Control rod. : => coolant out 4 moderator | | ly reactor vessel | fuel rod —— | <— coolant in (@) A.uraniur nucleus inthe fuel rod may spit when a neutron hits it This process of splitting i known as a) £8(A) sion —2B moderation EC reflection 3D refraction {b) The control rods control the reaction by a (A) absorbing some of the neutrons FSB cooling the reactor vessel £3 C removing uranium nuclel from the reaction E3 D slowing the neutrons slightly {Total for Question 1 = 2 marks) IMD HAA 00 0 "un SBA 0S Scanned with CamScannerne ee =< The dia STM shows the main pats ofa nuclear re8cto \ 1 | shielding > coolant out control tod Moderator |__| _— reactor vessel fuel rod T= coolant in The fist one has been done for you. (2) Part of reactor main function control controls the rate of fission coolant absorbs dangerous radiation pe conta rerum fr son shielding removes energy from the reactor a ere Te Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner12 The diagram shows the main parts OFa nuclear reactor. shielding contro rod —_ Li) | => coolant out 4 2 mater | | i |_— reactor vessel 2 3 fuslod— Til +— coolant in e > we (@) Di i Ss '@) Draw a straight line linking each part of the reactor to its correct purpose. S (4) & & Part of reactor purpose a Re control rod 4 absorbs neutrons ae er transfers thermal energy fuel rod keeps radioactive material Inside the reactor moderator ! slows the neutrons reactor vessel contains uranium 24 v0 00 00 0 Scanned with CamScanner? 5 ————————— (b) Which ofthese isa nuctear fission product? 0 DA alpha particles GB electrons _— © neutrons _ GD uranium nuclet (€) Describe the process of nuclear fission. (@) State three ways in which nuclear fission differs from radioactive decay, ralewe kor Aisa 110, whucerrecbili, cam ¥ rorclow, 1 Ble tea aed ek hay wd call (Total for Question 12 = 12 marks) 25 Ton _ Turn over » Scanned with CamScanner6 Thedi The diagram shows | umber of ett # neutron colliding with » mists of waniom-235, producing a neutron, © ‘ranium-235 Oe oS (a) Name (@) Name the process shown in the diagram, well leu. idshOn. ) it Explain how the process shown in the diagram can lead to a chain reaction, (©) This process releases energy. Explain the form that this energy takes. hich 7 Aes ele made 1 332 Ba + _Kr + neutrons 92 0 56 36 (a) (i) What is meant by the term fission? ‘Hi (ii) Calculate the number of neutrons released during this fission reaction. 226-Jl 244 +42 lau. (wy-o¢) + (P-3e) = Aan. 444 - [422 2n- (iii) Explain how a chain reaction can occur in uranium-235, Scanned with CamScanner(b) Barium. 1441s Tadloactivej DO'NOT WRITE INTHIS-AREA > Explain wh Sotope that me lat hay emits beta a beta partic PPE the mass (ucleony sie of barium-144 when it emits {Total for Question 10 = 9 marks) ” ine ot HT teen aver Ph Scanned with CamScanneridd ‘13 Anuclear power station generates electri cy using the energy released from the nuclear fission of uranlum-235, symbol 2U. q (a) How many neutrons are in a nucleus of uranium-2357 cay \ aa 2 : J OB 143 Rs, Ge as 3 * @ D 327 5 2 (b) The diagram shows the process of nuclear fission. g (0) Add labels to the diagrain to show the arent nucleus and a daughter nucleus. 2) (ii) Explain how this fission Process can lead to a chain reaction, Mn aan 8 Scanned with CamScannerDoor. WRITE IN THES nen The nuclear. feact i tor design was flawed by entering the reactor were m: sbehiy use the ends of the control rods © Graphite is used a: lade of graphite, 'S @ Moderator in a nuclear reactor. What is the purpose of the moderator in a nuclear reactor? (ii) Suggest why there was an accident wh fen the control rods were fully inserted. into the reactor core, (2) Ga rte eli wok alasorle Me voulrors to mare nuclei -ndluesl tia 0 tascneel ade of. (Total for Question 13 = 11 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER = 120 MARKS Sree SRN EERIE Scanned with CamScanner1% aS © Th - ' dlagram shows a nuclear reactor a => coolant out shielbog_| Uranium rod. = coolant in (i (On the diagram, label the. Control rods and the shielding, Ail) Explain why the shielding is needed, (Total for Question 11 = 9 marks) nu ANY moe BAO Scanned with CamScannerPAGE] Amount in, atural uranium: 0.0002 bitlion years 0.005% 07 billion years 0.7% 45 billion years 99% (b) Nuclear power stations use a uranium isotope as fuel. What are the products of the fission of uranium nuclei? cal BRE zu Turn ov yma Scanned with CamScanner Icontrol rod moderator——| fuel rod] © : ) The diagram shows the reactor in a nuclear power station. 1—— shielding — hot water out reactor vessel “<— cold water in (il) Describe what happens in the reactor when a cor yntrol rod is removed. conn a 0 ti Scanned with CamScannerr+ v v J - xwep lect -* (b) In a nuclear fusion reactor, a nucleus of hydrogen-2 fuses with a nucleus of hydrogen-3 at an extremely high temperature. This fusion reaction produces an isotope of element X and y releases a neutron. () Explain why an extremely high temperature is needed when forcing these two nuclei : together, ray Scanned with CamScannertime = ... ear Physics Dr. Dosouky Page 5 Scanned with CamScannerD,. Dosouky Sheets#112-Nuclear Physics (2005-2022) IGCSE-0695 westion 5: May/June 2021-41 8 There are three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen-1, hydrogen-2 and hydroge The nuclide notation for hydrogen-1 is |]. i (a) Write down the symbol, using nuclide notation, for: hydrogen-2 .. hydrogen-3. ty (b)_ Ina fusion reactor, a Nucleus of hydrogen-2 and a nucleus of hydrogen-3 undergo fusion, () State what is meant by nuclear fusion. (ii) The fusion reaction produces a free neutron and one other particle. Write down, using nuclide notation, the ‘equation that represents this reaction. 2 3 5 4 iH * att we He + oh. se) Nuclear fusion in the Sun is the source of most but not all of the resources that are use generate electrical energy on Earth. State two resources for which nuclear fusion in the Sun is not the source. Scanned with CamScannerSE On Fig. 10.1, mark and label the paths through the magnetic field of: (i) «particles (label this path a) ia) | (i) _B-particlés (label this path B) i) (iii) "y-rays (label this path y). m4 (b) Radioactive sources have many uses in medicine. State two safety precautions which hospital staff take when working with y-ray sources. aii 12) Dr. Dosouky Page 7 of 78 2ts#12-Nuclear Physics Scanned with CamScannerDr. Dosouky Sheets#12-Nuclear Physics (2005-2022) WGCSE.o695 (c) The radioactive isotope iodine- ane 131 is used as a tracer in medical diagnosis. A nuck iodine-131 contains 53 protons ae and 78 neutrons. The symbol for iodine is I. (i) Use nuclide notation to show this isotope of iodine. 3) yee oo 10 (ii) lodine-131 emits y-radiation. It has a half-life of 8 hours. Explain why this emission and this half-life make iodine-131 a suitable material for a tracer in medical diagnosis. it Scanned with CamScannerLabel the paths a, 6 and y. (b) State and explain one practical application of y-rays. sis Ia\s Vametens fA nasunseninace tee application .... -tealizios, . Scanned with CamScanneri }-2022) Dr Devo Sheetsif12-Nuclear Physics (2005-2022) 7 y Question 10: May/June 2020-43 10 (a) Aradioactive nucleus of carbon decays to a nucleus of nitrogen by emitting a Pati, i Complete the nuclide equation and state the name of the particle. 14, 2 4G —+ aN + xX name of particle X Lele (b) A radiation detector in a laboratory records a reading of 10 counts/min, There; radioactive samples in the laboratory. (]) Explain why the radiation detector records a reading and suggest a possible sy, explanation .. az. heechaawd radiain I source 45... fog Carbon-14 has a halflife of 5700 years. There are atoms of carbon-14 in a organisms. An archaeologist digs up some ancient. wood. In the same laboratory as in | sample of this ancient wood gives a reading of 20 counts/min. An equivalent se living wood gives a reading of 80,counts/min. I is suggested that the age of the sample is 11400 years, Do a calculation to check whether this Suggestion is correct. Bc Seem Oe ee La Gus Scanned with CamScannerDr. Des: » Dosoraky Sheets##12-Nuclear Physics (2005-2022) ecg, ey (c) The waste from nuclear power stations includes the isotopes technetium-99, ji selonkan-79. These isotopes are radioactive with halt-ives of many thousands yee ™ | State three economic and environmental consequences of producing this waste. [Total 10 Scanned with CamScannerpinow - ainers. j) Radioactive isotopes are stored in thick lead cont State two precautions to be taken when rai dioactive isotopes are fhe oe wisid L isabel. a Nuclear Physics Dr. D . esouky Pa ge Scanned with CamScannerD>. Desouk, a Sheetsii2.n, clear Physes (2005-2022) Isese-osas testion 21: Oct/Nov 99 i 4 Thera isot Pe etbO0-14 140) omits Brpatticles as it decays, (a) The decay of carbonig Produces an Isotope of nitrogen (Ny), FY State the nature ota B-particle and state where itis 4 bi. 4 (i) Complete the nuclide equation for the radioactive decay of carbon-14, Yo > ty, (©) The haltsite of carbon-t14 ig 5700 years. Explain what is meant by the term halt-ite, (©) A workman operates a Machine that uses B-patticles to determine the level of liquid in a Plastic water bottle that is being filed.” Suggest why ())arparticles are not suitable for the’same purpose, wel, radtielion (ii) -rays are not suitable for the same purpose. charm fo the, nAabtenneda: t Total: 8} Page 27 of 78 Dr. Dooouky Sheets#12-Nuclear Physics Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner‘Sheets#12-Nuclear Physics (2005-2022) We, i Dr. Dosouky Question 30: Oct/Nov 2015-337 %/ hhow the nucle of two isotopes gy is te, 11 (a) State, in terms of the particles in each nucleus, element are different. es fF i inst proton number. The mie, ay 4 Fig. 11.1 shows a graph of nucleon number aga ie plotted ‘on the graph at the cross marked P. con 213: |p 2t2. * at nucleon 211 number | =» 209 708081 a 83 84 Proton number Fig. 11.4 @) On Fig. 11.1, 1. plot a cross labelled @ for the nucleus formed when the 2238) nucleus emits an particle, 2. plot a cross labelled R for the nucleus formed when the 488i nucleus emits » Brparticle. 4 (ii) The half-life for the decay of 212Bi is 6Ominutes, A sample of 723 is placed at a fixed distance from a detector. The initial measurement f the count rate from the sample of 7238) Is 2400 counts per minute. Calculate the count rate from the sample 5.0 hours later, Lyoom + 2% a trate s as rr inthe Scanned with CamScannerSheetsia; ‘clear Physics (2005-2022) Iecse-0625, M ao 40 unerarour Water pipe hy Fig. 44.4 shows 8 cracked and ‘Water Is leaking into the surrounding ground. a ‘echnictan cating the Position ofthe leak. Fig. 44.4 A radioacti : crack is Teen 's introduced into the water supply and thie Water tat leaks from the The technician tries to | locate i — higher than in the surrounding Flt aa above the pipe where the radioactive count rat (1) State and explain th =e “ cae be detectea” © tyPe of radiation that must be emitted by the isotope for the leab (il) The haitite of the isotope used is 6.0 hours, Explain why an isotope with this half-life is ‘Suitable. Dr. Dosouky Page 39 of 78 heets#12-Nuclear Physics Scanned with CamScannerDr. Dosouky Sheets#!12-Nuclear Physics (2005-2022) Iscstg Question 34: Oct/Nov 2014-32831 40 (@) A technician sets up a radiation detector in a university laboratory for use in a clase experiment. (i) A radioactive source that emits f-particles is placed on the laboratory bench, 10cm from the detector. A small count rate is registered. 1. State the name of the particle, found in an atom, that is identical to a B-particle, lect {1} 2. The technician sets up the same equipment in the same way every year. He Notices that the count rate registered by the detector every year is slightly smaller than it was the previous year. (2) (i) In a second experiment, the same equipment is set up but a radioactive ‘source that emits a-particles is placed 10cm from the detector. The same number of particles are emitted every second from this source as were emitted from the B-source in (i). Suggest why this is so. buabiong ine Me nai Explain why the count rate obtained is much lower. batt (2) (b) In another experiment, B-particles pass between two Parallel, horizontal metal plates in a vacuum. They then continue to the detector as shown in Fig. 10.1. ‘ eee alle a Scanned with CamScannera) Indicate th Fig.41.4 he ae each column oot conn ea MY Of the a-particles, B.particles and ‘rays, by placing one tick in Possible deflection S-particles | p-particies Pegs No deflection t _ towards positive Plate r Ca towards Negative plate uu ¢ _— [out of the paper ( | o8 into the Paper 13] ) The radiation i is said to be i ionising. Explain what this means. Festba.kckon, ft... inai in y-Tays.. a-particles are More strongly ionising and have a shorter range in air than y-rays. i ferences. Use your knowledge of the nature of these radiations to explain these differet [Tota Page 45 of Dr. Desouky iclear Physics Scanned with CamScanner1 Protons, et Reutrons. * ~Slectrons ang 49 J (a) Underting Which of these th roe (b) State the Nucleon, number (c) What can you Say about y Telonbe " Of this j he chemical Properties of the ditter (2) One isotope of sodium ig Na, How many neutrons are there in one alm of this isotope? Total: 5] 2-44 Awe : Page 67 of 78 Dr. Dooouky eetsi#12-Nuclear Physics Scanned with CamScannerIGcse-0625 31839 ha he proton SM Isoto Mme oie of Madaon umber 35 and one of nucieon number 37. Table 41.4 ref " pestle hlotine, Complete Table 14,4 ' 8 Table 14.4 (©) ‘Some isotopes are Tadioactive, State the three types F radiation that may be emitted fof radioact typ 1 (c) how itis used. (ii) Outline 7 ae 1 Total: 6) Page 73 of 78 Dr. Desouky ies heets#12-Nuclear Phys Shee Scanned with CamScannerestion 61: Oct/Nov 2006-03 as ionising radiations. 41 (a) a-particles, B-particles and y-rays are known (i) Describe what happens when gases are ionised by ionising radiations, (i) (b) (i) Suggest two practical applications of radioactive isotopes. (ii) For one of the applications that you have suggested, describe how it worl a labelled diagram to illustrate it in use: Ny Scanned with CamScannerIecstoes ©) A seig, mi the a St 8 sultan ection of " le B-particles i oe Ue : me ©xperimental rte by ea electric field. Draw a ‘ Se ee et raclio edie to Jourte eS kegel 4y chacgeo/ State how thy Bel ob 13] le pidge, ? electric field, @Pparatus Would be used to Pel ‘show the deflection of the B-particles by the odbacleel b (d) Explain the direction of the deflection obtained. led pe Dr. Dosouky : Page 77 of 78 2-Nuclear Physics Scanned with CamScannervariants 1, 2, &3) Iecse9, i ie Physics (2017-2022... Bas, Dr Desouky ‘Sheetsit13 - Atom Half-Life esto 68-O625/28/MN/22 aya campl of niogen-13. 40 Asclenlist uses a counter to measure ‘and sample of ritrogon-13 are on a table ina laboratory wn the counter Is racorded for 8 period of BOmin and ‘The count graph Is dravm using the The reating o ‘moasurements. od 9 4. {50} 80 10 time/min ‘Whats the best estimate forthe hal-ife ofthe sample ofritrogen-13? A 10min B smn ©) 4min D 40min ‘Question 69 -0625/22/F/M/22 40 When a radioactive isotope is set up close to a counter, a count rate of 38000 counts/ obtained: The table shows the count rate from the isotope over a three-year petiod, tie! yoars | auiale o 38000 1 26000 2 17000 3 42000 What is the halts ofthe isotope? A_less than 4 year (©) mee than esrb ss han 2 year more than 2 years but less than 3 years more than 3 years SheetsH13~ Atomic Physics (2017-2022) Dr. Dorouky Page 26 of 43, Scanned with CamScanner2 36 THe fore. 202 12 ears A sample 01084202 produces ggg © 210000 years D 420000 years westion 71 - 0625/23/0, 39 O1y9eN-15 ls used in hospitals, Te count rate fo period of 1Smrn. The bees P2284 cose Io a count ratere 4p 2, $2 of oxygen-15 was recorded over Counts in, 200 count rate ‘ounts/min WV 22 tee sh Dee time/min ‘What is the halfite ofthis sample of oxygen-15? (A romin B 24min = 28min =D 75min uestion 72 - 0625/22/0/N/21 38 A sample of americium decays and changes into neptunium. The halfife of americium is 432 years, Which fraction ofthe amercium wil remain after 1728 years? 4 4 jt AO B 6 c a 4 ‘heetsi#13 - Atomic Physics (2017-2022) Dr. Dosouky Page 27 of 43, Scanned with CamScannerJcphysesou72022.vavens 2283) 16CSE 6 Dr Derouky ‘Sheets #33 ~ Atom! fo/nj/2a. e ‘curves of four different radioactive isotopes. to 38, The graph shows the decay Which isotope has fp largest halite? Juestion 74 - 0625/21/0/N/21_A 38 The graph shows how the count rate measured by a radioactivity detector placed near radioactive sample changed with time. 600: 550: ‘count rate ounis min a, 450° 400: 300- 250: 200: 150: 100+ GB gs Gar BL a GB time/h oo" Sven tal the background count rate is 30 counts/min, hats the halite of his sample? 34h B 36h © 40h D 55h ‘Sheets#i13 ~ Atomic Physics (2017-2022) Dr. Dosouky Page 28 of 4 Scanned with CamScanneroo ettroina adaton _| uestion 76 - 0625/21, M/), 21 & 06; 40 The graph shows the activity ane M/3/21 & 0625/23/M/3/21 i loactive source ‘Over a period of time. activity counts/s 90 60: 30: ¢ 0. 0 41 2 3 4 5 time/minutes What is the half-life of the source? A 1.0 minute 2.0minutes ¢ 25 minutes D 4.0 minutes #13 - Atomic Physics (2017-2022) Dr. Dosouky Page Scanned with CamScannerfariants 1, 2, &3) - Sneets#13 — Atomic Physics (2017-202: Wea, Question 77 - 0625/22/F/Mj21 : 40 A laboratory worker measures the ‘count rate from a radioactive source. He Tecords, his a table. ey, time count rate minutes | “counts/s o 100 1.0 73 20 54 3.0 a 40 34 The average background radiation in the laboratory is 8 counts per second, What is the halttite of the source? A 1.5 minutes 2.0 minutes © 3.0 minutes D 4.0 minutes testion 78- 0625/21/M/1/20 &.0635/22/m/i 20 & 0625/22/m/s/20 38 A radioactive material has a half-life of 20 days, A sample of the material contains 8.0 10° atoms. How many atémicrucej havedecayed after 60 days? A10x 190 ~~ B4.0x100 €6.0x 19010 #13 ~ Atomic Physics (2017-2022) D,. Desouky Page 30 of 43, Scanned with CamScanner