SUNYA IAS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PRELIMS STATIC REVISION NOTES Part of BRAHMASTRA & Prelims Crash Course!PART - 2S SUNYAIAS Technology (Revision Notes) 1. Introduction: The disease DISEASES s a condition of disturbed functioning of the body caused by infection, defective diet, heredity and environment + It may be response to Environmental (malnutrition or climate), Specific infective agents (protozoans, fungi, etc), Inherent defects of the organism (ger combination of these factors. tie anomalies) and 2. Diseases due to Nutritional Deficiencies Disease Deficiency of Sources Rickets Vitamin D Dairy products, fish and sunlight ete. Pellagra Vitamin BS Tuna, peanuts, mushrooms, chickenete. Scurvy Vitamin ‘Citrus fruits Tike oranges, Broccoli ete. Beri-Beri Vitamin BI or Thiamin ‘Meat, eggs, dried beans ete Night Blindness | Vitamin A Natural food sources Tike (Xerophthalmia) carrots, green and leafy vegetables, Goitre Todine Todised salt and saltwater fish are richsources. ‘Anaemia Tron Squashes, nuts, tofa, bran ete are the rich sourees of iron for the body. Reduced tendon flexes, Vitamin E Wheat germ oil is the cerebrospinal symptoms richest source 3. Types of Diseases ‘* Protozoan Diseases: These are parasitic diseases caused by organisms formerlyclassified in the ‘Kingdom Protozoa + Usually contracted by either an insect vector or by contact with an infected substance or surface. © Malaria: It is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes + It releases a toxic substance called ‘hemozoin’, which causes fever. The sporozoite is the infectious stage + The affected organs are RBC and Liver + Symptoms include fever, headache and vomiting and usually appear between 10-15 days after the mosquito bite + It is the largest parasite killer in the world + Key interventions to control malaria include effective treatment with artemisinin based combination therapies and Quinin is also used in treatment of malaria which is made from cinchona tree + El Salvador in all Americas to get malaria-free certificate from is become the first countryin Central America and third .wunw suns com] Joint Telegram Channel: t.me/sunyanotesS0| £279688595 Page 76§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS WHO + Four kinds of malaria parasites are Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P.ovaleand P. malariae. © Pyorrhea: Also known as periodontitis, is a multifactorial disease that directly affectsoral gums and the bone + Parasite is Entamoeba Gingivelis + Major symptoms are bleeding from gums, painful chewing, bad breath and Pus between teeth and gums + The chances of Pyorthea increase if one has diabetes + Types of Pyorrhea: - Chronic Pyorrhea: It is caused by gradual plaque buildup, which then causes gum recession and bone deterioration + It mostly affect adults; Children too canbe prone to Chronic Pyorhea if dental hygiene is neglected = Aggressive Pyorrhea: It is a hereditary type of Pyorthea + If left untreated, willeause rapid progression of bone loss, eventually causing tooth loss or a fracture. = Necrotizing Pyorrhea: It involves the death of supporting bone, gum tissue and tooth ligaments caused by lack of blood supply, which eventually results in severeinfection 1 It mostly affects people who have a weak immune system, which maybe due to HIV infection or ‘cancer treatment, (© Sleeping sickness: Affected organ is Braiti + Parasite is Trypanasoma + The fly bite develops into a red sore and the person soon experiences fever, muscle and joint ache,swelling in the lymph glands, irritation and headache + In advanced stages, it attacks the central nervous system and bring changes in personality and alteration in the biological clock. © Diarrhoea: It affects intenstine; parasite is Entamoba Histolytica + Symptoms include blood loss + It isa symptom of infections caused by a host of bacterial, viraland parasitic organisms, most of which are spread by faeces-contaminated water + Water contaminated with human and animal faeces is of particular concer + The most severe threat posed by diarrhoea is dehydration, which occurs when lost water and electrolytes are not replaced + It should be treated with ORS, nutrient- rich foodsand zine supplemental treatment shortens diarrhoea duration and improves outcomes + Vaccine is known as rotavirus vaccine. © Kala Azar: It is the second largest parasitic killer + Affected organ is bone marrow +Parasite is Leismania Donovani; vector is female sand fly + Symptoms include high fever + It is one of the ‘most neglected tropical disease + The parasite migrates to intemal organs such as liver, spleen and if Jeft untreated will result in the death of thehost + It only infects humans and humans are considered as the only reservoir of the parasite + India accounts for almost half of the cases of Kala azar in the world; Bihar has more than 70% cases of Kala Azar. © Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: Complication of Kala azar-> protozoan invades the skin cells + It is not life threatening but can act as a source for Kala azarinfection to others. ‘© Amoebiasis or Amoebic dysentery: It gets transmitted by contaminated food orwater + It invades intestinal mucosa and spreads to other parts like liver + The infected stage is trophozoites, © Trichomoniasis: It is a sexually transmitted disease which destroys epithelial cells and cytotoxic substances are released. Vaginal pH increases and the number of leukocytes also increases in response to the toxic substance released by the pathogen. © Giardiasis: It gets transmitted by contaminated food or water + Mucosal damage isrelated to the ‘mucosal inflammation and release of lectin or proteinases. ‘© Bacterial Diseases: It include any type of illness caused by bacteria, Bacteria are a type of ‘microorganism, which are tiny forms of life that can only be seen with a microscope. © Tetanus: It isa bacterial infection also known as lockjaw which causes stiffness in various muscles present in different parts of the body. It affects the nervous system #It is caused by Clostridium Tetani + Symptoms include high fever, jaw cramming, headache etc. © Cholera: Itis an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with bacterium Vibrio Cholerae + Key symptoms are diarrhoea and dehydration, rarely shock and seizures may occur in severe cases + It affects both adults and children and can kill within hours if .wunw suns com] Joint Telegram Channel: t.me/sunyanotesS0| £279688595 Page 77§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS untreated + Only humans are knownto be affected by the bacteria + The treatment includes rehydration fluids and antibiotics; zinc supplements are given for children + Cholera vaccines are given bymouth and provide reasonable protection for about six months. © ‘Typhoid: It is caused by the highly contagious Salmonella Typhi bacteria which can spread through contaminated food or water + It mainly affects the intestine + Symptoms are prolonged fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, and constipation +Infection passes through food and drinking water and is more prevalent in places where handwashing is less frequent. © Diptheria: It is a bacterial infection which affects the respiratory tube + It spreads through person to person contacts or through objects that have bacteria on them ~ Bacteria called Corynebacterium diphteriae + Symptoms include suffocation, sneeze,cough etc. © Tuberculosis/White plague: It is an infectious bacterial disease caused by bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis which commonly affects the lungs + It is spread in air when sick people with pulmonary TB expel bacteria + Most effective first-line anti- TB drug is rifampicin + Recommended treatment for new cases of drug-susceptible TB is a six month regimen of four first line drugs- rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide + Treatment for MDR-TB requires more expensive and more toxicdrugs. © Pneumonia: It is an acute respiratory infection of the lungs caused by bacteria calledStreptococcus pneumoniae + It doesn’t have one single cause -> can develop from either bacteria, viruses or fungi in the air + It can spread through coughing or sneezing + Easily preventable with vaccines-> three doses of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) is recommended to prevent it © Leprosy/Hansen’s disease: It is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae + It mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of upper respiratory tract and eyes + It is onc of the oldest diseases in recorded history and under the list of Neglected Tropical diseases of WHO + It is spread mainly by breathing airborne droplets from the affected individuals + ‘Symptoms include red patches on the skin, numbness in arms, hands, and legs, Muscle Weakness and excessive weight loss + It usually takes about 3-5 years for symptoms to appear after coming into contact with Leprosy causing bacteria + India,Indonesia and Brazil constitute around 841% of the cases with India contributing to more than 50% of the cases + It is curable with the combination of drugs known as Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT). © Plague: It is a disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, which is found in animals, particularly rodents + It can be transmitted to humans through infected animals and fleas + If left untreated, pneumonic and bubonic plague can lead to septicemic plague. A person infected by septicemic plague may also notice their skinturning black + Parasite is Pasleurella pesties + Symptoms include very high fever and muscular eruption. © Whooping cough/Pertussis: A bacterial infection that primarily affects the nose andthroat, It usually affects the respiratory tract of infants less than 2 years old + Parasiteis Hemophilis pertussis + Symptom is continuous coughing, and runny eyes. © Anthrax: It is caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis; occurs naturally in both animals and ‘humans in many parts of the world, including Asia, southern Europe, sub-Sahelian Africa and parts of Australia + People get infected with anthraxwhen spores get into the body + Symptoms include black sore, headaches, fever, breathing difficulties, vomiting of blood, diarrhea © Meningitis: It is an inflammation of the meninges, membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord + It is usually caused by a viral infection but can also be bacterial or fungal + Bacterial meningitis is rare, but is usually serious and can be life-threateningif not treated right away + Several vaccines protect against meningitis, including meningococcal, Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal vaccines © Sexually transmitted diseases = Gonorrhea: It is an infection transmitted sexually which can affect both men and women + It is more common in women than in men + It is caused by bacteria whichis called Neisseria .wunw suns com] Joint Telegram Channel: t.me/sunyanotesS0| £279688595 Page 78§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS Gonorthoeae + It is highly contagious and spreads through the actof sexual contact- vaginal, anal or oral = Syphilis: It is a systemic disease caused by the spirochete bacterium, Treponema pallidum + It is usually a sexually transmitted disease, but it is occasionally acquiredby direct nonsexual contact with an infected person, and it ean also be acquired by anunborn fetus through infection in the mother + It mainly affects the urinary path + Symptoms include wounds. ‘© Trachoma: Itis caused by the infection due to the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, It spreads through personal contact (via hands, clothes or bedding). It also transmitsby flies that contact the discharge from an infected person’s eyes or nose + Repeated infections in childhood lead to scarring of the inner side of the upper eyelids. This will result in the inward tuming of the eyelid margin> condition known as trachomatous trichiasis. ‘* Viral Diseases: A viral discase is any illness or health condition caused by a virus. © Human Immunodeficiency virus/AIDS: It targets the immune system and weakenspeople’s surveillance and defense systems against infections and some types of cancers + Attacks CD4, a type of White Blood Cell (T cells) in the body's immune system; after entering the body, HIV multiplies itself and destroys C4 cells, thus severely damaging the human immune system + The most advanced of HIV infectionis Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which can take from 2-15 years to develop depending on the individual + Transmitted via exchange of body fluids such as blood, breast milk, semen from the infected individuals + It can be suppressed by combination ART consisting of 3 or more ARV drugs-> It does not cure HIV infection but controls viral replication and allow individual immune system to strengthen and regain capacity to fight off infection. © Ebola virus: It is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human to human transmission + It first appeared in 1976 in Nzara, Sudan and Yambuku, Democratic republic of Congo + The virus family Filoviridae includes the Ebola genus + Fruit bats of the Pteropodidac family are natural Ebola virus hosts ~ I is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as fruit bats, chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope or porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest + It spreads via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with Blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with othas died from Ebola + Symptoms include Fever, Fatigue, Muscle pain, Headache, Sore throat, Vomiting, Diarrhoea, Symptoms of impaired kidney and liver funetion, in some cases, both internal and external bleeding + Diagnosis methods-> ELISA (antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and RT-PCR assay, etc | The Ervebo vaccine has been shown to be effective in protecting people from the species Zaire cbolavirus + No licensed vaccines are available yet, several vaccinestested are showing the ential It is @ highly infectious disease which invades the nervous system + Virus is transmitted by person to person and spread mainly through faecal-oral routes + Symptoms are fever, fatigue, headache and vomiting + It mainly affects children under five years of age ~ In rare cases, polio infection causes permanent loss of muscle funetion (paralysis) + There is no cure for potio; it can only be prevented + Three different strains of Polio virus are Wild Poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), Wild Poliovirus type 2 (WPV2)- Eradicated in 1999 and Wild Poliovirus type 3 (WPV3)-Eradicated + India received polio-free certification by the WHO in 2014, after threeyears of zero cases. - Oral Polio Vaceine (OPY): It is given orally as a birth dose for institutional deliveries, then primary three doses at 6, 10 and 14 weeks and one booster dose at16-24 months of age + It is given for Type I and Type 2 polio virus. - Injectable Polio Vaccine (IPV): It is given through injection by a trained healthworker + Itis not a live vaccines and thus carries no risk of vaccine associated paralysis + It is given to for Type 2 virus strain .wunw suns com] Joint Telegram Channel: t.me/sunyanotesS0| £279688595 Page 79§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS 9 Influenza/Flu: It is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract considered to be one of the life- threatening infectious diseases + It ean be transmitted by direct contactwith infected individuals, via contaminated objects and by inhalation of virus-laden acrosols * Infectivity of influenza virus particles depends on the pH, temperature and salinity of the water, as well as the UV irradiation + Influenza type A viruses are known to infect people, birds, pigs, horses, whales, seals and other animals, but wild birds represent the natural hosts for these viruses + Influenza B viruses are responsible the same spectrum of disease as influenza A and, influenza B viruses do not cause pandemics + Influenza C viruses cause a mild respiratory illness and are notthought to cause epidemics. © Dengue: Also known as break bone fever; it is a mosquito borne tropical disease caused by dengue virus (flavivirus) + Dengue hemorthagic fever is a specific syndrome which affect children under 10 years of age + Symptoms include severe joint and muscle pain, swollen lymph nodes, headache and rash + It is contracted by bite of a striped Aedes aeqgypti mosquito + It cannot spread from person to person directly + There is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat dengue + Paracetamol is recommended instead of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for fever reduction and pain relief in dengue due to an increased risk of bleeding from NSAID use + It is classified as a neglected tropical disease + Insectivorous fishes like Gambusia and Guppies ean check spread of mosquito-borne diseases like malaria anddengue + World Mosquito program hes used mosquitoes infected with wolbachia bacteria to successfully control dengue. © Chickenpox: This is an infectious disease caused by the Varicelle-zoster virus. It isvery contagious and spreads by inhaling infected droplets + Symptoms include Lesions then blister, fill with pus, itching and fever. © Smallpox: It is a contagious disease, caused by the Variola Virus (VARV) + It transmits through the droplets released from coughing, sneezing, and face to facecontact with an infected person + The first effective vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796, © Zika virus: It is a member of Flaviviridae virus family and Flavivirus genus, transmitted by daytime- active Aedes mosquitoes such as A. aegypti, A. Africanus etc + Itis transmitted by day-time active mosquitoes in genus Aedes + Its transmitted among humans via sexual contacts and can cross placenta, affecting an unborn foetus + Commion symptoms include mild headaches, maculopapular rash, malaise andconjunctivitis © Japanese Encephalitis: It is a viral fever which affects the brains and is considered dangerous for children + Symptoms include sudden onset of fever, vomiting, headache and seizures + Humans are ‘dead-end hosts because they do not develop high enough concentration of JE virus in their bloodstream + It is transmitted by biteof Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex vishnui mosquitoes + There is no antiviral treatment for patients with JE. Treatment, available, is supportive to relieve symptoms and stabilise the patient. © West Nile virus: It is a member of the flavivirus genus and belongs to the Japaneseencephalitis, ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 80S SUNYA IAS antigenic complex of the family Flaviviridae + It is commonly found in Africa, Europe, the Middle Fast, North America and West Asia + It is spread by infected mosquitoes. It spreads from birds to ‘humans with the bite of an infected Culex mosquito. It can lead to a fatal neurological disease in humans, = The symptoms include a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands. They can last a few days to several weeks, and usually go away on their own. © HINI Virus: It is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses + Symptoms are cough, fever, soar throat , stufly orrunny nose, headache, body ache ete + Antiviral drugs are the mainstay of clinical treatment of swine influenza and can make the illness milder and enable the patient tofeel better faster. Mice. e ni Redes © Hepatitis: It is an inflammatory condition of liver + It is commonly caused by viralinfections but there can be other causes too + Hepatitis A and E are self-limiting diseases (i.e. go away on their own) and Band C, effective medications are available. Qgovoaae SAUL > AD ww sunvalas.com| Joint Telegram Channel: f.me/sunyanotesS0] 8279688595 Page 81S Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYAIAS ‘©. Rabies virus: Itis a zoonotic viral disease caused by the Rabies virus, of the Lyssavirus genus, within ° ° the family Rhabdoviridae + The most common reservoir ofthe virus is the domestic’street dog especially in South Asia and Africa + It spreads by the bite of a rabid animal that leads to the deposition of the saliva and the virus inthe wound + The incubation period varies from 4 days to 2 years or sometimes even more + Symptoms include Fever, Headache, Nausea and Vomiting, Fungal Diseases Ashtma: It is a long-term chronic lung disorder which affects the lungs and the way that we breathe. It is a non-communicable disease. It is caused due to inflammation inthe airways, causes chest tightness, coughing, breathlessness, and can range in severity from mild to life-threatening + It can be caused due to allergic reactions fromdust, smoke, fumes, polien grains, grass, chemical irritants in the workplace, air pollution etc. + Currently, there is no cure for Asthma disease but symptoms can be controlled via treatment + Symptoms include Wheezing, breathlessness, coughing etc. Athletes Foot: Its a contagious fungal infection also commonly known as “Tinea Pedis” which affects ‘the upper part of the skin on the foot + It is caused by a fungus called Trichophyton + This infection happens under the condition when the skin is moist and warm such as the foot inside the shoes + ‘Symptoms include upper layer ofthe skin on the foot between the toes can look reddish, become itchy or one may feelstinging or burning sensation + It can be treated with antifungal medications like Miconazole, Tolnaftate and Clotrimazole. Scabies: Scabies is a skin disease caused by a parasite named Sarcoptes scabie tiny insect about 0.3 mm long called a mite + It is a contagious skin condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei which burrows into the skin and causes severe itching + It is transmitted by direct skin-to- skin contact or indirectly by contact with contaminated material (fomites) + It was declared a neglected skin disease by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2009. Ringworm: It is caused by fungus that live on dead tissues like skin, hair and nail + A red patch that ‘may itch often turns into a raised ring-shaped patch of skin over time * It is highly contagious and can be transmitted by skin to skin contact or contactwith pets. Jock Iteh: It is a common infection that is caused by a fungus called Tinea which thrives in warm moist areas of the body which means it can affect genitals, inner thighs and buttocks + Symptoms include itching, chafing ot burning in the groin orthighs. Black Fungus (Mucormycosis): It is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. These molds are present naturally in the environment * It mainly affects people ‘who have health problems or take medicines that lower the body’s ability to fight germs and sickness + Symptoms of the disease are face numbness, nose obstructions on one side, swelling in the eyes, or pain = Treatment of this infection is possible with antifungal medicine. www sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 82si § Technology (Revision Notes) UNYA IAS. 2 3 HEALTH IN NEWS ‘Mycobacterium Leprae = Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis + Leprosy is also one of the neglected tropical diseases + India was officially declared to have eliminated leprosy in 2005, yet India still accounts for the largest number of leprosy affected people in the world (60 percent) + Affected Organs: Skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes. Leprosy is known to occur at all ages + Leprosy is curable (by multi drug therapy) and early treatment averts most disabilities + It is transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth. m-pox = Monkeypox, which was named in 1970 because the virus that causes the disease was first discovered in captive monkeys in 1958, does not have much to do with monkeys + The most likely reservoir for the virus are rodents + WHO announced that it would start using the term ““mpox” for monkeypox as the name was racist and stigmatizing + Assigning names to new and, in some cases, existing diseases is the responsibility of the global body under the Intemational Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the WHO Family of International Health Related Classifications through a consultative process which includes WHO Member States. Some Bacteria in news = 5 Bacteria types claimed 6.8 Lakh lives in India in 2019 ‘+E, Coli: It is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most types of E. coli are harmless or cause relatively brief diarthea.-But a few strains, can cause severe stomach cramps, bloody diarrhea and vomiting, ‘+ Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of middle ear infections, sepsis (blood infection) in children and pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. ‘+ Klebsiella can cause different types of healthcare-associated infections, including pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis ‘+ Aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses (boils), furuncles, and cellulitis ‘+ Acinetobacter baumannii can cause infections in the blood, urinary tract, and lungs (pneumonia), or in ‘wounds in other parts of the body Lycopene = belonging to the carotenoids, is a tetraterpene compound abundantly found in tomato and tomato- based products + It is fundamentally recognized as a potent antioxidant and a non-pro-vitamin A carotenoid + ‘Tomato and tomato-based products are the major dietary sources of lycopene end account for approximately 80% of the consumption of lycopene in western countries + It is also present in a kigh amount in watermelon, guava, pink grapefruit, rosehips, papaya, and apricot + Uses of Lycopene - Anti-cencer, anti-diabetic, anti oxidative, against dermatologist disease + Recently, A team of researchers from the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, has developed a nano-biosensor for detecting ‘lycopene’, a phytochemical with high commercial value. Xenotransplantation = Xenotransplantation is any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, ces, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues or organs + In 2021, surgeons at New York University Langone Health transplanted kidneys from the same line of genetically modified pigs into two legally dead people with no discemnible brain function. The organs were not rejected, and functioned normally while the deceased recipients were sustained on ventilators + However, generally, One of the biggest obstacles to transplantation is organ rejection. Fungal Priority Pathogen List (FPPL) = World Health Organization has drawn up the 1" ever list of fungal pathogens posing the greatest threat to human health, warning that some strains are increasingly drug resistant ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 83SUNYA IAS § Technology (Revision Notes) 6 10. and becoming more widespread + 1" Ever List released by WHO + Precedence similar to Bacterial Priority Pathogens List established by WHO in 2017 + Fungal infections -> They are more resistant to treatments, becoming a public health concem worldwide. Fungal infections often strike people who are already severely il like cancer or tuberculosis patients, HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, chronic respiratory disease, and rates jumped among hospitalized COVID-19 patients during the pandemic. * Fungi: Are microorganisms characterized by a substance in their cell walls called chitin + Some fungi, like many types of mushrooms, are edible + Other types of fungi, like aspergitlus, can be extremely dangerous and lead to life-threatening diseases + Some common types of fungal infection include: Athlete’s foot, Jock itch, Ringworm, Yeast infection, Onychomycosis, or a fungal infection of the nail + CSAG6: It is a gene identified in Candida albicans (fungal species) infamous for morbidity and mortality under certain immuno-compromised conditions such as AIDS or during cancer treatment + This gene can prevent the fungal infection Candidiasis which often affects intensive-care Unit (ICU) patients, cancer patients and patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Endogenous Retroviruses or Ancient Viral DNA Previous studies have shown that fragments of ancient viral DNA — called endogenous retroviruses — in the genomes of mice, chickens, cats and sheep provide immunity against modem viruses that originate outside the body by blocking them from entering host cells + Endogenous retroviruses account for about 8% of the human genome. Retroviruses introduce their RNA into a host cell, which is converted to DNA and integrated into the host’s genome. The cell then makes more virus + Typically, retroviruses infect cells that don’t pass from one generation to the next, but some infect germ cells, such as an egg or sperm, which opens the door for retroviral DNA to pass from parent to offspring. Bird Flu or Avian influenza [HSN1] = Caused by avian flu Type A viruses + Found naturally in wild aquatic birds and can infect domestic poultry as well as other bird and animal species + Human infections happen when sufficient quantity of bird flu virus enters a person’s nose, eyes or mouth, or through inhalation > HSN1 is a known threat to humans as well + Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses - Causes mild or no disease. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A viruses - Causes severe infection that leads to high mortality + The World Organization for Animal Health, which collaborates with the WHO and the FAO, says HPAI virus strains HSN1, HSN2, HSN8, H7N8 have been identified in recent outbreaks, indicating active circulation, Salmonella = Salmonellosis is an infection with a bacteria called Salmonella + Salmonella live in the intestinal tracts of animals, including birds + Salmonella Typhimurium can be transferred to humans through raw or undercooked infected food including meat and eggs + Thorough cooking kills Salmonella + Symptoms in cattle are watery to bloody diarthea, a drop in milk production, pyrexia, anorexia, dehydration and depression + Symptoms in humans consist of diarrhea, fever, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and, less frequently, blood in the stool + Other Strains of Salmonella ‘+ Salmonella typhimurium ST313 > an invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella serovar, causes bloodstream infection in the malnourished and immunocompromised population of sub-Saharan Africa + Salmonella tphimurium DT104 > Recent studies have reported the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype in Salmonella tphimurium DT104, which causes infection in humans and cattle Mastitis = Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue that sometimes involves an infection. The inflammation results in breast pain, swelling, warmth and redness. You might also have fever and chills. Mastitis most commonly affects women who are breast-feeding (lactation mastitis) + Bovine mastitis > It is an inflammatory response of the udder tissue in the mammary gland caused due to physical trauma or microorganism infections ' Itis considered the most common disease leading to economic loss in dairy industries due to reduced yield and poor quality of milk + No vaccination is available against mastitis. Lead = According to a recent report, India bears world’s highest health, economic burden duc to lead poisoning + Lead (Pb) is a naturally occurring toxic metal found in the Earth’s crust. Other sources include: Mining, smelting and refining industries as primary contributors while unorganized sectors (e.g. scrap dealers) as secondary contributors + Uses: Household Products such as Cosmetic Products, Ayurveda medicines, circuit boards and batteries, Potteries (e.g, utensils and glazed ceramic wares), water bodies ete + Large exposure affects ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 84§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS brain development, especially in children and lowers IQ. Lead exposure makes the body susceptible to anaemia as it prevents formation of haemoglobin. 11, Pyrophyllite = It is @ phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminium silicate hydroxide + Inhalation: High concentrations may cause mechanical irritation and discomfort + Pneumoconiosis: In the absence of crystalline silica, pyrophyllite can cause low-category pneumoconiosis + Uses of Pyrophyllite: As a filler in paper, plastic, paint, insecticide, and pharmaceutical industries 12, Curcumin = It is a yellow pigment found primarily in turmeric, It is a polyphenol with anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to increase the amount of antioxidants that the body produces + Recent Research revealed that Curcumin offers immunity in dairy cattle against infectious diseases including mastitis by increasing complementary protein, Interferon, Immunoglobulin (IgM), lymphocytes and monocytes. 13. Medicinal Fungi = These are fungi that contain metabolites or can be induced to produce metabolites to develop prescription drugs + Fungi when they are induced produce chemical compounds which are not essential but enhance the fungus’ ability to survive are called secondary metabolites. Cordycepin, a secondary metabolite produced by Cordyceps species of fungus, is known to have antitumor properties + Medicinal fungi belongs to two taxonomic divisions namely, Basidiomycota - Mushrooms belong to this. Example - The consumable button ‘mushroom and Ascomycota — They are generally not mushrooms. Example — Fungi Isaria cicadae and Shiraia bambusicola are used in traditional Chinese medicine, 14, Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) = The Lancet called that ORS is the most important medical discovery of the 20" century 1 Diarrhoea was among the leading causes of child deaths in developing countries in the twentieth century + In 2002, Dr Dilip Mahalanabis along with Dr Nathaniel F Pierce was awarded the Pollin Prize by Columbia University (considered the equivalent of Nobel in peadiatrics) + Oral rehydration salts (ORS) are @ mixture of electrolytes (salts) and carbohydrates (in the form of sugar) dissolved in water. They are used to replace salts and water that the body loses when you have dehydration caused by gastroenteritis, diarrhoea or voniting. The electrolytes are potassium and sodium + These components maximize fluid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. 15. Recombinations = Genetic mutations are the drivers of evolution of organisms. Not all mutations are functional. However, the ones with a functional advantage tend to emerge over time than those without. However, viruses rarely could evolve by exchanging large fragments of the genome called recombination + Recombination events are rare and occur when two viruses or lineages co-infect a cell + Recombinations result in viruses that have a mixed genome, each part of the mix derived from the parent genomes which recombined. While most recombinations result in a dysfunctional genome, in rare occurrences, they can bring together the best of two viruses with significant functional advantages resulting in their emergence. 16. Legionellosis Disease = Legioncllosis is a “pneumonia-like illness that varies in severity from mild febrile illness to a serious and sometimes fatal form of pneumonia,” according to the WHO + The disease typically spreads via inhalation of contaminated aerosols from contaminated water + Direct human-to-human transmission of this disease has not yet been reported, according to the WHO + There is concern that it could contribute to the spread of these highly disease-causing strains by linking modem man-made water systems through human transmission.” 17. Rabies = It is a zoonotic viral disease + It is caused by the Rabies virus, of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae + It is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that is present in the saliva of a rabid animal (dog, cat, monkey, ete) + Rabies is 100% fatal but 100% vaccine-preventable + In developed nations like the USA, animals that transmit rabies are bats, foxes, raccoons, and skunks. Most mammals can carry the virus and hence can cause the disease.It spreads by the bite of a rabid animal that leads to the deposition of the saliva and the virus in the wound + The incubation period varies from 4 days to 2 years or sometimes even more. 18, Iodide (KI) Tablets = or anti-radiation pills, are known to provide some protection in cases of radiation exposure + They contain non-radioactive iodine and can help block absorption, and subscquent concentration, of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland + Recently, With fears of a nuclear disaster at Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhya ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 85SUNYA IAS § Technology (Revision Notes) 19. 20. 2 2. 2. power plant growing, the European Union has decided to pre-emptively supply 5.5 million anti-radiation pills to be distributed among residents in the vicinity + (Zaporizhzhya Power Plant = Ukraine) BPal, = BPal. is a 6-month, all-oral, three-drug regimen that is used to treat people with highly drug-resistant forms of TB + BPal. is a combination of three newer antibiotics, namely bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid + TB Alliance’s BPaL regimen to reduce TB treatment time from 18 months to 6 months and reported success rate of 90% can be crucial in the fight against TB Cervavae Vaccine = Recently developed, India’s first indigenously developed quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer + Cervavac was developed by the Pune~ based Serum Institute of India in coordination with the Government of India's Department of Biotechnology (DBT) + HPV vaccines are given in two doses and the antibodies that develop after both are administered can last up to six or seven years. Unlike Covid vaccines, booster shots may-not be required for the cervical cancer vaccine + Until now, the HPV vaccines available in India were produced by foreign manufacturers at an approximate cost of Rs 2,000 to Rs 3,500 per dose. Cervavac is likely to be significantly cheaper, slated to cost approximately Rs, 200 to 400 + Despite being largely preventable, cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer among women globally, according to the WHO. India accounts for about a 5® of the global burden of cervical cancer. iNCOVACC = India’s first intranasal vaccine for COVID-19 * India’s first nesal COVID-19 vaccine, developed by Bharat Biotech with technology in-licensed from Washington University-St Louis, has been approved for primary immunisation in those 18 and above + It has been approved for primary immunisation, meaning it can be given to the unimmunised to protect against Covid-19 + Bharat Biotech’s ChAd36-SARS-CoV-S COVID-19 impanzee Adenovirus Vectored) is India's first intranasal vaccine that will be delivered through the nose instead of a shot in the arm. Product name is iNCOVACC. CAR-T Cell Therapy = Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy + It is a way to get immune cells called T cells (a type of white blood cell) to fight cancer by editing them in the lab so they can find and destroy cancer cells + cells are taken from the patient's blood and are changed in the lab by adding a gene for a manmade receptor (called CAR). This helps them better identify specific cancer cell antigens. The CAR T cells are then given back to the patient + IIT Bombay and Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai in collaborated to conduct early phase pilot clinical trial of “first in India” CAR-T therapy + CAR-T cells were designed and manufactured at Bioscience and Bioengineering (BSBE) department of IIT Bombay and is rartly supported by BIRAC-PACE scheme + development of CAR-T cell technology for diseases including acute lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and type-2 diabetes is supported through DBT, National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) 2022 = As per the World Health Organisation (WHO), Essential Medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population + The National List of Essential Medicines was first compiled in 1996 and it was revised thrice earlier in 2003, 2011, and 2015 + 384 drugs find place in the NLEM, 2022 with the addition of 34 drugs + Drugs listed under NLEM — also known as scheduled drugs — will be cheaper because the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) caps medicine prices and changes only based on wholesale price index-based inflation. Typically, once NLEM is released, the department of pharmaceuticals under the ministry of chemicals and fertilisers edds them in the Drug Price Control Order, after which NPPA fixes the price |. Langya Virus = A new virus that can jump from animals to humans has been detected in China with 35 people already infected. It has been called Langya henipavirus (LayV) - and has been found across two provinces in eastern China,China’s Shandong and Henan provinces have both reported cases of a novel Langya henipavirus (LayV) + Langya Virus or LayV is an example of a Zoonotic Henipaviras | The virus is in the Henipavirus family ~ Two species have been identified before; the Hendra virus - first detected in the Brisbane suburb of the same name - and Nipah virus, both cause severe infections and are sometimes fatal + Henipaviruses belong to the family of paramyxoviruses. They can cause severe illness in animals and humans and are classified as biosafety level 4 (BSL4) (according to WHO) pathogens with case fatality rates between 40-75% + As of now there are no licensed drugs or vaccines meant for humans ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 86§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS 25, Tomato Flu = Tomato fever is a rare contagious disease of viral nature in humans whose origins are not yet known. However, medical experts have opined that it might be an aftereffect of dengue or chikungunya + The “tomato flu’ is caused by Coxsackievirus A 16, It belongs to the Enterovirus family. The enteroviruses are an ancient and important group of RNA viruses. Humans are the only hosts for the enteroviruses (NPEVs) + The infectious disease is caused by intestinal viruses and is rare in adults as they usually have immune systems strong enough to defend them from the virus + The flu is said to affect children below five years of age + The infection has been named ‘tomato flu’ because of the red, painful blisters that appear on a patient’s body and gradually enlarge to the size of a tomato + This flu is a self-limiting one and so far, there is no specific drug for its cure. 26, Southern Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus(SRBSDV) ~ It is a viral disease that infects the paddy crops and causes “dwarfing” of the plants + Apart from paddy it can also infect different weed species + First reported in Southern China in 2001 + It is transmitted by white-backed plant hopper(WBPH) + Typhoons and strong convection winds can enhance long-distance transmission of this virus + No corrective measure present for this viral disease. 27. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ~ Also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS) + It is a disease that affects the nervous system, the immune system and the body's production of energy + Causes: still unknown, but the potential triggers would include viral or bacterial infection, hormonal imbalances and genetic predispositions + No specific test presents for the disease + Can affect anyone from children to adults of all ages. But it is more common in women and people between 40 and 60 years old + Symptoms: lowered ability to do activities that were performed before the illness, post-exertional malaise(PEM). Patients often describe it as a “crash” in physical/mental energy following even minor activities like grocery shopping or brushing teeth + Treatment: not specific yet. 28, Methamphetamine = It is a powerful, highly addictive stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system, and is used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, a sleep disorder + It is chemically similar to amphetamine (central nervous stimulant) + Side Effects: Raises the amount of dopamine {neurotransmitter and “feel good hormone”) in the brain; Can result in a eardiac arrest, stroke if consumed in an excess quantity; Affects the cardiovascular system by triggering blood vessel spasms and life-threatening spikes in blood pressure. 29, Lumpi pro-Vae = Lumpi-ProVac has been developed by the National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, in collaboration with the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (Bareilly) + It is a vaccine to protect livestock from Lumpy Skin disease + The immunity induced by this vaccine usually persists for a minimum period of one year + (Lumpy Skin Disease = Lumpy skin disease is an infectious viral disease of cattle, which often occurs in epizootic form + The disease is characterised by the eruption of nodules in the skin, which may cover the whole of the animal’s body + LSD is primarily a disease in cattle, It was reported for the first time in India in 2019 from Odisha + In the initial years, the disease was mainly restricted to the eastern part of our country. Later on, it rapidly spread to almost all the states in the country). 30, Monkeypox Vaccine = A task force headed by Dr. V.K. Paul, Member (Health), NITI Aayog has put out plans to fund research in developing the crucial infrastructure required for preparing an indigenous vaccine + A dedicated vaccine development would take well over a year due to several gaps in figuring out the ideal approach + India has reported 8 cases of Monkeypox till the first week of August 2022 + As per the experts, monkeypox was unlikely to immediately require mass vaccination as the virus is structurally more stable compared with SARS-CoV-2 + According to centre for disease control, a USA agency, two vaccines may be used for the prevention of Monkeypox virus infection: 31, JYNNEOS (also known as Imvamune or Imvanex), licensed (or approved) by the U.S. Food and Drug ‘Administration (FDA) for the prevention of Monkeypox virus infection + Bavarian Nordic, a Denmark biotech company has developed a smallpox vaccine, called ‘JYNNEOS’ + This vaccine has been tested for effectiveness and safety in people against monkeypox in the lab, which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration www sunvaias.com Join Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 87§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS 32, ACAM2000, licensed (or approved) by FDA for use against smallpox and made available for use against ‘monkeypox under an Expanded Access Investigational New Drug application 33. Corbevex = Recently, the Union government approved ‘Corbevax’ by Biological E as a precaution dose against COVID-19 for those above 18 who are fully vaccinated with either Covaxin or Covishield + 18 plus people can get the dose 26 weeks after the administration of the second dose. It will be considered as a precaution dose + Corbevax is still awaiting emergency use listing (EUL) by the World Health Organization + This approval is the first time that a booster dose different from the one used for primary vaccination is to be allowed in India * The approval is based on the recommendations made by the COVID-19 Working Group of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization + (Corbevex Working: It isa “recombinant protein sub-unit” vaccine. It means itis made up of a specific part of SARS-CoV-2 - the spike protein on the virus’s surface. The spike protein allows the virus to enter the cells in the body so that it can replicate and cause disease. However, when this protein alone is given to the body, it is not expected to be harmful as the rest of the virus is absent + The body is expected to develop an immune response against the injected spike protein. Therefore, when the real virus attempts to infect the body, it will already have an immune response ready that will make it unlikely for the person to fall severely im, 34, CSA6 = It is a gene identified in Candida albicans (fungal species) infamous for causing high rates of morbidity and mortality under certain immuno-compromised conditions such as AIDS or during cancer treatment + This ‘gene can prevent the fungal infection Candidiasis which often affects intensive-care unit(ICU) patients, cancer patients and patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. 38, National Cancer Grid(NCG) = Established by Government of India in 2012 through the Department of Atomic Energy and with the grant support of Tata Memorial Centre + It aimed to ereate a network of cancer centres, ssearch institutes, patient groups and charitable institutions across India + Recently NCG established the Koita Centre for Digital Oncology (KCDO) to promote the use of digital technologies and tools to improve cancer care across India, 36, African Swine Flu = It is a Contagious Hemorrhagic Viral Disease Affecting Domestic And Wild Pigs + It was first detected in Afica in the 1920s + ASF is not a threat to human beings since it only spreads from animals to other animals + The mortality is close to 100 percent, and since the fever has no cure, the only way to stop it spreading is by culling the animals + ASF is a disease listed in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OLE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code and thus, reported to the OIE. 37, Monkeypox = The World Health Organisation has declared the global monkeypox outbreak a “public health emergency of interational concer" (PHEIC), one step below that of a ‘pandemic’ + Itis a viral zoonotic disease that occurs primarily in tropical rainforest areas of Central and West Aftica and is occasionally exported to other regions + It is caused by monkeypox virus, a member of orthodox genus in the family Poxviridac + This infection was first discovered in 1958 + it typically presents clinically with fever, rash and swollen lymph nodes + Transmission - mainly wild animals to humans. But human to human transmission is also possible + This virus is transmitted from one person to another by contact with lesions, body fluids, respiratory droplets and contamination such as bleeding + The Vaccinia vaccine used during the smallpox eradication programme was also protective against monkeypox. A new third generation vaccinia vaccine has now been approved for prevention of smallpox and monkeypox. Antiviral agents are also being developed. 38, Marburg Virus(MVD) = Marburg virus disease is a highly virulent disease that causes hemorrhagic fever + Rousettus fruit bats are considered the natural hosts for the Marburg virus + it has a fatality ratio of up to 88% + It is in the same family (a filovirus) as the virus that causes Ebola virus disease + Two large outbreaks that occurred simultaneously in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany, and in Belgrade, Serbia, in 1967, led to the initial recognition of the disease. Due to its detection in Marburg, it got its name ~ The Marburg virus is transmitted to people from fruit bats and spreads among humans through human-to-human transmission ~ There is no approved antiviral treatment or vaccine for MVD as of now. 39, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) = It's a cancer-causing virus, can infect the neuronal cells and drive various changes in biomolecules such as fatty acids, carbohydrates, and protein components, leading to diseases of the central ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 88§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS nervous system as well as brain cancer + Has been found to be widely present in the human population + Usually does not cause any harm, but gets reactivated inside the body in some unusual conditions like immunological stress or immunocompetence. This may further lead to various complications like a type of blood cancer called Burkitt's lymphoma, stomach cancer, multiple sclerosis, 40, Human Papilloma Virus(HPV) = HPV is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract + It is a sexually transmitted virus that may cause cervical cancer + It is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix - the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina + Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer of women in India despite being largely preventable + It can be eliminated if all prepubertal girls are given HPV vaccination globally + Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Cervarix) protrets against 2 cancer causing strains HPV 16 and 18+ In India, cervical cancer accounted for 9.4% of all cancers and 18.3% (1,23,907) of new cases in 2020, 41, Kala Azar = Known as Black fever, or Visceral Leishmaniasis a neglecte¢ tropical disease + is a protozoan parasitic disease caused by called ‘leishmania donovani’ + spread by sandfly bites + Disease is linked to ‘malnutrition, population displacement, poor housing, a weak immune system and environmental changes + is a treatable and curable disease + three types of leishmaniasis = Visceral leishmaniasis, which affects multiple organs and is the most serious form of the disease , Cutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin sores and is the ‘most common form and Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis; which causes skin and mucosal lesions + endemic in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal +> National Kala-Azar Elimination Programme with an aim to climinate this disease by 2015 but the deadline is missed + National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune have found new biomolecules to fight drug resistance in Kala- azar. 42, Varroa = Varroa destructor is an external parasitic mite that attacks and feeds on the honey bees Apis cerana and Apis mellifera. The disease caused by the mites is called varroosis. The Varroa mite can reproduce only ina honey bee colony. It attaches to the body of the bee and weakens the bee by sucking fat bodies + Heavy infestations with the varroa mite cause a range of maladies among European honey bees that weaken and reduce populations, leading to colony death. The parasite does not affect smaller, stingless native bees + Recently, Australia is racing to protect honey bees after the discovery of a mite that has ravaged hives around the world. 43, Athelia Rolfsii = Kerala Agricultural University has reported the emergence of a new fungal discase in jackfruit(Artocarpus heterophyllus) + It is the first time that rot by the fungus Athelia rolfsii is being reported in jackfruit in India + Athelia Tolfsit is a corticioid fungus in the family Atheliacese. Its a facultative plant pathogen and is the causal agent of "southern blight” disease in crops + Disease caused by A. rolfSii occurs on a broad range of crops and can be of economic importance in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. 44, Lumpy Skin Disease = It is caused by infection of cattle or buffalo with the poxvirus Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)+ The virus is one of three closely related species within the genus capripoxvirus, the other two species being, Sheeppox virus and Goatpox virus + The LSD virus easily spreads by blood-sucking insects like ‘mosquitoes, flies and ticks + LSD was first reported in Asia and the Pacific region in 2019 in north west China, Bangladesh and India. 45. Oncolytic Viruses = Oncolytic viruses are a form of immunotherapy that uses viruses to infect and destroy cancer cells in Oncolytic Virotherapy. They can kill cancer cells but leaves nearby healthy cells intact + The modified virus works by entering cells and duplicating itself. After the infected cell bursts, releasing thousands of new virus particles that act as antigens, it stimulates the immune system to attack nearby cancer cells. 46, Bacillus thuringiensis israclensis (Bti strain VCRC- B17) = It is a strain of bacteria that kills mosquito and black fly larvae without harming other animals + It has been in use for decades for mosquito control + It naturally ‘occurs in soil’ When itis ingested by mosquito larvae, the bacterial toxins destroy their gut within 10-30 minutes upon ingestion. 47, Mosquirix - Africa's Ist Malaria Vaceine = WHO endorsed it recently + It will start with Ghana, Kenya and Malawi (that began pilot introduction in 2019) and then expand to other eligible endemic countries + Gavi, the global vaccine alliance, announced $160 million in international support for the rollout of the first malaria vaccine in Africa from 2022-2025 + RTS,S/ASO1, trade name Mosquitx, is an injectable vaccine targeting P. faleiparum, ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 89SUNYA IAS § Technology (Revision Notes) 48, 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. the most prevalent malaria strain in Aftica + It is made up of proteins found on the surface of the Plasmodium falciparum parasites (PFP) + It aims to trigger the immune system to defend against first stages of malaria + Also, gives protection against infection of lever with Hepatitis B virus + Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites spread by the bites if Anopheles mosquitoes + Malaria remains a primary cause of childhood illness and death in sub-Saharan Africa + Malaria in India = India accounted for 83% of estimated cases and about 82% of all malaria deaths in WHO South East Asia Region + India launched the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME), 2016-2030 to eliminate malaria in a phased manner + Goal is to achieve zero indigenous cases of Malaria by 2027 and sustain elimination by 2030 Shigella Bacteria = Shigella is a genus of bacteria that causes an infection called shigellosis. It is the second leading cause of diarthea (after Rotavirus) worldwide and the third leading cause of death in children less than 5 years old + Recently, An outbreak of shigella bacteria is believed to be the reason behind the recent incident of suspected food poisoning in Kasaragod district, Kerala + Shigella is generally transmitted through contaminated food or water, or through person-to-person contact + No vaccines are available for Shigella + The incubation period of shigellosis is typically 14 days. ‘Tomato Flu = “Tomato flu” cases are being detected in Kerala + The flu that gets its name because of the red blister it causes. Flu affects children below five years of age + Symptoms include rashes, skin irritation and dehydration + This flu is a self-limiting one and there is no specific drug for this. This means that the symptoms will resolve overtime on their own if supportive care is given, Like other cases of flu, tomato fever is also contagious + “If someone is infected with this flu, they need to be kept in isolation as this could spread rapidly from one person to another. ‘Monkeypox Virus = It is a viral zoonotic disease (transmission from animals to humans) and is identified as a pox-like disease among monkeys hence it is named Monkeypox. It is endemic to Nigeria + It is caused by monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae + The natural host of the virus remains undefined, But the disease has been reported in many animals + Animals known to be sources of Monkeypox virus include monkeys and apes, a variety of rodents (including rats, mice, squirrels and prairie dogs) and rabbits + It was first reported in 1958, in monkeys in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and in ‘humans in 1970, also in the DRC ~ Infected people break out in a rash that looks a lot like chicken pox. But the fever, malaise, and headache from Monkeypox are usually more severe than in chicken pox infection. In the early stage of the disease, Monkeypox can be distinguished from smallpox because the lymph gland gets enlarged + There is no specific treatment or vaccine available for Monkeypox infection. Poreine Virus ~ Porcine circovirus (PCV) is a group of four single-stranded DNA viruses * It usually causes disease in pigs. ‘Measles = Measles is a highly contagious, serious disease caused by a virus + Measles is caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and itis normally passed through direct contact and through the air-+ The virus infects the respiratory tract, then spreads throughout the body + Measles is a human disease and is not known to occur in animals + Measles is one of the world’s most contagious diseases. Its spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions + No specific antiviral treatment exists for measles virus. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) / Congo Fever = It is a viral disease ~ The CCHF virus is typically spread by tick bites or contact with livestock carrying the disease + The virus can also spread between people via body fluids + There are no FDA- or WHO-approved therapeutics for CCHF + The virus was first observed in Crimea in the 1940s and was later identified as the same agent of what had been called Congo Hemorthagic Fever |. Hepatitis = Viruses known as "hepatotropic" (liver directed) viruses, such as A, B, C, D, and E, are usually to blame for the hepatitis virus. Other viruses, such as the varicella virus that causes chicken pox, may also be responsible. The virus that causes Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, may also harm the liver. Other causes include drug and aleohol abuse, faty liver hepatitis, and an autoimmune condition in which the body produces antibodies that ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 90§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS attack the liver (autoimmune hepatitis) + Hepatitis A and B are self-limiting (ie., they go away on their own) and do not require antiviral treatment + Hepatitis A and B vaccines are available, but Hepatitis C and D vaccines are not + For Hepatitis E, a promising vaccine is in the works + Effective medications for Hepatitis B and C are available + Antiviral medications can be used to treat chronic hepatitis B infection + Treatment can slow cirrhosis progression, lower the risk of liver cancer, and improve long-term survival. ‘Thalassemia = It is a chronic blood disorder. It is a genetic disorder due to which a patient cannot make enough hemoglobin found in Red Blood Cells (RBC’s). This leads to anemia and patients also require blood transfusions every two to three weeks to survive + India is the thalassaemia capital of the world with 40 million carriers and ‘over 1,00,000 thalassaemia majors under blood transfusion every month + (Thalassemia Bal Sewa Yojana — Recently, Union Health Minister launches 2°! phase of “Thalassemia Bal Sewa Yojna” + Launched in 2017, this scheme is a Coal India CSR funded Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) program + It aims to provide a one-time cure opportunity for Haemoglobinopathies like Thalassaemia and Sickle Cell Disease for patients who have a matched family donor) 56, Sickle Cell Anaemia = Itis an inherited blood disease which is most common among people of African, Arabian and Indian origin + It isa group of disorders that affects hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body + People with this disease have atypical hemoglobin molecules called hemoglobin S, which can distort red blood cells into a sickle, or erescent shape + This blocks blood flow and ‘oxygen from reaching all parts of the body. 57. Myopia = Myopia or Nearsightedness occurs when the eye loses its ability to focus on far-off objects as the lenses do not possess a long focal length + Glasses for myopia are often created with a concave (curved inwards) lens, which moves the focus of the light to help you sce clearly + Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there were nearly two billion people with myopia in 2010 — a quarter of the human population, By 2030, they project myopia prevalence to reach 3.3 billion people. 58, Retinoblastoma = It is the most common cancer in the eye (malignant tumor) in small children It ean occur in ‘one or both eyes and may be hereditary or sporadic + It can be life threatening as well as take away vision if not treated timely and is detected by seeing White Reflex (WR). 59, Variants of SARS-CoV-2 Identification Emergence WHO PANGO lineage First outbreak Designated VOC label Delta B.16172 = india 6 May 2021 Omicron B.1.1,529 BE south Africa 26 Nov 2021 Alpha BAL #8 United Kingdom 18 Dec 2020 Gamma P.1(B.1.1.28.1) SS Brazil 15 Jan 2021 Beta B.1351 BE south Aftica 14 Jan 2021 60. Invisible Hunger and Vitamin D = There are various ramifications to hunger, and an important part of it is ‘micronutrient malnutrition. This is referred as Invisible Hunger + Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin which is naturally present in very few foods like fatty fish, and fish liver oils, beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks. It is also produced endogenously when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. The ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 91§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS sunlight triggers a chemical reaction to a cholesterol-based molecule, and converts it into calcidiol in the liver and into calcitriol in the kidney + Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency: ‘© Rickets in children and osteomalacia (softening of bones) in adults. ‘+ Bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen (Effects of deficiency). ‘+ Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults + Bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen (osteoporosis) Vitamin D. 61, ACE2 Enzyme = research has found that human enzyme ACE2 may be offering protection to women against Covid-19 disease + It enables the novel coronavirus to infect the cell + It is a key in protecting against cardiovascular, lung and kidney diseases + Itis linked to X chromosome, thus women have twice as many active genetic instructions to make ACE2 + Because of their chromosomes, women (XX chromosome) have two copies of the ACE2 gene and men (XY chromosome) have only one copy + This makes female Covid-19 patients face less severe disease complications and a lower risk of dying than male patient. Anabolic Steroids = Anabolic steroids are essentially lab-made versions of the male hormone testosterone and have a similar effect of increasing muscle mass as the natural hormone does. Italso increases male characteristics in a person, such as facial hair and a deeper voice + From two Tokyo Olympians being banned to Noida Police seizing fake drugs and supplements worth Rs 2 crore, anabolic steroids have often been in news. 63. PK2 = Researchers at IIT Mandi have identified a drug molecule that can be used to treat diabetes + The molecule, called PK2, is able to trigger the release of insulin by the pancreas, and can potentially be used as an orally administered medicine for diabetes. 64, India Hypertension Control Initiative (HCD) = Is a multipartner initiative involving the Indian Council of Medical Research, WHO-India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and State governments to improve blood pressure control for people with hypertension + The project initiated in 26 districts in 2018 has expanded to more than 100 districts by 2022 + More than two million patients were started on treatment and tracked to see whether they achieved BP control 65, India’s 1" Bridgital Autism Support Network = Tata Power Community Development Trust (TPCDT) has partnered with the Centre for Autism and Other Disabilities Rehabilitation Research and Education (CADRRE), a not-for-profit organisation based in Thiruvananthapuram, to launch “Pay Au‘ention ~a different mind is a gifled mind”, India’s first bridgital autism support network + Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) / Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges with social communication, and by restricted and repetitive behaviors. Autism has been hypothesized to be associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors, with genetic factors thought to heavily predominate. Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize. There is no treatment’ for autism as such. 66. Candida Auris: It is a deadly hospital pathogen for the first time identified in the Andamanand Nicobar Islands + Itis a-multi-drug resistant fungus which presents a serious global threat to human health + First identified in 2009 in Japan + It is mostly found in tropical marshes and marine environments, outside hospital environments. 02. DISEASES IN NEWS (Last Year) Diatom test: Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) relied on a diatom tests for leads in the alleged murder case of Mansukh Hiran + It helps in diagnosing the death caused by drowning. It tests diatoms in the body being tested + If person is alive when he enters the water-> diatoms will enter the Iungs when person inhales water while drowning. These diatoms are then carried to different body parts by blood circulation + Ifa person is dead when is thrown in the water-> no circulation and no transport of diatom cells to various organs [Diatoms: These are photosynthesizing algae found in aquatic environment includingfresh and marine waters, soils, ete.] + It is www sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 92,§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS reliable unless and until the deceased person has been drinking water from the same source of water before his death, 2. New Bacterial strains: Rescarchers have discovered three new strains of bacteria on the Intemational Space Station + The bacterial strains belong to the family Methylobacteriaceae + The rod-shaped bacteria contain genes which are involved in nitrogen fixation, plant growth and biocontrol activity against plant pathogens. According to the researchers, bacteriamay hold the key to growing ctops in space + The team of researchers have proposed to call novel strain as Methylobacterium ajmali, after Seyed Ajmal Khan, who is a professor at the Annamalai University in Tamil Nadu. 3. Indian SARS- COV2 Genomic Consortia (INSACOG): It aims to monitor the genomic variations in the SARS CoV-2 on a regular basis through multi-laboratory network ~ It comprises of 10 labs: NIBMG Kolkata, ILS Bhubaneswar, NIV Pune, CCS Pune, CCMB Hyderabad, CDFD Hyderabad, InSTEM Bengaluru, NIMHANS Bengaluru, IGIB Delhi and NCDC Delhi + It is a joint initiative of the Health Ministry, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), CSIR and the ICMR + National centre for disease control (NCDC) will be nodal agency for maintaining database of all samples of new variants of public healthsignificance. 4, Lumpy skin disease: It has been infecting Indian bovines; which is an infectious viral disease of cattle and bovine animals + It is caused by a poxvirus Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) + Clinical signs include general malaise, ocular and nasal discharge. Fever and sudden decrease in milk production + It spread through mosquitoes, flies and ticks, saliva andcontaminated water and food + There is no treatment for virus, so prevention by vaccination is most effective means of control | Secondary infections in skin may be treated with ‘Non- Steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and also antibiotics when appropriate. 5, Hunter Syndrome Mucopolysaccharidosis 2: Itis a disorder where body cannot break down sugar that build bones, skin, tendons and other tissue + These sugars can build up and damage the body 1 It is caused by mutations of IDS gene that regulates production of iduronate 2- sulfatase enzyme + Lack of 12S enzyme activity leads to accumulation of GAGswithin cells, specifically inside the lysosomes + MPS 2 is inherited in an X- linked recessive pattem (occurs exclusively in males) + Females are generally unaffected carriers of this condition. 6. Fragile X Syndrome: Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment + Usually, males are more severely affected by this disorder than females + This is caused by changes ina gene called FMRI which make an important protein (FMRP). This protein is required for brain development + Spread of the disease: A mother who is a carrier has 50% chance of passing the mutated gene to her children, who will either be carriers or have XS. Men who are carriers do not pass the pre-mutation to their sons, but only daughters, who become carriers 7. Peter Pan Syndrome: People who develop behaviours of living life carefree, finding responsibilities challenging in adulthood and basically, “never growing up” suffer from PeterPan Syndrome * affected people have body of an adult but the mind of a child ~ can affect anyone, irespective of gender, race or culture + However, it appears to be more common among men ~ ‘Peter Pan Syndrome’ first appeared in 1983, in Dr Dan Kiley’s book. He described it as a “social-psychological phenomenon” 8. Havana Syndrome: In late 2016, USA diplomats and other employees stationed in Havana (capital of Cuba) reported feeling ill ater hearing stran ge sounds and experiencing odd physical sensations + Recently, a report by the National Academies of Sciences (NAS), USAhas found directed microwave radiation to be the plausible cause of the Havana syndrome. 9. Spinal Muscular atrophy: The Government has decided to waive off some GST amount against the import of ‘gene therapy — Zolgensma which is required to treat a child sufferingfrom Spinal Muscular Atrophy + It is a rare genetic disease caused by the loss of nerve cellsthat carry electrical signals from the brain to the muscles + Ttmostly affects babies and children. 10, Zolgensma Gene therapy: It works by supplying a healthy copy of the faulty gene. Itallowsnerve cells to then start producing the needed protein. This halts the deterioration of the nervecells and allows the baby to grow more normally ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 93,§ Technology SUNYA IAS (Revision Notes) u. 12. 13. 14, 15, 16. Epilepsy: It is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activitybecomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behaviour, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness + Anyone can develop epilepsy, but it’s more common inyoung children and older adults + There is no cure for epilepsy, but the disorder can bemanaged with medications and other strategies. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): It is a chemical compound which is the most important raw material to produce a finished medicine + It produces the intended effects tocure the disease. For instance, Paracetamol is the API for Crocin and it is the API paracetamol that gives relief from body ache and fever 4 India is heavily import-dependent for APIs from China + India’s API imports stand at around $3.5 billion per ‘year and around70% or $2.5 billion, come from China, Oxygen Enrichment Unit: Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute(CMERI) develops an oxygen enrichment unit(OEU) that could provide crucial support to COVID-19patients + It is a device that concentrates the oxygen from the surrounding air + The concentrated Oxygen is delivered to the patients having respiratory diseases through an oxygen mask or nasal cannula + It is useful in remote places, homes, or hospital-like facilities for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), chronic hypoxemia, and pulmonary edema, African Swine Fever renteraseneen nseer “SE: African Swine Fever: Tt is a highly contagious and fatal animal disease that infects domesticand wild pigs, typically resulting in an acute form of hemorrhagic fever + It was first detected in Kenya, in 1909 and is later found in regions of Asia, Europe and Africa + It is nota threat to human beings since it only spreads from animals to other animals + Acute forms of ASF are characterized by high fever, anorexia, loss of appetite and +haemorthages in the skin + There is no approved vaccine; animals are culled to prevent the spread of infection. HGCO19 Vaccine: Pune-based Gennova Biopharmaceuticals is making India's first mRNA vaccine known as HGCO19, in collaboration with US-based HDT Bio Corp + It has already demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, neutralization antibody activity in the rodent and non-human primate models + The funding for clinical studies awarded under the Mission CoVIDSuraksha’. mRNA vaccines: They carry the molecular information to make the protein in the host usingthe synthetic RNA of the virus, The host body produces the viral protein that is recognised bythe immune system, thereby enabling the body to fight against the disease + These are considered safe as MRNA is non- infectious, non-integrating in nature, and degraded by standard cellular mechanisms + They are highly efficacious because of their inherent capability of being translated into proteins inthe cell + Promising alternative to conventional vaccine approaches because of their high potency, capacity for rapid development, and potential for low-cost manufacture and safe administration + mRNA vaccines have elicited potent immunity against infectious disease targets in animal models of influenza virus, Zika virus, rabies virus and others + Future mRNA vaccine technology may allow for one vaccine to provide protection against multiple diseases, thus decreasing the number of shots neededfor protection against common vaccine-preventable disease. ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 94§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS 17, Brucellosis: It is a bacterial disease that mainly infects cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs +Humans can get infected if they come in direct contact with infected animals or by eating or drinking contaminated animal products or by inhaling airborne agents + Most cases caused by ingesting unpasteurized milk or cheese from infected goats or sheep + Symptoms include fever, sweats, malaise, anorexia, and headache and musele pain + Human to human transmission of the virus is rare + It is usually treated with antibiotics + The bacteria can be ‘transmitted via ingestion (cating), inhalation (breathing) and contact with an open wound + Itis endemic in India causing huge economic losses to dairy industry due to Infertility, Abortion, Birth of weak off springs and reduced productivity 18. Virafin: It is used in treating people with chronic hepatitis B and C + DCGI granted emergency use approval for pharma major Zydus Cadila’s antiviral drug *Virafin’ to treat moderate COVID-19 disease in adults * When administered early on during COVID, Virafinwill help patients recover faster and avoid much of the complications; reduces viral load when given early on and can help in better disease management, 19, 2 Deoxy- D- glucose (2-DG): It is anti-COVID-19 therapeutic application of the drug developed by Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), a lab of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), in collaboration with Dr Reddy’s Laboratories (DRL), Hyderabad ~ Higher proportion of patients treated with 2-DG showed RT-PCR negative conversion in COVID patients. The drug will be of immense benefit to thepeople suffering from COVID-19 + The drug.is used as an adjunct therapy. Adjunctive therapy is administered along with primary treatment. SAFE Strategy: WHO adopted in 1993; its mandate is to provide leadership and coordination of international efforts in eliminating trachoma as a public health problem. 21, Classical Swine Fever/Hog cholera: It is a contagious viral disease of domestic and wild swine + It is caused by a virus of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae, which is closely related to the viruses that cause bovine viral diarrhoea in cattle and border disease insheep + Itis a disease listed by the OIE World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code and must be reported to the OIE (OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code) + It is transmitted mainly through direct contact between healthy swineand those infected with CSF virus. The virus is shed in saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and feces + The virus can survive in pork and processed pork produets for months when meat is refrigerated and for years when itis frozen + Pigs can become infected by cating CSF- infected pork meat or products + It is found in Central and South America, Europe, and Asia and parts of Africa. North America, Australia and New Zealand are currently free of the disease + ICAR-Indian Veterinary research institute transferred the technology for CSF and Sheep Pox vaccines to M/s Hester Biosciences through Agrinnovate India Limited; The new vaccine has been found to induce protective immunity from 14" day of Vaccination till 18 months. Sheep Pox Disease: It is @ highly contagious viral disease of sheep caused by pox virus + Itis most severe of all, the animal pox diseases +The sheep pox virus is an aerosol, so it can betransmitted via contact with an infected animal 20. 2. Mucormycosisor Black fungus: It is rare but serious fungal infection, is being detected frequently among Covid-19 patients in some states + caused by group of moulds known as mucormycetes present naturally and abundantly in environment + Sinuses or lungs of such individuals get affected after they inhale fungal spores from air ~ It mainly affects people who are on medication for health problems that reduces their ability to fight environmental pathogens and sickness + Vulnerable groups include those patients with diabetes mellitus, cancer, or those who have had an organ transplant + Examples of fungi that most commonly cause mucormycosis are: Rhizopus species, Mucor species, Rhizomucor species, Syncephalastrum species ete + Mucormycosis isn’t contagious, so one can’t get it from an infected person. It can’t spread between people and animals + Other type of fungal infectionsare: ‘© White Fungus or Candidiasis = caused by fungus called Candida + When fangusattacks private parts, there is white colour discharge, thus the name white fungus ‘Aspergillosis: caused by a common mould, Aspergillus 24, White fungus infection: It can be caused duc to low immunity, or if people come in contact withthings that ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 95§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS contain these moulds + it is affecting those coronavirus patients who are on oxygen support + Itis the main reason of Leucorrhoea in women - flow of a whitish, yellowish, or greenishdischarge from the vagina * Patients of white fungus show Covid-like symptoms but test negative;the infection can be diagnosed through CT-Scan or Xray + can be prevented by sanitising the surroundings + It is more dangerous than black fungus or mucormycosis Kyasanur forest disease: KFD is caused by KFD virus, a member of virus family Flaviviridae + It was first identified in 1957 when it was isolated from a sick monkey in Kyasanur Forest in Karanataka + Hard ticks (Hemaphysalis spinigera) are the reservoir of KFD virus and once infected, remain so for life + Monkeys, shrews and rodents are commonhosts of KFDV after being bitten by an infected tick ~ Infected tick bite or contact with an infected animal (monkey, shrew ete.); no person to person transmission has been known so far + Symptoms include chills, fever, headache, muscle pain, low RBCs and WBCs + There is no specific treatment -> hospitalization and support therapy like hydration and usual precautions is important 26, Yellow Fungus/ Mucor Septic: It is a fangal infection which generally does not occur in humans but occurs in reptiles + Major causes are Poor Hygiene, High levels of humidity beyond the 30-40% range, Excess use of steroids is also a possible reason in Covid-19 patients + Symptoms include laziness, loss of appetite, or no appetite at all and weight loss; serious cases-> leakage of pus and slow healing of the open wound or necrosis in which cellsin living tissue die prematurely. 27. Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS-TS): It is also known as a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) + Itis a rare condition associatedwith SARS-CoV-2 infection that ‘was identified in 2020 + The symptoms include fever, rash,eye infection, and gastrointestinal symptoms + In some rare cases, the condition can lead to multi-organ failure. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: It is a group of intestinal disorders that cause prolonged inflammation of the digestive traci + Ulcerative Colitis(UC) involves inflammation of thelarge intestine + Crohn’s disease can cause inflammation in any part of the digestive tract. However, it mostly affects the tail end of the small intestine + Major causes are Weak Immune System, Smoking, Ethnicity, Age and Environmental Factors among others + ‘Treatment include immunosuppressive drugs to control the inflammation, 29, Sickle cell disease: It is an inherited blood discase most common among people of African,Arabian and Indian origin + It mainly affects hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body + It can cause severe pain, referred to as sickle cell crises + Treatment include medication, blood ‘transfusions and rarely a bone- marrow transplant, 28, ene CELL DISEASE Sea ce mvena) a —ee | “ee A ones 30. Delta plus variant: It has been formed duc to a mutation in the Delta or B.1.617.2 variant + Delta Plus (AY.1) is resistant to monoclonal antibodies cocktail +The mutation is in the spike protein of SARS-COV-2, which helps the virus enter and infect the human cells + Symptoms include headaches, sore throats, runny noses, and fever | It is more transmissible:this variant binds more easily to lung cells and is potentially resistant to ‘monoclonal antibodytherapy + Vaccine escape is possible if this variant evades the antibodies produced against the surface spike protein by developing shape-changing mutations in that protein www sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 96§ Technology (Revision Notes) SUNYA IAS 31, Aducanumab: It is a new drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, approved by the USFood and Drug Administration (FDA) + It is a monoclonal antibody drug which alters the course of Alzheimer disease by slowing the deterioration of brain function by reducing the presence of amyloid-beta, a protein that forms plaques in the brain, 32, Alzheimer’s disease: It is a progressive neurologic disorder which causes brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die + It is the most common cause of dementia; caused by abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells + It mosily affects older adults, but itcan also affect people in their 30s or 40s-+ In India, itis estimated that 5.3 million people (1 in 27) above the age of 60 have dementia in 2020. 33. Lymphatic Filariasis/Elephantiasis: It is a parasitic disease caused by infection with roundworms of Filarioidea type + It impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to abnormal enlargement of the body parts, causing pain and severe disability + Vector is Mosquitoes; it may be transmitted by different types of mosquitoes including Culex mosquito + WHO runs Global program to eliminate lymphatic Filariasis site 2000 and targets complete eliminationby 2020 + Maharashtra launched pilot project in Nagpur to initiate use of Triple drug therapy for filariasis + Triple drug therapy was recommended by WHO-> combination of ivermectin, diethylearbamazine citrate and albendazole + Indian Government has also launched the Accelerate Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis(APELF) in 2018, 34, Guillain Barre Syndrome: It is a very rare autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the nerves of the patient + It is not contagious and not hereidtary; most common in adults over 50 years + Possible causes include bacterial or viral infection andmay also be triggered by vaccine administration or surgery + It affect the peripheral nerves that control muscle strength as well as those transmitting feclings of pain, temperature, and touch + Treatment include Intravenous immunoglobulin (VIG) and PlasmaTherapy. 35. Cytomegalovirus: It is also known as Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5), CMV is a common herpesvirus that often causes natural infections in childhood and remains asymptomatic in patients with normal immunity + Onee infected, the virus is retained in the body for life. Most people do not realize that they have been infected by CMV because it rarely causes problems in healthy people + The medicines used to treat COVID-19 such as steroids suppress the natural immunity of patients and reduce the lymphocyte count which makes them susceptible to infections like CMV + Symptoms include gastrointestinal bleeding (blood in stools), diarthea, swollen glands, mouth ulcers, inflamed liver and inflammation + It spreads between humans via contact with someone who has the disease; transmission happens through sexual contact and bodily fluids such as urine, blood, saliva, tears, and faeces + Expecting mothers who develop an active CMV infection during pregnancy can pass on the virus to their babies, which is known as congenital CMV + Presence of CMV canbe confirmed by PCR testing for CMV + There is no specific cure for CMV but there are medicines that can help treat the symptoms, 36. Monkey B virus: China has reported the first human infection case with Monkey B virus (BV) + It is an alphaherpesvirus enzootic in macaques of the genus Macaca; first identified in 1932 + It is the only identified old-world-monkey herpesvirus that displays severe pathogenicity in humans + Itis transmitted via direct contact and exchange of bodily secretions of monkeys + Flu-like symptoms such as fever and chills, muscle ache, fatigue and headache, shortness of breath etc. 37. Myopia or Short- sightedness: It is the inability to sce the distant objects clearly; it ariseswhen the image is formed infront of the retina. A short sighted person can see near objectsclearly. This may arise due to either excessive curvature of the comea or elongation of the eyeball. This defect is corrected by wearing glasses with a concave lens. 38, Hypermetropia or Long sighedness: This defect arises when the image is formed behind the retina. This defect may arise due to shortening of eye ball. A long sighted person can seethe distant objects clearly. This defect is corrected by wearing spectacles with convex lens (converging) of appropriate focal length. A converging lens will correct this defect by converging the incoming rays so that the image is formed on the retina. Zycov-D Vaccine: Its a ‘plasmid DNA’ vaccine, which uses a genetically engineered, non-replicating version of a type of DNA molecule known as a ‘plasmid’ + Developed with the support of DBT and ICMR + The 39, ww sunvaias.com Joint Telegram Channel: tame/sunyanotesS0| 8279688595 Page 97