the area and it may prove more economical to use mat or used where the soil mass contains compressible lenses or the so that the differential settlement would be difficult to control. The mat bridge over the erratic deposits and eliminates the differential settlement. is also used to reduce settlement above highly compressible soil, by of structure and raft approximately equal to the weight of the soil Ordinarily, rafts are designed as inverted beam slab system. If th coincide with the centroid of the raft, the upward load is regarded as a equal to the downward load divided by the area of the raft, The considered in the structural design because it is assumed to be carried directly > the sub-soil. When the column loads are equal, flat slab construction can be adopted. When raft foundation is also subjected to wind load moments, and when these are considered in design, the safe stresses can be increased by 334%. However, when the wind load gn 3 reactions are less than 3rd reactions due to other loads, wind is not considered in the design. Example 22.14 illustrates the design procedure. Design Example 22.14. Design of raft foundation : Fig. 22.54 shows the layout of the columns of a building. The outer columns are 300 x 300 mm in size and camy @ load of 500 KN each. The inner columns are 400 x 400 mm in size and carry-a load 800 kN each. In addition to this, each column carries a moment of 160 kN-m due 10 wind load on the length of the building. Design a suitable raft foundation, if the bearing capacity of soil is 100 kN/m’. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel, Solution. 1. Design constants. For M 20 concrete sco and Fe 415 steel we have the following : ‘ Xy.max/d = 0.479 and R, = 2.761 i Total weight W = (4 x 500) + (2 x 800) = 3600 kN | : “fh =1a sere rereiereres Self-weight of raft W' = 10% W (say) = 360 KN i 2 O45 moe 4.5m FIG. 22.54 Total load = 3600 + 360 = 3960 kNiS xr of FOOTINGS oy Total moment = i ae kKN-m Eccentricity e = ae 0.242 m Let the raft project 500 mm outside the column all round, so that length of ge15+03 +205) = 10.3 m, and width of raft =45403+2 x05 59 bi ( Hence maximum and minimum intensities of Pressures would be SW. 68) © 3060 6 x 0.242 MS) - TWINS 1 tO) a gy N/m’ and 5 N/m? Since the maximum pressure is less than 100 KN/m’, the size of the footing is Satisfactory. Net upward soil reaction Po ag KN/m? ‘ . +o 960 Jpward reaction due to wind moment is given by w= ft 16.6 KN? Upwar gi YP 7x03 GF 6 KN/m' ie +166 KN/m’ on leeward side and -16.6 kN/m? on windward side. Longitudinal ae - 60 KN a Te SS ee ee i= 10.3 m ———__—->} 2 }——______40; @) () ©) FIG. 22.55. wath? 41 2 : = x EE 7 kN Pressure intensity at inner face of longitudinal beams = + 16.6 =a columns Let us provide two longitudinal beams in direction AC and Dp, fang oes i ich side. These two beams are joined by seven secondary beams. The g T beams etc. are shown in Fig, 22.55. isteiboil nd wind moment are 3: Design of slab. The soil pressure distribution due to load sed in OR “own in Fig. 22.85 (b) and (c) respectively. Since the pressure py less than 0 the f Il not be considered 3d the pressure pp due to dead load, the effect of wind wil design of slab, s eos lowing wo The slab is to be designed for the greater of the followingCaN Rb (b) Depth on the basis of one way shear Vu _ Fou _ 54x10? 54 wepee ot bd bd 1000xd da Assuming p = 0.3% for under-reinforced section, 1, D=160 mm. Permissible value of strear stress =k t, Hence from (i), we get d =24 = Providing 60 mm eff Main Reinforcement : 0.5 fa However, A, corresponding to p= 0.3% phd _ 0.3 x 1000 x 110 : A — ————_____ = 100 100 pee Spacing of 10 mm @ bars won 8S However, provide these @ 200 mm o Actual Ay i 18

wile for intermediate portion bet 8 face, as is done in a cont For the portion of slab projecting from. 2045 m. Now, actual length of each bar in =40-50 = 400 mm. Required 1, = 47 x q * 085 «415 [i Spacing of 10 mm bars = 1000x78.5 one om However for the sake of symmetry, provide these Also, a the spacing of transverse reinforcement (found 25200 = 400 mm c/c, so that every alternate bar of ¢ ‘sed a5 distribution bars, 4. Design of PaaS mo join columns longitudinal ‘"eath. Since the wil I not be consider intermediate secondary beam. There ; out which the two outer secondary beams The remaining four secondary beams ams. These intermediate beams are reaction due to wind moment is less than 2 red in design. Span of the beam = a3 ti theMya. «226 x 10° = 339 x 10° Nem F =R = 184.5 KN ; Fu=15 x 184.5 =/ Since the beam experiences hogging bending m ment, it will act as T-beam. Let the width of beam =b,=300 mm. The width of flange is given by by = + be + Dy where =4.5 m = 4500 mm b, = 300 mm D,;= 160 mm. by = 9529 4 300 + 6 x 160 = 2010 mm subject to maximum of centre to centre spacing = 15 m =1500 mm. Hence by= 1500 mm. - (a) Fixation of effective depth on the basis of B.M. 24] Ma _ 2 \/s39)0amy Le as 2 Se ; 4-23 Rib ~3 \ 2760G00em (b) Fixation of effective depth on the basis of t, max a where te, max =2.8N/mm? fo w Te, max _ 276.75 x 1000 4g 276.15 x 1000 , 200 2:8) See " Keeping nominal cover of 50 mm, using 25 mm @ bars in two la between these, and providing 10 mm stirrups, effective cover = 50 mm. However provide effective cov keeping er of 1 i. ; d= 530 - 100 = 430 mm. ° a 5 ode ff Design of main reinforcement : Design moment M,p = 339 Assume %u=Dy= 160 mm Mu = 30. 1 = 0:36 fer by Dy (d ~ 0.416 Dp = 0.36 x 20 x 1500 x 160 (430 = 628 x 10° N-mm :M y+ ela Available Aa =x 2513 = 1256.5 m 0.87 fy An _ ee 0.36 fer by M;=0.87 fy Aw (d- 0.416 xy) = 0.87 x = 187.16 x 10° N-mm V,= 1.5 x 184.5 = 276.75 kN =n Ly= 1/2 -x' = 400/2 - 50 = 150 L=479 = 47 x 20=940 mm. 187.16 x 10° Tt. “mo75 x10 * | = 84 tae 70.75 x 50 1 mm. So oie ae bars upto end and b ‘make these available at the lower face of the = 187x415 «2513 ey oe =% mm * Revised = 0.87 x 415 x 2513 (430 - 0.416 358.44 x 10° | 5 276.75 «10° = 100A: _ 1002513 p 1 ogg Phd” 30050430 Hence from Table 7, 1, t¢ 21.78 N/mm? 3 w= Ste: ,>+,, shear reinfOreenanll necessary. — Vue = te bw d = 1.78 x 300 x 430 x 10 Vus = Vu - Vue‘aa Couple due to this = (4 « 17.6 » Net reaction at windward end Net reaction at leeward end = 184.5 + 11 = 195.5 5. Design of central secondary beam. The central B and E and hence is subjected to end moments transmitted let us consider both p, as well as p,, along with the trans! the maximum bending moment and shear force. If the bending moment is greater Longitudinal 9 than the intermediate secondary beam atleast beam by 331%, then the design will change. Oth- erwise it will remain the same. From Fig. 22.55 (c), the pressure intensity p,’ due to wind, at the face of longitudinal beam = 11.7 kN/m*. Net pressure intensity at E ‘= 60 + 11.7 = 71.7 KN/m*, Net pressure intensity at B' = 60 -11.7=48.3 kN/m. Width of slab transferring load = 1.5 m. Load intensity w, at end BY Load intensity w, at end B’ = 48.3 x 1.5 The effective span of the beam = 4,5 m while it will receive of 4.1 m. The loading on the beam is shown in Fig. 22.57 To find reaction at E, take moments at B. ees ¥ te 72.5 a xa ’ay M =(24.8 x 3.1) - 160 = 2251.5 kN-m Ir will be seen that maximum bending va effect into account are less than 15 team. Hence the same depth and sa Mad S.F., taking higher permissible vi However, due to partial fixidity at the e Since the intermediate secondary beam has Sh d =430 mm will be sufficient to take te botiom face will have to be provided at the ends. ‘tecentre, i.e. 8 bars of 20 mm @ provided in ‘tm under the columns for a distance at least equé & Design of end secondary beam. The end seco “tn fom the slab, because it will receive load from sh } «AMS 1.5 m width for central secondary beam, Ho ‘ >, meement as for the central secondary beam. The ratio of tral one will be approximately equal to 1.4/1.5 ay; Di8M of main beam. ‘The bending moments |< © be found under the following three condi ; noting wind effect, ’ Taking wind effect ; leeward beam. i, Liking wind effect ; windward beam: (a) z F . ie) [snoring wing effect. When there is no wind acting, Main bean ji beams: m by all the intermediate as well as centraleaction transferred by end secondary beam Reaction transferred by slab, per metre run of beam The loading diagram is shown in Fig. 22.58. It should be checked that total downward load of c¢ |. Total downward load = 500 + 800 + 500 = 1800 kN Total upward load = (184.5 x 5) + (172.5 x 2) + Thus, both of these are approximately equal. The | rounding off the value of p) to 60 kN/m? in step 2. — Maximum sagging bending moment will occur at B, my =51 S45 5 184.5 « 1.5) + (184.5 « 3.0) - (600 - 172.5) 4.5 Maximum hogging bending moment occurs somewhere b force is zero. This likely to occur between the two int from A. F, =51 (x + 0.65) + 172.5 + 184.5 - 500 =0 This gives x =2.15 m from A or 2.8 m from the edge. Hen bending moment is given by M:; ~ 172.5) 2.15 ~ 184.5 (2.15 - 1.5) Shear force to the right of A is F,=(500 172.5)- GI Shear force to the left of B is Fy $ (800 - 184.5 (b) Wind effect ; leeward beam. From step 4, reaction transfer secondary beam on the leeward end =195.5 kN, oe [a Step 5, reaction transferred by the central secondary beam 24.5 KN. Reaction transferred by the end secondary beam, © 95 <_ 160 + 160 : 0.93 x'195,5° 160160, ~71=111 kNTotal downward load . Upward load from slab Uniform upward load w 1 z The beading on the leeward bese Maximum sagging bending moment will + (195.5 x 1.5) +(195.5 x 3)- Maximum hog; bending moment o - forme is zero. This is likely to occur x from D. F, This gives x = 2.32 m from D, or 2, beating moment is given by M ~ 111) x 2.32 — 195.5 (2.32 = 1.5) = + SF. to the right of D is Fy=(5 SF. to the left of E is Fy (0 Wind effect : windward beam. From ‘ondary beam on the windward side =173. From step 5, reaction transferred by central UWS k} Reaction transferred by the end secondary beam. = (0.93 x 173.5) + Total downward load =500 + 800 + 500 = 500 kN 800 kN 173.5 2448 FIG, 22.60.Design values. From the above cases, we get te fol Y it ae: oe nee sagging moment, M; = 32.8 KN-m ; Mu = Maximum hogging moment, Maximum shear, wind : Maximum sagging moment, Maximum hogging moment, M,= 454.6 kN-m (<<3% 3} Maximum shear, Fy= 346.6 KN ; Fu= a > Thus critical conditions are under ‘no wind’ maximum hogging bending moment M,, = 1.5 x 384. }0 mm. The flange width of T-beam is given by where stance between points of zero moments 0.3 - (2 x 2.8)=4.7 m= 4700 mm 00 mm ; D,= 160 mm 2 109 400 +6 x 160 = 2140 However, since the bi 's restricted in its width to a value of b, cam is situated nearly at the outer bou value =, 0.20,+ 0.45 =0.65 m = y iS restricted to 2x 6 300 mm. Hence adopt byThis depth will be sufficient to simple rectangular beam. Determination of reinforcement at Mui = 0.36 fer by Dy (d - 0.416 Dp = 0.3 = 724 x 10° N-mm : Since Mui > Mun ( = 576.45 x 10, N.A. Me Mo = 0.87 f dnd ’ OF Sek by BP =3202 mm? No. of 25 mm bars = 3202/490,8 = 6: Provide these bars at the top face of the should be safe to satisfy the development length crit * 4 the satisfy the relation Me +Ly 21a. 0.87 x 415 x 3435.6 49 5 0.36 x 20 x 1300 0.87 fy Au (d - 0.416 xy) = 0.87 x 415 x 13.9 < 10° N-mm Shear at the point of contraflexure : ‘ssuming that the point of contraflexure falls just t0 th "3301.8 KN = 461.7 x 10° N 2 or d whichever is more = 47x25 = 1175 mm, M=My = 0.87 fy Aw (d - 0.416 x1) = 0.87 x 415 x 1005 (55 V,=S.F. at the point of contraflexure = 1.5 x 307.8 KN (assuming this to be Ip = 129 or d, whichever is more = Ly = 479=47x 16 =752 mm. M 180.55 x 10° = See © 1.5 x 307.8 x 10° ‘ Hence provide 5 bars of 16 mm diameter at the bo of the beam. Design of shear reinforcement 5x 307.8 KN ; x 307.8 x 1000 2 mm’ (at B). 400 x 550 ee an 100(7 x 490.8) bd 400x550 10% Hence t+. 20.725 N/mm? (Table 7.1) Since t,>,, shear reinforcement is necessary. Vuc = 0.725 x 400 x 550 x 10°? = 159:5 kN Yus = 1.5 x 307.8 - 159.5 = 302.2 KN. Using 10 mm » 4-1g4 stirrups, A, = 314.1 mm, Spacing = 2:87. dw. d _ 0.87 x 415 x 314.1 x 550 Hence provide the stirrups @ 200 mm c/c, for 1 _m on | of the column B Similarly, stirrups @ shear force at A = Lax 200 mm ¢/ Vas 302.2 x 1000, = : i en and 0.6 m to left of 5 of 0.6 m to the Tighesomm ¢ @ 200 mm cle 8-20 mm @ in two layers (c) L-section of central FIG. 22.61. z 2.16 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF R.C. PILE ARC. pile is designed for the following : ) handling stresses (3) driving stresses. While « be considered as fixed at one end and ne 3 rd the length embedded in eral length. The main longitudinal reinforcement in a pile should not 8 rae Q) 1 may 4) gq, 125 percent of the cross-sectional area of the pile, for imes their least width, E 1.5 percent of the cross-sectional area of the pile, 40 times its least width.