length of water expanse
measured normal to the axis of dam. (c) larger of +
JC 4pG
unO
Wave Force, P*:2. ]*. h*2 per metre length of
rlam. of
(d) smaller H /pr JG and H /G
l'* acts at a height of 0.375 h* above the still
water level
 ACEAd"ry tt8i r--:-..^-
Irrisation E--;..^^.'
Eneineering
--
04. In gravity dam design' the horizontal silt and 03. Find thc factor of safety against overturntng
water pressure is assumed as equivalent to for darn section shown
that of a fluid with a mass density, in kg/m3,
of
(a) r92s (b) 360
(c) 1000 (d) 1360

05. The axis of a dam is the

(a) line joining the mid - point of the base
(b) centre line of the top width of the dam W: 128 tons
(c) line of the crown of the dam on the
downstream side 04. At a joint in a grtvity dam of base width 140
(d) line of the crown of the dam on the m, the sum of vortical forces and the sum of
upstream side horizontal forocs arc 180 MN and 120 MN,
respectively. Thc coolficient of friction is
06. For no tension to develop in the gravity dam
0.70 and the shear strcngth of concrete is 3'2
the eccentricity 'e' of the resultant force
MPa. The shear liiction factor of safety of
should be
(b) less thanb I 6 this joint is
(a) less than b / 3
(d) less thanb I 12 (a) 1.os (b) 0.e5 (q)4'zt3 (d) 3'73
(c) less thanb I 4 ^i I
05. The maximum heighl. ol'a low gravity dam of
LEVEL - 2 QUESTIONS elementary profilc, to be built to concrete of
relative density 2.4, on a foundation
:
material of safe allowable stress 7'5 MPa,
01. Following data were obtained from the by ignoring the uPlift fbrce is
stability analysis of a concrete gravity dam' (a) 319 m (b) a8a m
Total overturning moment about toe: 3 x 105 (c) 125 m (d)225 m
ton-m
Total resisting moment about toe:4x10'ton- m
Total downward weight of the dam: 6000 LEVET - 1
tons
Total uplift force: 1000 tons
Base width of dam: 50 m 01. (a) 02. (d) 03. (c) 04. (d) 0s. (d)
Calculate maximum and minimum pressure 06. (b)
on the soil.

02. In a gravity dam, the friction coefficient is LEVEL - ZKeY

0.75 tP, : 6000 t and IPr' : 5000 t base
width is 70 m and shear strength is 140 t I r#'
(a) what is factor of safety against sliding ? &40tlni)
01. (160 tlnJ 02. (0.9 &2.86)
(b) what is shear friction factor at base ? 03. (a) 0a. (c) 0s. (d)
 Spillwo,ys
SYNOPSIS

Necessity of Spillways: The spillways are A

openings provided at the body of the dam to A
discharge safely the excess water or flood water
when the water level rises above the normal pool Ogee spillway
:l level. A spillway is provided to discharge the o For an ideal profile of a ogee spillway, if
excess flow entered a reservoir. discharge is occurring at the design head,
the pressure on the spillway will be
Types of Spillways: atmospheric only. (i.e., no hydrostatic
pressure on the spillway)
(i) Free overfall or straight drop spillway:
o A low height narrow crested weir having For discharges at a head less than the
design head, positive hydrostatic pressure
its down stream face vertical or nearly
vertical
will be exerted on the spillway by the
. Commonly used for low earth dams flowing water.
. D/s apron will be subjected to large o For discharges at a head greater than the
impact pressure.
design head, there will be separation of
flowing water from the spillway and thus
negative pressure (suction) will be
created. The negative pressure will
increase the effective head and there by
the discharge will be increased.

The downstream curve of the ogee shape has

Straight drop Spillway the following equation:
xl.8s _2Hn.r..y
(ii) Ogee Spill way or overflow spillway: Where, x and y are the co-ordinates of the
o Widely used with gravity, arch dams crest profile measured from the apex of the
o The over flowing water is guided crest, and H is the design head.

smoothly over the spillway and is made to

Discharge equation for Spillways:
slide over the down stream face of the
spill way. (i) Ogee shaped spillway is given by
. The nappe shaped profile fbr the crest of
ogee spillway is an ideal profile. Q: c L"H1''

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Bengaluru | hcknow I Patna I Chemai I Vljalamda I Vizag I Tirupati I Gmtu I Ku}aOally(Ilyd)
 Where, way may be provided along the abutment of the
dam or along the edge of the reservoir at the full
Q : discharge.
C : a variable coefficient of discharge, its supply lcvcl.
value varies from 2.1 to 2.5
L" : effective length of crest. Channel SpillwaY: It is completely seParated
H": total head on the crest' including velocity from thc main bodY of the dam. The spillwaY is
ofapproach head. constructecl at riglrt angles to the dam and at anY
:H+ha side.

v' LEVET - 1 QUESTIONS_

h^:l
"29
Where, hu: head due to velocity of approach 01. The freeboald in a dam depends on the height
vu: velocitY of aPProach of the wavo wirich in turn depends on
(a) wind velocitY
(ii) The spillway which acts on
' - Siphon Spillway: (b) fetch
th; principle of siphon is known as siphon (c) depth of watcr irr tlrc reservoir
spillway. (d) both wind vclooitY and fetch
Q: C'A. .lzeH
Where, 02. According to Crcagcr lbr a gravity dam the
A : Area of the cross - section at crown
: crest width is m<lst cconomical if it is about
(a) la % of the hciglrt of the dam
Lxd, where L is the length and d is the
(b) 20 % of the height of the dam
height of throat.
(c) 28 % of the hcight of the dam
H: Operating head. (d) 30 %o of the height of the dam
: Reservoir level - Centre of outlet, if
outlet is discharging freelY. 03. Which one o1' the following
: Reservoir level Downstream tail
water level if the outlet is submerged'
C : Coefficient of discharge, the average
value of which maY be taken as 0'65'
the spillway and Hr is the design head'
(GATE-200s)
Volute Siphon Spillway: It consists of a vertical
shaft having a funnel at the top end and the (a)
bottom end is connected to a bend pipe' When
the water rises above the fuIl reservoir level, it
spills over the circumference of the funnel and (b)
flows with a spiral motion through it.

(c)

(d)

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Hydeabad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pme i Bhubmew !
I
-C;--m^-"* :2I z Spillways

TEVEL - 2 Questions TEVEL - 1 Key

01. Compute the discharge over an ogee weir 01. (d) 02. (a) 3.(a)
with coeffrcient of discharge equal to 2.4 at a
headof 2 m. The length of the spillway is 100
m . The weir crest is 8 m above the bottom of TEVEL - 2
the approach channel having the same width
as that of the spillway.
01. (691 m3/sec) 02. (29.11 m3lsec)
02. A dam has spillway whose cross - section is
1 m high and 4 m wide. The tail water
elevation at design flow is 6 m blow the
summit of the siphon and the head water
elevation 1.5 m above the summit.
Assuming a coefficient of discharge of 0.6,
what is the capacity of the siphon?

IlydenbadlllelhilBhopatlPuelBhubmewlBengalmllacknowlPanalChemilviiayamdalvizs lTirupati icuurl ItukapaXvfiIvd)

 Diversion HeadWorks

SYNOPS$
I

1) Diversion Head Works: Works constructed across the river to raise water level and to divert into I

the canal and also for other purposflgw

Guidebund X \*O Flow in river
$&" +r t
;

4 Cana

llcad logulator
Fish ladder Undor sluices

Divide wall

) Weir: Structure constructed across a river to
raise its water level and divert into the canal.
Usually shutters are provided to increase the
storage
3. Barrage : The raising up of water level ( or
ponding) is accomplished mainly by means of
gates. A banage provides better control on
the water level.
4. Under Sluices: Openings provided thein
weir wall, located on the same side of the
offtaking canal. The discharge capacity of the
under sluices is greater of
i) 2 times maximum discharge of offtaking
canal
ii) Maximum winter discharge
iii) 10 to 15 To of maximum flood discharge.
If no special device to control slit entering
into the canal is provided, the crest of
under sluices should bc at least 1.20 rn lower
than the crest of the head regulator. If the
excluder is provided to reduce entry of slit
into the canal, the crest of under sluices
should be about 1.80 to 2.0 m below the crest
of the head regulator.
5. Divide Wall : Constructed at right angles to
the axis of the weir to separate under sluices
from the rest of the weir, to provide clear
water to the canal.
6. Silt Excluder : It excludes (prevents) silt
from entering the canal. It is provided on the
front of head rezulator
7. Silt Extractors or Silt Ejectors : They
remove the silt which has already entered the
canal from the river. It is provided in the
canal.
the
 :23: Diversion Head Works

8. Fish Ladder: To allow migration of fish (b) Uplift pressure :Uplift pressure is resisted
from U/s to D/s side by:
o Guide bund and Marginal bund are river 1. Providing sufficient t
protection works 2. Providing sheet pile at U/s end

9. Causes of failures of Weirs: (c) Rupture of Floor due to suction caused by

hydraulic jump:
(aEp4g_glfrnder mining: Progressive erosion
Remedies: Providing additional t
in the backward direction (i.e., towards u/s )

ru Measures to prevent piping :

Providing sufficient length of impervious
floor so that path of percolation is increased
(d) Scour on U/s and D/s of weir due to heavy
velocity of river flow :
and exit gradient reduced. Also by providing
Remedies: Providing sheet piles on U/s and
sheet piles at U/s and D/s ends of impervious
D/s sides much below the calculated scour
floor
level and by providing launching aprons on
U/s and D/s sides so that stones of aorons
may settle into the scour holes.
2 tt' La

- fld'
Cl<arp {4

10. Cross section of Weir:

Crest gate

Impervious Inverted
tslock protection floor filter Launching
t + **

\ u/, cut off D/s cutoff

Apron (or talus)

11. Impervious Floor : To provide

required 13. Inverted filter: Consists of layers of
creep length and to resist uplift pressure on materials of increasing permeability from
D/s side bottom to top. It is provided on d/s, after the
o Small thickness and more length on U/s impervious floor to relieve uplift pressure i.e.,
side it allows seepage water to escape without
o More thickness on D/s side dislocating the soil particles.

12. Cutoff : To increase creep length and there

by reducing the hydraulic gradient

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Patna I Chemi Vijapmda Vizag Tirupati I Grnhu I Kukatrully(Ilyd)
! I I
,fffit
tlfDy
ACE
Enginc€ring ecaaemy :24 z Irrigation Engineering

Apron: It is
14. Launching apron or pervious
loosely packed stones, to protect the
impervious floor and sheet piles from scour
holes (piping) progressing towards the
impervious floor and piles. Provided on U/s
and D/s side.
15. Block Protection : Provided on U/s side,
immediately at the upstream end of
impervious floor, to protect impervious floor
frorn the effect of scouring. This is made of
concrete blocks or stone blocks over a bed of
loose stone packing. The joints are finished
with ccmcnt mortar

16. Design of weirs on Permeable Foundation: Bligh's Creep Theory :

+ ------+ +
-+ t
t
I

b
ll dz
T

. Bligh assumed that the percolating water

creeps along the base profile of the
structure which is in contact with the soil 17. Safety against Piping:
o Creep length (L): The length of path As per Bligh, to avoid piping the minimum
traversed by percolating water length of creep,
o Total creep length, L : b+ zil + 2dz + L:
CH or the hydraulic gradient,
2dz i
< (1 /c)
o o H : seepage Head ( the difference
Bligh assumed that head loss per unit between water levels on U/ s and D/s )
length of creep ( i.e., hydraulic gradient )
is constant through out the percolating o Worst condition is that when the water
passage. level on U/s side is maximum and no
o Hydraulic gradient, i : (H lL) water on D/s side.
o The value of C
varies from 5 to 18
Bligh's creep coefficient (C): it is the depending upon the type of soil.
reciprocal of hydraulic gradient

c:1:L
iH
L: CH
Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pme I Bhubanesw lBengalm I LuckrowlPatn ! Chemi lViiayamda lvizs lTirupati j Gmur I Itrkatrally(tlvd)
 $ ACE
1,f,''UinceringAcad€my :25:
:25: Diversion Head Works
18. Safefy against uplilt pressure: As per 21. Khosla's Theory :
-"'6'---
Bligh's thcory, thickness to be provided by
taking a factor of safety of 4/ 3 is, a) Outer faces of sheet piles are more
effective than inner ones
t:4-h. (*, tl'-- *-ttq
3(G"-1) v
H
b) Intermediate sheet piles if smaller in
€,
h : ordinate of Hydraulic Gradient line length than outer ones, are ineffective
from top of floor c) Undermining of floors starts from D/s and
G.: Specific gravity of floor material if hydraulic gradient at D/s point is more
(concrete) than the critical hydraulic gradient
d) A vertical cutoff at the D/s end of floor is
It would be more economical to provide more essential to prevent undermining
creep length on U/s side instead of D/s side.
According to Bligh a vertrcal cut off at U/s
The floor length is fixed such that at the D/s
end of the floor is more useful than the one at
D/s end of the floor.
end the exit gradient is less than the
permissible gradient.

19. Limitations of Bligh's Creep Theory: _v_

No distinction between vertical and

horizontal creep
No distinction between effectiveness of
outer and inner faces of sheet pile
Significance of exit gradient is not b
considered
exit gradient, G
H1
20. Lanes Weighed Creep Theory : d n"ll"
Lane proposed that horizontal creep is less
effective in reducing uplift or causing loss of Where, ),"

head, than the vertical creep. A weightage

factor of Il3 is proposed for horizontal creep o: (b/d)
and 1.0 for vertical creep. The allowable exit gradient should be within
Weighted creep length, ll5 to 116.
L: (1/3)B+
B: sum of horizontal contacts and sloping ,) Uplift pressure heads at points D, E and C
contacts less than 45o to the horizontal are as follows for Sheet pile at D/s end:
V: sum of vertical contacts and sloping
contacts greater than 45o to the ,fIP: H _,(x-z\ rE

horizontal n \|- i" )180

-COS l.-

For safety agains

H ,np: H -,fl-l)
'l l.-
n
tprprng.,=CI 7T t ). /180
-CoS
: hc:0 -
C1 Lanes coefficient of creep
 :26 z Irrigation Engineering

23. Uplift pressure heads at points D', E' and (a) 68 %o and 60% respectively
C' for Sheet pile at U/s end as shown (b) 80 Yo andT2Yorespectively
below: (c) 88 o/o and70 o/o respectively
(d) 100 o/o and zero respectively

Sol: At point Dr :hur:l00-20:80Yo

At point Cr :hcr :100-28:72%o

A horizontal impervious floor of length 20 m is

D' provided with a cutoff of a 4 m depth at its Dis
end (Fig. 2). Find the exit gradient if the head
hs' :(H
- hg ) causing flow is 2m and the factor of safety
hp,:(H- hp ) against piping if for the soil G,: 2.7 and void
hE':(H - hE ) ratio is 0.70. Also calculate the uplift pressure
head at point E.

Uplift pressure at points E and D (Figure A) of a

straight horizontal floor of negligible thickness
with a sheet pile at downstream end are 28 o/o and
20 oh rcspectively. If the sheet pile is at upstream
end of the floor (Figure B), the uplift pressure at
point D1 and Cr are Fig.2
(GATE-2000) Sol:
m H:2 m
b:20
G":2.7 e: 0.J
H
Gr=
a.nfi

Figure.A l= r+Jr+d
2

d-_
b20
d4 -_-\

l"-
Figure.B

Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal i Pune I Bhubmem I

Bengalum l hcknow I Patn I Cherurai I Viiayamda I
Vizg Tirupati Gmtr I Kukabollymyd)
I I
 :27 : Diversion Head Works

. c"-l 2.7-l
" l+e
l.
--
1.7 LEVEL -l QUESTIONS

+= : 11
GE ;l
FOS against piping =
0.091 01. If R is the normal depth of scour by Lacey
equation, the depths below HFL up to the
.h- H _,(X-Z\lx 1l which the upstream and downstream sheet
' n \ l. / -180
=
-COS piles in a weir are usually provided to protect
again the effect of scour are, respectively
2 ,(r.os-t)
=-XCOS'l lX-:U.llm
TE (a) 1.5 R and 2.0 R
(b) 2.0 R and 1.5 R
Tc \3.05/180 (c) 2.5 R and 1.25 R
(d) 1 0 R and 1.25 R

02. As a result of the construction of a diversion

Details of weir foundation: structure across a river. there will be a rise in
the flood level on the upstream side of the
structure and it is called as
(a) free board (b) uplift
(c) aggradation (d) afflux

03. For a specified weir foundation geometry and

applied head, the pressure distribution on the
base of the impervious floor of a weir is
(a) dependant on the soil particle size
(b) dependent on the porosity of the soil
( n'\t''
(c) independent of the soil properties
Normal sour depth.R, = 1.351 +
(.f, |
(d) depends on the coefficient of
permeability of the soil.
Q: discharge per unit width of river
: Lacey's silt factor Max scour depth, 04. The term piping used in connection with
f
weirs on alluvial rivers, means
R.*: 1.5R1-+ U/s side from HFL (a) the system of pipes provided for drainage
of the seepage flow
:2 Rr -+ d/s side from HFL (b) vertical pressure exerted by the seepage
X: I to 1.5 of dr flow at various points on the impervious
floor
(c) the progrcssive consolidation of the
foundation duc to the removal of pore
water prcssurc
(d) thc progressive undermining of the
fbundation due to dislodging of the soil
particles by the seepage water at its point
of emergence.

Hyderabad I Delhi I Bhopal I hne Bhubmesw Bengalm

I I I
Lucknow I Parra I Chemai I Vijayamda I
Vizg Tirupati I Gmhr I KukaOallvGlvd)
I
 : 28 : Irrigation Engineering

05. A graded inverted filter, used in a diversion 09. The undersluices in a diversion head works
structure, consists of are provided with a crest level
(a) graded sand with coarse part in contact (a) same as the crest of the weir
with the foundation and finest part on the (b) lower than the crest of the weir
top (c) higher than the crest of the water
(b) graded sand with fine part in contact with (d) same as the crest of the head regulator
the foundation material and coarsest part
on the top 10. According to Khosla's theory exit gradient is
(c) a blanket of uniform size sand set inclined given by (with usual notation)
to the direction of seepage and loaded by
masonry blocks
(a)
HI (b) cu
(d) a sand blanket covered by graded heavy " d nJl"
Ue =
T^6
stones on top. dl
(c)Ue:--__== (d) Ge : lnJi
- H nJ)" -H
06. A weir has a horizontal floor of length 36 m
with two sheet piles of depth 6 m and 10m at
its upstream and downstream ends, 1 1. The capacity of under sluices in a river
respectively. Under an impounded depth of barrage is usually equal to
4m above the floor and with no tail water, the (a) two times the maximum discharge of the
uplift pressure head at the mid-point of the offtaking canal
floor by Lane's weighted creep theory is (b) maximum winter discharge
(b) 236 m (c) 10 to I5o/o of the maximum flood
(a) 2.00 m
(c) 1.88 m (d) 1.64 m discharge
(d) maximum of (a), (b) and (c)
07. A weir on permeable foundations has the
following elements: 12. Silt excluder is provided
1. Impervious floor
(a) in the canal on the downstream of the
2. Block protection head regulator
(b) in the river on the downstream of the weir
3. Block protection over inverted filter
4. Launching apron (c) in the river adjacent to the head regulator
(d) in the river far off form the weir on the
Starting from the upstream end the correct
sequence of these eletnents are: upstream side
(a)2-I-3-4
(b)4-3-r-2-4 13. The intermediate sheet pile is ineffective if it
(c)4-2-r-3-4 (a) is larger in length than the outer ones
rd)3-r-2-4 (b) is smaller in length than the outer ones
(c) is equal in length to the outer ones
(d) is far off from the outer ones
08. According to Khosla's theory for a hydraulic
structure built on previous foundation a cutoff
is quite essential at
(a) the upstream end
(b) the mid-section
(c) some intermediate section
(d) the downstream end
HydembadlDelhijBhopal!PunelBhubmeswiBenga.lmlLucknowjPatnalChemailVijalzwadalvizag iTinpati lGutrui KukaEaIyGIyd)
ffi*m^*"* 229: Diversion Head Works

While designing a hydraulic structure, the

LEVEL - 2 QUESTIONS piezometric head at bottom of the floor is
computed as 10m. The datum is 3m below
floor bottom. The assured standing water
01: The fig.1 shows section of a hydraulic depth above the floor is 2m. The specific
structure on a permeable foundation. gravity of the floor material'is 2.5. The floor
Assuming Gg: 2.4, Determine thickness should be (GATE-2003)
(a) Average hydraulic gradient according to (a)2.00m (b) 3.33m
Bligh's creep theory 4.40m
(c) (d) 6.00m
(b) Bligh's creep coefficient
(c) Residual seepage head atA A launching apron is to be designed at
(d) Uplift pressure at A downstream of a weir for discharge intensity
(e) Minimum floor thickness required at of 6.5m3/s/m. For the design of launching
point A aprons the scour depths is taken two times of
Lacey scour depth. The silt factor of the bed
material is unity. If the tail water depth is
4.4m,the length of launching apron in the
T launched position is
(u) Js-
(GATE-200s)
8m

I
T
12m
(c)*5m
(b) 4.7
(d) sJ-sm
+

TEVEL - 1 Key
I
Fis.l
(GATE-1ee4) 01. (a) 02. (d) 03. (c) 04.(d) 0s. (b)
06. (b) (c)
07. 08. (d) 0e.(b) 10. (a)
02. Assertion (A): As a mean of protecting
against piping, block protection is provided 11.(d) 12. (c) 13. (b)
on the downstream of a hydraulic structure

Reason (R): Any means by which the exit LEVET - 2

gradient is brought below the critical value
will bc satisfactory protection against piping.
01. (a) 0.10 (b) l0
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct
explanation o1'A 3.3
(c) (d) 33 kPa (e) 3.14 m
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the 02. (d) 03. (a) - 0a. (c)
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

HyderabadlDclhilBltopdlhnclBhubaneswulBengalmlLucknowlPatnlChemilVijarawadalvizg lTirupati lcmtul Kulatpaly(Hyd)

 D esign of Unlined Alluuis.l
Ccrno'lsbg SiIt Theories
5. Design of Channel by Kennedy: x Equations
SYNOPSIS required
(i) Q: A.V
(ii) Kutter's Equation, for V
Kennedy's Theory: (iii)VK : 0.55m Do
6a

1. Silt is kept in suspension by the eddies

formed over the width of the channel.
Data required: Q, N, m and S or B/D ratio

2, Critical velocity (V"): Velocity which will

6. Procedure (1) Given Q, N, m and S Steps:
keep the channel free from silting or scouring.
(il Assume atrialvalue of D in meters
V" : 0.55 Do6a
(ii) Calculate velocity V from equation,
applicable for Punjab region(now in Pakistan) Vr : 0'55m Do
6a'

Vo: critical velocity in m/sec (iiil Calculate cross sectional area, A: QA/
D : depth of flow. in m (iv) Assuming side slope of channel as ( %
Horizontal) to (1 Vertical)and find the
o Bed width has no effect on the Critical
bed width,
Velocity
(v) Calculate the actual mean velocity ff)
Critical Velocity Ratio, m: Vr/Vo of flow from Kutter,s Equation
For other regions, velocity of flow to- avoid (vi) If the velocity (V) calculated by
silting and scouring is, V6 : 0.55 m D0
6a
Kutter's equation is nearly equal to
velocity calculated in step no. 2, the
For determining mean velocity of flow, assumed dePth is correct. If not,
Kennedy recommended to use Kutter's assume another trial value D and repeat
Equation, which is as follows: the above Procedure.
The above design procedure can be carried
..,1,0.00155
zJ-r- out with the help of Garret's diagram.
V- NS JRS Drawbacks in KennedY's TheorY:
,.(n"
I+l
o.ool55) N
Z) -r- | . Limitations of Kuffer's Equation are
I S /r/n-
incorporated in KennedY's theory.
Where,
V: Mean velocity of flow in m/sec'
a No equation for bed slope (S) by Kennedy

R: Hydraulic radius, m a Complex phenomenon of silt

transportation is incorporated in a single
S : bed slope, factor called 'm'
N : Rugosity coefficient Involves trial and error.
 of Unlined AlluviaLl Canals bv silt....

7. Lacey's 'l'hcory: 14. Lacey's equations aro :rpplicable for a

Lacey clcvclopctl thc regime theory (But the channel which has atttilrcrl llnal or true
regimc..thcoly cuncept was initially put reglme.
forwrirdctl by Lindley).
15. Cross section of a regimc chiurrrcl: Semi _
8. Regimc (lhannel: A stable channel whose elliptical section.
width, dcpth and bed slope have undergone
modilicirlion by silting and scouring and are 16. Lacey's regime equations:
so ad justed that they have attained
equilibrium. (i) silt factor, f : 1.76J4
d: mean soil particle,size in .mrn' (_tlso)
9. Silt is kept in suspension by eddies generated
from wetted perimeter. (ii) velocity. v :[9J:)
Ir+oJ
10. For a channel to be in regime, conditions to (iii) wetted perimeter, P : 4.75 J0
bc established are:
Regime conditions (true regime conditions)
P- inm, Q-inm3/sec,
i) Channel should be flowing uniformly in (iv) Longitudinal slope, S : /t",
unlimited incoherent alluvium of the same
3340Qt'
char-Gr as thil t.ansported by channel. (v) Velocity, V:/@/sFR
ii) Silt grade and silt charge should be ( ^z\1tl
constant.
(vi) Scourdepth, R, =1.351
" L
\.f,
I

iii) Discharge should be constant. R: Hydraulic radius, is in m

q:discharge per m width: Q/ B
11. To measure silt grade, Lacey introduced silt Rr: is in 'm' measured from H.F.L
factor (fl. (vii) Assuming side slopes as (ll2) horizontal:
I vertical
12. Incoherent Alluvium: A loose granular
material which can be scoured as easilv as it 17. Drawbacks in Lacey's Theory :
can be deposited. o Regime conditions are only theoretical,
may not be achieved in practice.
13. An artificial channel will undergo two stages . Equations are derived based on silt factor
of rcginre. r
f'
( l) initial (2) finalregime
o Silt charge and silt grade have not been
o Initial Rcgirne : Longitudinal slope and properly defined
depth attu i lr cclu i I ibrium
o . Lacey's equations are empirical.
Final Regimc : Longitudinal slope, depth
and width of the channel reach
equilibrium.
 LEVEL -l QUESTIONS
Design an irrigation channel in
alluvial soil
according to Lacey's silt thepry with the
following data, discharge is 50 m / sec. Lacey's 01. Lacey's equations can be used for the design
silt factor: 1, side slope 0.5 H : 1 V of.
(GATE-94) (a) unlined channels onlY
(b) lined channels onlY
Sol: Q: 50 m3/sec ; f : 1; x: 0'5
(c) both lined & unlined channels
(d) neither lined nor unlined channels
z ^rl/6 / - ,"11/6
v=fer,'l =[5oxt,
( l4o
I :o.s+zol, 02. For 1 m depth of flow in a canal with CVR
[140J ) equal to 0.90, according to Keruledy's theory I

the velocitv of flow will be.

Q=AxV (a) 0.395 rrls (b) 0.49s nVs
50 (c) 0.595 m/s (d) 0.695 n/s
A =0.842 :59.38m2
4:(B+x.D)D: 59.38
_ LEVEL - 2 QUESTIOT{S
(B+0.5D)D:59.38 Eqn..(1)

P= 4.75J0 : 4.75" Jso :33.58 m 01. An irrigation channel is to carry a discharge

p:B+2Dd*05t of 5 cumecs. Assume Rugosity coeff'

=33.58 N: 0.0225, critical velocity ratio m : l,
B+2.23 D: 33.58 B /D : 3.24, design the width and depth for
the channel using Kennedy's silt theory.
B:33.58-2.23D .... Eqn..(2)
substituting 'B' into eqn - (1), 02. An irrigation canal is to be provided in
: 59.38 alluvial soil of average soil particle size of
(33.58-2.23D+0.5D) D
0.39 mm, with side slope as 0.5H:1V. The
r.t r5D2 43.58D+59.38 : 0 canal supplies water to field of total area of
40,000 ha where a certain crop is to be grown'
Solving, D: 1.88 m, The duty of the crop is 800 halcumec' Design
.'.B - 33.58-2.23x1.88 :29'38m the canal by LaceY's silt theory.

The B and D should be taken such that 03. The slope of a channel in alluvium is 1 / 4000,
of channel is semi elliptical Lacey's silt factor is 0.9 and side slopes are
shape
(1/2)H:lV. Find the channel section and
maximum discharge which can be allowed to
3340 x 50t/6 flow in it.
 Acad€my : 33: Design of Unlined Alluvial Canals by silt....

04. In connection with the design of a barrage,

identify the correct matching of the criteria of LEVEL -1
design (A), (B), (C), (D) for the items of
design (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).
01. (a) 02. (b)
Items of Design

(D Width of waterway LEVEL - 2 Key

(ii) Level and length of down steam floor
(iii) Depth of downstream sheet piles and total
length of floor 01.4.53 m
02. Q : 50 m3ls, D : 1.90 m, B:29.40 m,
(iv) Banage floor thickness at different
locations s: 5500
1

03. B:3.353 rn, D:0.656 m

Criteria of Design 04. (c)
(A) Hydraulic jump consideration
(B) Lacey's wetted perimeter and discharge
capacity of the barrage as determined by
appropriate weir formulae
(C) Uplift pressure distribution as determined
by Khosla's theory
(D) Lacey's scour depth and exit hydraulic
gradient as given by Khosla's theory
(a) A,B,C,D (b) A,B,D,C
c) B.A.D.C d C,D

HydmbadlDclhilBhopallPunclBhubmeswlBengalmlLucknowlPanralChemilvijayamclalvizg lTirupati lGmull ItukaOaXv(Hvd)

 wster Log ging o/nd Droiino;g e
and other chemicals to live and produce
s required bY plants. This reduces
SYNOPSIS
the yi

Water logging: Water logging is a condition

o Itmakes as the water

in which th.r. it excessive moisture in the logged ar cultivated'

il making the land less productive' o It causes growth of Y4g aquatic plants
It causes of soil
-Qttj'-- ts the fertility of the a
Eltotty
.,"*udo
ior li*tT'-
- ,-t*"' reduction in the croP o It lowers soil temperature which affects
usually caused by a the activities of the bacterta'
rise of sub soil water table'
4. Water Logging Control:
he depth of water table at which it tends
to
on the
. By providing inage
make the land water logged, depends
and
*itl, oP.n dr rain
(i) height of caPillarY fringe water could be
(ii) type of croP.
. By providing efficient under drainage'
The crop yield is adverseiy affected when the . By controlling seepage of-water from
capillary memscus surface rises to within canals. (By Lining the canals, Lowering
0.6m of ground surface' Or, the land is F.S.L and using inigation water
generally water logged when the water table economicallY)
is within 1.50m to 2'lmbelow the ground' . By preventing seepage from reservoirs'
2. Causes of Water Logging: Main causes
of . Pqql4gigplns ground water from wells
water logging are: . By introducing croP rotation
o Excessive rainfall in the area . By improving the natural drainage of the
o Flat ground Profile afea
o Seepage of water from canals and the o Be introducing lift inigation
adjoining lands.
Drainage:
o Improper drainage of surface runoff
A properly designed drainage system is an
o Excessive irrigation
effective means to prevent land from getting
3. Effects of Water Logging: Water logging water logged as well as to relieve the land
already
has the following effects:
o lt causes bic conditions near the water logged. OPen s can be

roots of plants. Excess water prevents used.

circulation of air and hence destroys
bacteria which require aerobic conditions
'---.--.--- * '^'
HvderabadiDelhi;BhopaljPunelBhubm "a"lV@
 Cross Droiinq,geWodcs
SYNOPSIS
o The max. uplift pressure on the under side
of the drain bed occurs when there is no
water flowing in the drain and the water
I: CD works carrvins the canal over table has risen upto drain bed.

TYPE III: CD works ng the drain

water into the canal.
1. Aqueduct: To carry a canal
Level crossing: It is provided when the beds
- Sft+;t$ffi. ft.s$f *tiffi",ffi ,,
5.
of the canal at the same
well above the H.F.L of the drain. level. _
The drain flows under atmosoheric Dressure.
(rron. FL)dj@in @ 0o,rle"t eler,,L-ttron' ca4c,,l hd 6. Inlet and Outlet: Inlet is provided in a canal
2. Siphon aqueduct: Is constructed where water bank to admit drain water into the canal.
surface level of drain at high flood is higher Outlbt allows the admitted drain water to
nr. )omj,than the canal bed. The bed of the drains discharge out from the canal. "tl t I

ktre/ 6d depressed and provided with pucca floor The I

I
drain flows under pressure.
s
Uplift pressure occurs on the under side of the LEVEr -l QUESTIONS I

trough (or the barrel) i.e. on the bottom of the 1 L

structure which is crossins over the natural 01.
drain:
o The max. uplift pressure occurs on the
under side of the trough at the upstream
end of the barrel.
o The uplift pressure would be max. when
the highest flood is passing in drain and
A super passage is a cross drainage work
provided to carry a natural drain over a canal
when
(a) bed of the natural drain is at the same
level as the canal bed
(b) bed of the natural drain is well above the
canal F.S.L
(c) bed of the natural drain is below the canal
F.S.L
(d) bed of the natural drain is below the canal

*'J TYPE II: CD works carrying the

drain over the canal.
natural
bed

02. Syphon aqueduct is a cross drainage work

provided to carry canal over a natural drain
t__+ 3. Super passage: To carry natural drain over when
H the canal. (a) canal bed is well above the H.F.L., of the
AW Constructed where the bed of the drain is well natural drain
above the canal F.S.L. (b) canal bed is at the same level as the bed
of the natural drain
4. Syphon is constructed where the F.S.L of
(c) canal bed is below the HFL.of the natural
canal is higher than the bed of the drain.
drain
r0
fgL (d) canal bed is below bed ofthe natural drain
IlydenbadlDelhilBhopallPunelBhubaneswlBengalmlhcknowlPatnlChemaiivijaramdalvizae lTirupati lcmturl Kuka@ny{Hyd)
03. Match List-I (Control structures) with List-II (c) high flood flow in the drainage with canal
(Functions of the control structures) and running full
select the correct answer using the codes (d) water is at drainage bed and canal is dty
given below the lists:
List-I List-II 06. Match List-I (Relative position of canal and
A. Canal drop 1. Control of flow depth drainage channel) with List-II (Type of cross
B. Canal escape 2. Control of bed grade drainage work) and select the correct answer
C. Canal cross 3. Control of FSL using t{e code given below the lists:
regulator. (ESE - 200s)
D. Canal outlets 4. Conhol of discharge List-I
A. Canal taken above the drainage channel at
Codes:
its grade
A B C D
B. Drainage chanrrel taken above the canal at
,.Aa) 2 3 4 1
its bed slope
a
(b) 2 J 1 4
Canal taken below the drainage channel
(c) 3 2 I 4
Drainage channel taken below the Canal
(d) J 2 4 I
List-II
04. The following data pertain to a natural drain 1. Canal siphon 2rDrainage siphon
crossing an irrigation canal: 3. Aqueduct 4. Super passage

Item Canal data Drainage data Codes:

Flow (m3/s) 5 s00 clf laq , A B C D

a
(a) 2 4 1 J
Bed level (m) 120 116
a
(b) J I 4 2
Depth of a
08 10 (c) 2 I 4 -)
flow (m) -1 re
(d) 3. 4 1 2
Which one of the following types of cross -
drainage should be recommended in this
case? LEVEL - 1 Key
(a) Aqueduct (b) Syphon aqueduct
(c) Syphon (d) Super-passage
01. (b) 02. (c) 03. (b) 04. (b)

05. The worst condition of uplift on the floor.of a 0s. (a) 06. (d)
syphon aqueduct occurs when thpre is
(a) high floqd flow in the drainage with canal
g
(b) full supply flow in the canal with drainage
dry
Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pme I Bhubmesw I Bengalm I Lucknow I Panra I Chemi I Vijaya*ada I
Vizg Tirupati I Gmor I KukaOanyfivd)
I
 Ccrno"lOutlets
SYNOPSIS
If the sensitivity of an irrigation module is 0.5,
1. Outlet: lt is a dcvice through which water is then what percent variation in outlet discharge
releascd lionr er channel into a water course or will be caused by 50 percent variation in canal
field chanrrcl. water depth?

2. Types of Outlets:
Sol: Sensitivity:
a) Mo<lular outled Nid $da']a'
In this type, the discharge is independent of
watcr lcvcls in the distributing channel and
dq
watcr course. i.e, C e is
obtaincd. 0.5: 9
Thc cxanrples for rnodular outlets are 0.5
a) Ciibb's module
do
b) Klranna's module. a=0.25=25o/o
q
t tpo IRW
b) Non mdflular outlet:
Discharge depends on difference in water 4. Flexibility (F): It is the ratio of rate of
levels in the distributing channel and watgr change of discharge of an outlet to the rate of
course. Eg: Subrnerged pipe outlet. change of discharge of the distributing
The main advantage is that they can work channel F- dq/q.
with very srnall available heads. dQ/Q
lAu';bb-
For a modular outlet flexibility and
c) Semi 'rhodular outlet: Discharge
varies sensitivity is equal to zero and hence it is also
only with water level in the distributing called as rigid module.
channol bLrt it is independent of water levels 5. Setting:
ol' lho water course.. The semi modular Setting is the ratio of the depth of the sill or
outlcts aro pipe outlet, Kennedy's gauge the crest level of the module below the full
oullol, opcn flume outlet etc. supply level of the distributing channel to the
full supply depth of the distributing channel.
3. Sensitivilv: lt is the ratio of rate of change of
dischargc ol'irn outlct to the rate of change of Thus, setting: E
D
water lcvcl ol' distributins channel.
^J:-' cltt i tt o ln the case of a proportionate outlet we
,lyly have the setting equal to the ratio of
outlet index to the channel index. i.e.

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F

Irrigation Engineering

Hm
Setting:
in the discharge of the distributing channel.
Thus, for a hyper proporlional outlet
Dn
' - urr.\t F>l
m:outletindex(q--' mD
n: Channel index(Q = CD') -->l
nH
k&Careconstants or
Hm
H: head acting on the outlet Dn
The above equation shows that the numerical
D : depth of water in the canal
value of setting (H/D) is less than the ratio
o For a channel of trapezordal m/n or in other words, an outlet is hyper
5
proportional if
the setting is higher than
shape,Q-D', required for proportionality.
.5 n:
l.e. -3 Sub-proportional outlet:
I A sub proportional outlet is the one in which
o For an orifice type outlet, Q a H2, the flexibility is lesser than one, i.e. the
discharge in the outlet changes by a smaller
i.e., m: ;I percentage than the percentage change in the
z discharge of the distributing channel.
Hence, for such a combination, we get Thus, for a sub-proportional outlet:
F<1
Settine:H=^=ll?=0.3 mD
Dn5l3 --nH
<I
Hence for the pipe outlet to be proportional,
the outlet is set at 0.3 times the depth below of
Hm
the water surface. Dn
The above equation shows that the numerical
6. . Proportionality: If the flexibility is equal to value of setting H/D is greater than ratio m/n,
one, then the outlet is termed as proportional or in other words, an outlet is sub-

outlet. proportional if
the setting is lower than
o From the point of view of proportionality,
required for proportionality.
an outlet is classified into three types:
(a) Proportional outlet 7. Efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of the
(b) Hyper-proportional outlet head recovered to head put in.
(c) Sub-proportional outlet
'l'lrcso will be explained both with respect to 8. Drowning Ratio: It is defined as the ratio
thoir lloxibilify as well as setting. between the depths of water levels over the
crest on the D/S and U/S of the outlet.
Hyper proportional outlet:
A hyper proportional outlet is the one in
which the floxibility is greater than one, i.e.
the discharge in the outlet changes by a
larger percentage than the percentage change
 04. Flexibility of an outlet may be defined as the
LEVEL _ l QUESTIONS ratio of the rate of change of
(a) Outlet discharge to the rate of change of
01. Outlets which maintain a constant discharge water level of the parent channel
irrespective of the fluctuations in the water (b) Outlet discharge to the rate of change of
level of supply channel and water course are the discharge ofthe parent channel
known as (c) Parent channel discharge to the rate of
(a) nonmodular outlets change of the outlet discharge
(b) Rigid modules (d) Parentphannel water level to the rate of
(c) Semimodular outlets change of the outlet discharge
(d) Kennedy's gauge outlets
05. Which of the following outlets are of semi-
02. An outlet is said to be proportional when modular type? (ESE -2014)
flexibility is 1. Khanna's module
(a) less than one 2. Adjustable proportional module
(b) greater than one 3. Submerged pipe outlet
(c) equal to one 4. Open flume outlet
(d) sometimes less and sometimes greater 5. Kennedy's gauge outlet
than one
(a) 2,4 and 5 (b) 1,2 and4
03. Assertion (A): Canal escape seryes as a (c) 2, 3 and 5 (d) 3,4 and 5
safety valve for acanal.
Reason (R): Canal escape discharges the 06. If the channel index at an irrigation outlet is
excess water in the parent canal due to 5/3, "setting" of an orifice type outlet in
sudden closure of outlets by the farmers. order to have proportionality is
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the (a) 0.90 (b) 0.67
correct explanation of A (c) 0.30 (d) 0.15
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false LEVEL -1
(d) A is false but R is true

01. (b) 02. (c) 03. (a) 04. (b)

0s. (a) 06. (c)

Hydenbad I Delhi I Bhopal I Pme I Bhubare sw j Bengalm j Lucknow I Pana j Chenmi I Vliayamda I
Vizg Tirupari cutru I Kukatraly6lyd)
I I
 C clno"I Reg ulo:tion Wor,lcs
7. Bed bars: Constructed in the bed of unlined
SYNOPSIS
channel to serve as a pennanent mark of
reference forindicatingalignment.
These are structures constructed to regulate
the discharge, full supply level or velocity of 8. Escapes: Structure constructed on an
flow in a channel. The various canal irrigation channel for the disposal of surplus
regulation works are as follows. water from the channel (It is called Surplus
Escape). I

L Canal fall or drop: It is a structure

constructed across a channel to lower down Sometimes, escapes are provided in the head
the water level and dissipate surplus energy. reaches of canal to scour out bed silt
It is required when the natural slope of the deposited in the canal. They are called Canal
ground is greater than the designed bed slope Scouring Escapes.
of the channel. The difference in slopes is
adjusted by constructing a vertical drop. Some times, at the tail end of the channel
when it meets a drain, an escape is provided
If a trapezoidal notch fall is provided, there is to maintain the required FSL in the canal.
neither draw down nor heading up of water Such an escape is called Tail escape.
on u/s of the fall. The depth - discharge
relationship of the channel remains
undisturbed.
tEVEr - 1 QUESTTONS

2. Glacis fype of fall: It utilizes hydraulic jump

for the dissipation of energy.
a
J. Siphon falls are adopted to maintain
constant water level on u/s side
4. Roughening devices ate provided
cisterns for dissipation of energy.
01. Falls are required in canals when the general
ground slope is
a (a) smaller than the slope of the canal
(b) greater than the slope of the canal
(c) equal to the slope of the canal
in the (d) sometimes equal to and sometimes
smaller than the slope of the canal

5. Montague type fall: Hydraulic jump falls LEVEL - 1 Ke

and it is always flumed (contracted).

6. King's vanes and Gibb's Groyne wall are 01. (b)

devices to control silt entrv into the off takine
channel.

Hyderabad j Delhi I Bhopal i Pue I Bhubmesw J Bengalm I Lucknow i Patna I Chemai iVijayamda lvizas j Tirupati I Gmtu ! Kukapally(Ilyd)