N A Refresher Manual of ENGINEERING SURVEYING I BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING T.U/K.U/P.U,/PO.U, Salient Features | Simple and easy to understand Important and probable solved examples | Sufficient theory and numerical | s of exam questions. By Er. Sarita Rimal Sunam Shrestha ‘Sarun Bhomi Prathibha Pustak Sadan and Stationary Pulchowk, LalitpurPreface © svainecting projects much as, eying is ndipeasable forall specs for planning, designing, the prec. This book A Refresher ‘Manual of Engineering Surveying ~1” is writen a5 afefeence bok teed the aew slau of Bachelor of Chil Engineering of TU ta egg tefl for PU, K.U and Po. The book is writen in clear and cay-oead sie, Presening fundamentals of surveying at aleve that canbe exis grape by bape With well explained basic theory, variety of soied mumedsal exatple and olution of pas snot We would like to ex nd my gratitude to teachers, students, fiends, have directly or indreotly continuted valuable 8 forthe book. T would also like to acknowledge the efforts made by publisher, “Pratibha Pustak Sadan and Stationary” and Mr. "Ravi Shrestha” for design and layout of the book: ed our best to minimize the ertor and make this book . However, we are sorry for any types of eror that might We will be very gre ful for any sons of suggestion and jook + ARefresher Manual of zy Authors ENGINEERING SURVEYING | Publisher Pratibha Pustak Sadan and Stationay a Publishers and AuthorsTable of Contents _ CquarTER INTRODUCTION ag Se nteduction Te Surveying 3 Gpctves eicances of Suneying 33 story of Surveying 33 pres Oise) Of Survey: 1 Chasfcation of Surveying +5 pierces betwee Pane and Geode Saneng 1 mportance of Surveying In Cl Engineering: chapter 2: DISTANCE MEASUREMENT. 2 Method of Linear Measurement 23 Various methods of Direct Distanee Measurement Units of Distance ws trots ‘ecuracy and Precision > Map Scale 1 Various Corrections For Linear Distance Measurements ‘chapter 3: CHAIN SURVEYING 3a Chain Surveying 32 Principles of Chain Surveying (CHAPTER 4: COMPASS SURVEYING Chapter 5: LEVELING Temporary Adiustmen Booking & Calculation of Reduced Level 5.8 Balancing back sight & foresight 3 Curvature & Refract 510 Classification of leveling 5.11 Adjustment of level circuits 5.12 Source of error in leveling an eetneroduction Frit of ene Tate seve Eanes Setting of instrument Sins of Pane Toble SUE: vantages and Diadsarins re Tale Surveving Introduction tfpn of soe Fudan Te Petatucton Prince of Test? fare of Teodolte and ther Functions: Parranent and Temporary aclusmerts Freement of harizonal nd vets! =ree> tae of ror in Theodoite Werk (chapter: TRIANGUI Tnwrodvetin on Fel Aliator {LATION &TRILATERATION ‘Basi Defintlon a1 2 Princes Ba Objective of Triangulation Suvers tba Glasiaton of tiangulation stem {85 Introduction on field application Be piference between Triangulation and Trilateravon chapter S7AREA AND YOLUME 94. Introduction 9.2 Computation of Area Form Field Note Be cemmtaion of ea From Plotted Pan/ with regular Bound 94 Area of closed Traverse 95 Instrument Method tofind area 96 Volume computation 97 Mass Haul Diagram (HAPTER 10: MEASUREMENT (EDM) 40.41 Introduction 10.2 Classification of €M instruments 103 Principles of EDM 104 Operation of EDM 405 Measurement of dstance with EDM and a Reflector 40.6 _Errorin Electronic Distance Measurement Instruments References, 281 easurements. It seen. objec ww the surface of the INTRODUCTION ablishing poi no lan Sa ohn, ‘sof ety oa oa a a Sth ot oe Ha etl wasuring angles between lines, or determining the cna 7 resco neon of points on or near the surface of the earth. Along with the aca To determin ate the mathematicae ulations. Distances, angles, and volumes are thus determined fom Survey data is portrayed graphically by: the ‘equipment, such a6 total stator cexoss sections, and dl ns, robotic total. stations, sro reflectors, 3D scanes, rai, Handheld subsurface locators, drones, GIS, and. surveying, wn element in the struction req and the definition o nap or plan to represent an thods throu lems -as, volume and othe! gh the knowlet se them inthe field. development of the human history. The planning and it tis also used in transport, f tega boundaries for lend Jy in many other seienific objects or points of the earth tween different objects ‘on a horizontal plan of of modem science and ‘an optimal way. ated quantities» ° 0 ° ») i) med wo nave sted it “hen the Nile River Eg mg Suneyng ol 7" Sloan soi seve ls oh srs bowen Te The Eatin wd 5o00 BC fe Sere the pound tx he neat Del and a surveying vecnques fo ‘The conquered lands the Roms Exit in Surveying methods were used | Civilization, The Romans used W' Gisances, gromas for ley oonfinates fo laying out buildin fn 1780's William Roy b Gret Britian In 1808 A.D,,Napolean Bor The main breakthrough Galle, which is be In the Twentied instruments like) GPS,DGPS, Working from whole to part According to his principle the stations (ie, Coakoling si ontolling ines), The area is then i forming well condoned irangls. A eonsidered to beth best well condi lines are mesurd very acarly n sides of the tangles are measurcd, Thy trode 3 working isto prevent accumulation oF eer. Durog the pracedur: if LE Ty emo in the measurement oPany sie ofa tangle then i fet the whole work. The eor ean always be deeced and. then weil not ‘lia ve tocate 2 ncw station by at leat two measurements (linear oF ar) from fised reference points: ornciple, the new stations shoal always be fied (linear or angular) from fined eferense refer to horizontal distances measured by rents refer t the magoetc bearing ot Fig. A, any other pot ent o locate the s P and Q, iis of poiat sho oF persomen bern te eos se en 4 Sco section of nse proection of Work, da, field yg | recautions should Be taken to eq Dhservations Which are yas inguments ‘and accuracy sho Safeguarding: Sofeguanding is ates inseuments and 2o°e8 thar the work is not com dwn ia te Fld must be 2 zs understood form so hat it cea For sfeuarding of da, we could make SOMCOP), aettat we need aot wory on sing orginal data sheet. Importance of Scientific Honesty in booking notes inthe field and when ploting inthe office, There is nothing t 10% sores, Pt mpromise. re a permanent, eSible, unambigiou, gt id be esl undestood in ony of 2 Honesty is essent and computation cooking the survey or altering dimensions the drawing. (bis uterly unprofessional t stage ofthe survey. This applies tothe assis the surveyor in charge. Assistants must also li inseuetions and earry them out tothe later withou' Classification of Survey i) Primary Classification ii) Secondary Classification i) Primary Classification; Oh the basis of curvature ofthe earths sur Plane surveying: Is that tp of surveying in whic earth is considered as a pl oa { i Deplese Al angls famed by suney 1 aS plane triangle and simple trigon er ie Tine is considered as straight and plumh | Parallel. Plane surveying is don, ae than 260 km?. ‘ HS doe ofthe orca of survey is 13 His used for layouts of highways, railwa)S Antoducton -§ canals, bridge, factory, ec Its eondustd by state agencies a8 swell as private agences. At we know, earth 1s spberial in ‘Shape-bu its diameter sig enought Sonsider plane in small dimensions Geodetic surest : It is that type of surveying im which the eumved shape ofthe cart i taken in to account, The object of geodetic survey iso determine the precise position on the surface of the earth, o's system of widely distant points which form conco sttions in ‘whieh surveys of high precision may be tefrrd.. Line joining considered as curved fine and angles are assumed mules, tis cartied outst area exceeds over 260 itis conducted by Survey Depariment ofthe county. (Classification of Surveving classified based on the nature ofthe Meld oF survey, to points ‘Based on instruments used: a“) of insiramens used, surveying canbe ‘Based on methods used: ‘on methods adopted, sueveying can be Based upon nature of field 1g based upon the mature of ee tbe further classified a6 1) at Survey an i) ‘th natural of iil aah os rivers, steams kes WD towns, ater supply Land Surveying: It co Cadast phic survey ii) it sw atures on land suo bills, roads, & properties systems, buildining: Marine oF bydropraphig "Marine are! se tio 1 PURSE of ay eae i rb werk oF fOr deter n i water SUPE: Pease ty re eer et tre re conn eas points angle \ fesmures ofa repion such as rivers, streams, hills et |p is used formal) eB ea : oe me pint re spheroa : ad canals. The purpe ernest lang, small vii) It is used fe mesa ach surveys isto prepare maps and such maps ofa | dam, ete | engineering works ike) called topo-sheet survey for. setting national‘ Archeological Survey: This type of une is cared out to gather informa About sis thet are important from archeologial considerations an fo a ity 3 cern Survey: oa veo known as an onthodrome of Spies 1S type of su whenever sufficielll] —interse e sphere and a plane that pas toh the ee at er ‘drawn onany given est citcle that can be inoides with a diameter of the ‘same center and cireummferenss ‘opposition t0 @ data isto be at circle is the ere. Any diameter of any great ciel refore all great circles have the arvvreh ether, This special case of circle Of @ Spe > he sphere and a plane that Oss f the sphere and PI s Je, that is, the intersection 0 circle in Euclidean 3-space #5 # | and Ie purpose engineering works such as ro desig are sphere, and tt 4 Mine Surveying Milita an Mary surveying pass through the center. Every ‘exactly one sphere.nd design of all roe ‘of bighways The plan disciplines of surveyi Solutio Refer I,1 and 1,5 (ji) Q2. A.map is drawn to some scales 46 em x 45 em on the pl © plane. Calculate the Draw a scale o read up toa single meter from th belong enough omen Solution; ae a of field (A) = 51750 m: Length of field on map (1) = 4 Breadth of filed on map (b) 45 J. great 0 that a plot of $1750 ondary Ashwin ted by the map scale should 75, Ashwial Area of field on map (0)=4.6» 43 cx? =207 ent =20 108m J$_prope ent Va} = sias0 | i4 x 10°47 = 0.0002 14 F000 Here, Im infield To measure 0,02 we have to construct a.diagonal Scale Whieh can measure the length up 10 0.01 em QA. List out the principles of surveying a dos Whar bh surveying? Explain aboot te four major pines Gs What ave the selection erteria of scale for drawing mae A ra anar plot of land of area 0.5 hectare is represented 08 & rectangular io ecange ar of 61 mt Cola ma de tactr ofthe sale ofthe map Draw a see tip to a meter from the map. The seae shou L 1 [Fagg ™ in map = 35 em in map 0.02 em in map. ath up 10 0,01 cm is. it ean Aeseribe any two of them, (4) (2075, Ashwin} (2075, Cita 1d be long enough 0 peal=6.11 ent ‘Area of field on map (@) ay 6.1 x10 5500 = 0.000333 1 300027 Which is given by 1:3000.27 ie, 1m:3000.27m 3.00027 m, ie Imm ie 0.1 mm=0,300027 m upto Im 0.1 mm 03m *400m 1 Oa 1000 * 400 * 1000 = 133,33 mm This sealecan measure vp 10.1 gy, emi. 0.1 mn Trean measure length up to 93 oo The scale of 0.1 mm can read up to 0.3 m whick The measure length up o 400 m the lengt Q.11. The area of the field is $0000m!. The length and brexdth ofthe field on the map are 10 em and 8 em. Construct » diagonal seale oul ‘whhich can be read up to metre, Find out RF of scale: (6) (2072, Kartik] Solution: Area of field (A) 50000" of field on map (I) 10cm { field on map (b) Sem area of field on map(@) =10%8= 80am = 8 10%m 32 14 107)" 6x10 [som qe Mention the variows fundamental Jeseribe sbout the major three of the examples. Sotution: ‘or fundamental principles tefe section 13-of theory pat, 1. Sogn chant lec aaa 7 Mi goede surveying. sng. Dillerent between Solution: For objective refer definition (1.2) For difference refer (1.6) cos. pefine surveying. Explain is Importance for ch ae 14 (2073, Chaltral Solution: 7 For definition refer (1.1) For importance refer (1.8) (09. Explain historical background of surveying waite basie Principle of surveying. 14) (2073, Chaitra} Soluti Refer (1.3) and (1.4) .10. Define surveying, Explain its importance for ehil engineers with 14) (2072, Kartik] examples. Solution: Refer 1.1 of definition part and (1.8)A cm= 0,04 em in m8? axon we em we have 19 Cons 8 dialog, re the length upto 0.01c7. To measure 0.0 which can meast This scale measure the length upto 0.01 em i.e. it can n the length upto 1/4m, = 0.25m, Q.12. A Plan represent an area of 18000 m* and measure Bem x9 qq Find the scale of the plot and indicate through a sketch how , suitable scale can be eonstructed to read up to I m in the plan y the same plan is to be drawn on a toposheet with a scale q 1.12500, what will be the representation area of that plan on th, ‘sheet? (6) (2072|Chit Solution, Given Avea~ 8 cm «Sen = 72cm? aa Ties Sele ofp = fp Eee aos inv 00 Which is given by, 1; 1581.1388 ie. Im; 1581,1388m ie, Imm: 1. 581m i, 0.2mm: 0.3126 m This scale oF 0.2mmcan read upto 0, toread upto Im, 3162 m which is suffice ne same plan isto be dravin in topo sheet with 1212500 ey “Then, Area on sheet =18000 x (F355) 10" « 10 213. 7 The area of field is 48000m?. The length and breadth ofthe ald du the map are 9 cm x Sem respectively. Construct a diagonal Seale which can be read upto one meter. Find RF of the seale ts eonnicuieay Solution Area of field = 45000? Lengtt of field on map =9em Breadth o Area of field on map = 8 em x 9em= 72 em: RE [12s0000]"? = 1/2500 nal seale fo measure 1m nmap n map = 0,04em in map to construct @ dialogue scale Ol em. 1 m field = 5 em in To measure 0.04 em we have which can measure the length up t 0:oom omoosooao ‘om f ‘Tis scale can measure the length of 0.01 cm the length up to 1/10=0.1 = Q.14. What are the principles of survey ing? explain clearly Solution: Refer 14 QA Define the term surveying and differentinte between goodie plane surveying. (4) [2069 Chai) ait ‘Solution: | Refer 16 16. Distinguish between plane and geodetic survey and how do classify the surveying in various way: 2 salrhael eying in various ways. (8) [2069 Baishl Solution: 7 Refer 1.6 QT. Difference between geodetic & plane sur a geodetic & plane surveying. (2) [2069 a pl 2) [2069 Chait Refer 1.6 gag (19) (©) [2069 Chay) i Tn surveying “distance” term has two ws To measure how far two points are. ) {iy Todefine dimensions of an objec. Measurement Horizontal distance measurement al distance measurement Slope distance measurement ii) Ange urement Je Measurement Angle Measurement 7.3 Method of Linear Measurement Direct Method: measured usually using EDM, tape, ii) Indirect Method: by instrument like Distance is measured using angle observation -e Measurement:~ 2.4 Various methods of Direct Distanc a) Pacing x1 by counting mumber of PEREES er. Kes rough In this metho h from one poitt 10 an (foot steps) ta» 9 2 i iil) ) Tacheometry: It is method of surveying in which vertical eleations are detern vertical angles observed with Tacheometer 8) Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) hy) GPs. Units of Dist 16. Engineering Sarvesng Ja ace Feator = Distance ange bers 19 points ig user of PACES = poe factor x0 0F PH aes a | It is a packet instrument ‘automatically counts number of Pes «No. of paces Distance = pce fector Pedometer:- 1s an instrument that mes ‘ount no, of paces but wants Speedometer! Odmeter: It ig a mechanic automobile to measure distor in standard units Tike which roll alo Taping:- precision while chaning or tapi MKS:- Length : meter (m) 38; kilogram (kg) Time : seconds (sec.) FPS. Length : foot Mass : pounds Time ; seconds sures di distance directly je, The gear ratio No. of evolutions x Circumference feet, meters, inches e ‘Taping is carried out using standarized an distance. Chaining is done using chains. Fo ng the line whose length is required cos: Length Mass Time embeded Unit of Angles: In dogree:- = 60 v= 60" In centesimal= 1 gon = 100 egon eentigon) Jegon~ 10mgon (eilligon) ae 400g0ns ia 5° = 63.6619972g0ns 2 206265 is number in sesonds, Land measurement system in Nepal= Bigha = 20Katth = 20Dhur fave meaning and whose valves are definitely 10 round - off part Centre part Rule heroes e round - offsagnor ig sng dit 8° pv Sign Figs 140,42, 043, 0.0082 -rere re Significant Fi 436, $36, 80.6, 1.806, ping: 0.0806, 0.00806, 0.00800, Equipment for chaning’ TA 4) ChainTape i) Aros ii) Poss in) Ranging Rod Abney Level 2.7 Ranging — Ih isthe process of marking a straight line. For this, internal Points are kept between two end points at distance interval less then ona length Cn up gh F . Ae ont Fig: Direct ranging. Direct : Ranging: Its carried out when two end points are intervie form bth nd points ie. rm 2p B a : ° and from A t¢ Indirect Ranging (Recipes p is cared out when the en ii) angi s Points are not intervisibl Method of Chaingingan Sloping Let A and B are two end points which are not intervisible'and whose distance is Tequired. To Fx the intermediate points in a straight line’ tpenvcen end points, Mi, and N; ate chosen in such a vay than Ny and visible from My, Then Mi is transferred 10 My i Sch a way that ‘and N; line in same straight line. Ten Ne i transfered to N3 in ~ way that Mz, My and B Tie in same straight line, Then, Mas is to My so that, Nj, My and A lie in same line. This 1s until, Mand W lien straight line joining A and B, round:- Direct Method or stepping Method:- When slope is very steep . Ground divide into number of steps. torizonial distance of segments of steps measured directly With £YPE forizontal distance (D) Indirect Method: a) With the aid of vertical angle b) With the aid of different level By Hypotensual Allowance:Synematic Errors (Annmudatd or Culling Bl ae They ae the cor which ecu inthe sme don al a Sc value and coectenct 1D inewn dove! or old op They cate Sea though a operon. Thi enor makes te metensei too ong o fo short Types: Tertor is the dffereat in the true value), eviatin in 10 Diserepancy isthe devia packward measurement a) Positive Cummalative Errors: es casurement Diserpaney = Forward messi ‘This error makes lenglb measurement greater than the ror = Observed Value - Tie : ‘actual. For eg; this ocurs when the length of chain or acta oe HS tape is shorter than ste standard length ‘Negative Cammulative Errors: 281 Source err ‘This eset a | This eor makes recsurement lesser than the se peret just ofthe sey actual. For eg; this eecurs when the length of chain oF See nnesiring ape. tape is longer than its nominal est a ‘Tis error oceurs due ma Compensating (Accidental) Errors 5 accors because neither the surveyor nor his instruments tape distance re perfect. Its magnitude ean be estimated but its sign sannot = determined, He cction cannot be applied. Ht occurs Natural Error: ner holding of chain/tape. It tends to balance each It is caused by variation in or adverse ait follow definite low, Far eg, a person reads the ifthe tape with normal Tength 30m is actly} i) instruments For 08 30.250 long then (02500 isto be added forex refraction, ob ne time higher and othr tie lowe than what effors, ec for ifthe tape standardized at terperature use in field at vermperatare 30° ten due 40 temperature variation. 1 plying temperature correct 3 ia Personal Error: oseness of measurement Yalue with exaet OFA It occurs by the inability inv sults. Its degree of petfedton acleted it 4 due to the limitations cei a tape is mak the last digit comely ic 959 9.598m, ae 202 Tyoesoterrors + Precise Methods 1) Mistakes: Mistakes are error often resulting from fatigure oF > Good planning inexperience ofthe surveyor. fore .e - Most Problem Value Precision: sured values with eoch other: TH Tt is known as "Apparent ts, Good prevision snot 8) Displacement of arow ijn doe }) Omitting or adding a full rhain length, alues should be of same quantity €) Wrong reading like reading "6" for "9 {tis degree of perfection used in instramen 4d) Wrong'data entry in field book like 507 instead of 570.Map: ‘Accuracy Provision Relative Precision: | Tis uso to express precision of 8" Relative Precision = g-valne™ standard deviation | For, intraverse, Relative Precision - Sera 1: Number (Notes Error ist Be within permissible ran Order of Accuracy: First Order Accuracy: 1/25,000 Second order Accu Bs 5s: V0.0 Third order Accuracy: 1/5,000 | The ratio by which the actual len increased is known as the scale, Map scale can be graphie Seale or infact | action or rato. ie 1/10,000 or 1:10,000, ‘Methods of Seale: Large Seale > <1:200 Intermediate Seale > <1:200 to 1:10:000 ‘Small Scele->"}:10,000 to 1:100,000,000 1 represents the features on or near cat's surface as projexed on torizontal Plane Its propared using orthographic projects Is dawn relatively large scale. tis 2D. it is the plan along with reliefs and eontour lines It is 3. Its sively in Smaller Seale. ‘Numerical Seale:- Further classified as a) Engineers Scale sented as 1 em = Sem, lem= 10m, et om = 10m means tem on map represents 10m on erdund n Seales in Fraction or ratio ie. 1,500 of L500. tative fraction (Rf) Fett Distance of jee thon, its represent in RE 35 1 =1:10,000 RE =Fppx 100" 10,000 Graphical Seale: ce corresponds 19 & ig a line drawn an the wap 60 at map debi SSG unit of length on the ground, ae Classification of Seale ) Plain Scale ii) Diagonal Scale i) Scale of chords iv) Vernier Seale‘b. Emporerng Seve! gia nossith a % Fo nal ee a» Here, short length © ig used. to measure three ding = By Similar Triangle Rue pede AB “10 AB Similarly “AB Shrunk Seale It is due to stringkage of map ¢ variation of atmospheric Co Shrunk Scale = Shrink Shrinkage Factor 2.11 Various Corrections For Linear Distance Measurements Correction for Absolute Correction for Temperature Correction for Slope Correction for Pill or Tension Comection for Sag Conrection for Mean- Sea Level Correction for Misalignn Diane Mamet 38 Correction for Absolute Length or Standardization: - ts Wes owt (cel eg) oe ae 1 et ted eg te ce Calttece te S oeen a S Absolute Length Corecton = = ESR Noel EME ‘so, Tota error in measured Tenth =( e ‘otal coreetion for measured length cominal length then, correction is pate th of a Tapa ninal Leva of Tape Note: If then, correction is posite. f tape 1s 100 mn i negative. Correction for Temperature: sureme due to variation in ape and field's temperature ndardizatiow/temperature at which taPe the positive and. vices Generali ion temperature is 2.‘conection for ‘distance distance, the yaw sores fie lve die =v 2 nt che PL =20m and h = 3m. x 10(Neglected) so. Ec 6.3 ~G isalnays sub d) Correction for pull or Tension: Ifthe pul ppied sometimes is more or ess than pul! tension api during standardization, error comes. From Look’ La Stress = stain constant o, 2-Sxe aa where, ‘gp Pull Coretion ul plied at fel ‘Standard Pull in kg or 8 ‘Young's Modulus = Measured Length Note Cp is postive if P> Py a | Correction for sag aorrrse ape i suspended between two points, it takes slaps of yet or prabol So, the mesure lene is more has als oreection is needed. actual length \ f si ——|— Grund surface ‘catenary shape of tapelchain LW conection fr Sa (Ca) =44™ 8 Cue) =34* Cp) XE Where, W = wt of tape= WL = = number of unsupported length Bays of pos clelted by Te nde ectenary i eld en 58 vsti ft el a 5 If tape standardized in calenary 1 sang correction is positive dardized in flat is used in > [ftape stand correction is negativeeS ra be cath sna “Altade Conection (Cr) =-(E 1) he Reh ‘Since, his very smell compared to R so Naki Correction i awa subsractve. Correction for incorreet Alignment: If the survey lin ang misalignment occur. In this ‘her Be always greater than the cone! True distance: errs positive so, the correction is ala ‘ is not correctly AB =f, c0s 0; + ¢; 080, sy dean those corestion de © misHgBRERE (r+ a) (C008 Qi + 808) oe “Png correction isto be subtract fom the mens - of AB. Gistance owe 1 an at ere mecasured accurately with EDM or th given a= Ca= (6+ 4) distance AB Cant QV a— ti eee rhmportant Formulae: Meta gt =p ae mean (RF. wrongscale Y sO ped et Correction eet = RF of corer seal 12 wrongs Rit wrangle) asd vole Correction length = {RF of corest sale) fample 24 a ge was menvured in clenay eee Gy so anced 12.836 m. The ferent oflevel were 620 gn, 030 and CS The temperate Sane ce Onn the tension applied na Ske Te som at 2c, om the lat wth tens rae o.oo per, se weight ofthe Tagen dm E> 210% 10308 (gr98dme) espe obser wwas standardized ‘coefficient of expansion sross-sectional jonal acceleration The tape was 1 (210 kNiman’), gravitat ) Caleutate the length of the base b) What tension should wil ce wil olution: ) Here, = 0126+ 29973 + 30.068 Correton for pl a) as ust _ (+) 0.0116 Cyfor tomperstore meron «(10-20% 112.79) | 0.45)" +55 20.978 3x 2,536 9.01535, rca aoirs- 00100710 001535 =-0ny4 CComected length ofthe Base 112.701 + (0.03115) = 112.669 mn iy ForNeatraliation Py-PdL_ 1 (8) x1 AE 724 (9/ ;,, Aue (of, Py’ -PrPo°” 24 Here, 222N is requited to eliminate the sag co tp to.a meter from the map. The scale should be long enoughy measure upto 400m, my Solution: Here, 6.lem* on map represents ~ 0.55 hectares nd, 1 eg ‘on map rep + 10,000 a ap represents = 900,164 m? on id 611 1 om =-900.164 = 30,003m Now, Representative fator (RF) => = — 0.003 = 100 ~ 3000 Maximum length to be shown by “ 400m, so the length of scale is givél 1 Length of scale= ale Spg3 * 400 x 100 = Now, 13.3em is divided into 4 equa parts, ach 12ekan side dlvision i again divided ino {Odio he the base and 10 division vertically. And are joined logon im gg Example 23: The arca of a plot in a plot in a map is 10.22m", The seale of Toe a go iat a proracl deena TA fb map is how 4m. What the corres ilar ela solatoa Here 10228 The actual Leng (0.95) = 09216 uunshrunk map om 1:25,000 The area oft! The rate of shrinkage (S.) The ratio of Shrunkage Th 11.0894 em? 16 sea of Lem? on seale 1:25,000= 250 * 250= 62500mE Area of 11.08941em?on seale 1:25,000 = 62500 * 1.08941 .693088.12m" Example 2-4 : hhaying nominal length 30m 4 Base line was measured with a tape and was found to be 241.40m, As ao ‘measured with 20m tape and was foun it was found that the 30m tape was Sem short. Jength of 20m tape. suck, the Jength was again 1d to be 244,50m, on testing ‘Estimate the true Solution: 30m tape is 5 em shortpyo30-005= 29.95 ip samtape)~24140m va length of tape") 32s)“ ‘Nomi nee is () som see “Measured di 7 Noo, Tue sane? = 2955... 941.40 = 24498 of, 40.998 =" 30 For20 9% gcyyltenth of wpe (T) , Tre dsance “Nominal engi) on, Example 25 in pan 100m 2060, drawn tg | ‘A rectangular pl 1:100m, If the sa :tkm, what would be each case. Solution: Here, vee po redravn. 0 8 toposhet ; we aires on toposhect? Determine al mine a For plan: RF of original sc Temonmap {em lemon map ~ 100m « 100m on ground fem « 20em on map= (10 20) * 10 som Now, Fortop shit mip RE = Tgp 1p sino aa 00 ie, + Lem® 1em=1000m on ground Tem * 1 cm on map = (1000 x 1000) m? on ground ? on ground = = ground =79¢= em’ on map =2i0 on ground = 74 em on mh 2cm? on ma ap aaa ear To fa. ourees and direct 4 in chainingtaping with their wane ale ae anc in : A te ease ee oe ance af 86 ae ner) mesg crs were provided otetery 18m, The Wee Gia a ‘30g App messy econ oo veut ne Sotusion: Here, Tape length = 20m Standardized tape length = 20.006 m Standardized conditoin = Catenary 0 ka, w = 30 grim = 0003 kgim. 36 min two e | For 20m 1 ciion (C)=*0H() ection (Cs)= +034 p,) Frame | =f (1082209 59 UN 0 0.072 a =3 «10? mErve) was standardized in ct | Flat length (L)~ 20.006 + 0.003 = 20.009 me Star 9.009 - 20= + 0.009 wah (Ca) = + 0.009 m for 20 tenary, so add sag correction,1s emix divided a The left hi sees. ena 1 eld condiig ize LAN e es) ate =n Now, ae gp orcsion PE renee pees ‘re ous solution: gs Combined coretion for arcined 268m (Tog soa Combined correction for 86 Conecid length of 86m line = oe Q2 A15 km long road is indicated in a map by a length of 8 Find the scale ofthe plot and indicate through # sketch ha suitable scale can be constructed to read upto 1 m in the map (Ashwin, Solution: Here, Representative factor (RF) =z Yem=4000 em =40 m Let, the length of scale given) So, cm (Maximu 15em=15 x40 =600 m $360 mn was me 0.03 em ks. imo 6 pats he min oe, ee nae on op ily at a and 10 divisions vercally and ioined diagonal wo tet a minimus reading Im, ss standardized jn eatenary at'7 kg pall. Distanee of rvured with this tape tnder a pull OS kg, Assuming, eas supported at every 20 m length, determine the of line of tapes = 10 glee and cross sectional are Take E=210% 10° Nim. (6) (2075 Chaltea) 0 Ni 0 > 1000 kg, ves used in catenary condition in felt Final sag pol 06 = AL 0,908677 FTE 8 903 tion= AE 10 ection= Ag (0.0006667 m“3p 0405877 - 0.006667 = 19559 360 - 990 8-590 72 mand represents 4.75 the plot and indicate thea Pel red fon 12075, Chai] it 4A plan represents 0% $522 em on plan, Find sketch how a suitable 5 the plan, The sae soul of aret the seale le ean be coms Mh be long enough £0 Solution: Here, Area om plan = 24,795 em on map 169° 795 em" sents ~ 39672 * on ground 1 em? on map represents 34.975 °° © | 1588.47 m’ on ground. m=39.86m | tem=5 Representative fact tor RE Boe iteiantn length to be shown ~ 400 50, length o given by = 100 « 100 = 10. | Length of seale = 7ogo56* 4 Now, 10.036 em is divided into 4 equal parts, each part n 100 m. The left hand side division is again divi divisions horizontally at the 10 div And, adjoined diagonally to get a metr —— fea —— 100 QS, A tape of nominal length 30 m i standardized in catensary at $0 tension and found to be 29.8950 m. If the mass of the tape is 0.018 kgim, calculate the horizontal ength ofa span recorded 28 23m 2075, Ashwitl th () = 30m Standard length = 29.8950 m Distance wcorded (L;)=23 m Standard pull (P)~SON pall at field (9)= SON (ince nat mentioned) Unit weight of tape (w) =0.018 kn: >, Standardization for measured length, ine “Aol 3 (29.995 30 50,0808 0 2m ‘Standard length of above measurement =23 0.0805 pull) = 9 [= Pa=PL 0 No temperature mentioned) 9965 m Correction for temperature ( Correction for sae 60 Sag? 0.00535 22.9965 + 0,00535 Exact 0018 38.002.m, ardized in catenary condition ota pall 108 m. This tape was used to measles tence of 66 min three equal spam in etenary condiises pull of 5 kg, The weight of tape was 30 gmim ‘Apply necessary revrcetion forthe measured length oftine, {el (2074, Chalteal Q.6 30m steel tape was stand: of 5 kg and found to be 30.0 Solution: Calibrated length (I) =30m Stan (1) = 30.008 m Standard ll @) =5kw= 5 *981= 49.05% Length measured (L) = 66m“puald (ro = 5k8= 05%, Weight ortpe(n)=30 an! = 799g * 281 ~ 0294 ee ‘Standard measured length ofa span = 22 + 0.00586 22,00586 m Bebo meoF Correction for temperature (C.) ~ 0 fe Correction for pull [- No temperature change mentioned] Comection for sag wi meme | = 1.4569 « 104 16352) = 0.00245 Coneet length of span ~ 22.0058 + 0.00248 \Corect measured length = 22,0083 » 3=¢ Q.7- A steel tape was exactly 30 m long at 20° fhroughout its Tength under pull of 10 kg. A line way measured (ith this tape under pall of 15 kg and at'a mean temperature of 30°C and found to he 780 m long. The eross section area of ape = O3em? and its total weight ~ 0.693 kz oF a for steel = 11 x 10°°C and E for steel = 2.1 10°kg/em’. Compute the true. Tength ofthe lin ifthe tape was supported during measu at every 15 m Solution: when supported {8} (2073, Shrawan] Standard length (La) = 30 m Star dard temp (1) = 20°C ‘Stan dard pull (P) = 10 kg Field temperature (4) = 32°C Cropton ae (A) =0.03 [und che ee ee Cocfien hema expansion 6) 1 eg Measure (L)=780m Sice epee ot iret fom, sur nce ene Here, mass of tape per unit length (w) =Total neal : 00231 kom conection o engi fe eens Ga = theo" 2-20) 780 103 Correction for pull Pa—P)T8O_ (15 — 10 x 780) Ax E O03 2.1 19h 0.062 c Since suppor is provided at every 150 m niber of supported distance (n) === E80 AXE _ [way =P) 7 , length = L 780 + 0.103 +0.062 -0,0173 780.148 m Q.8 A line was measured with steel tape which was exactly 30 m at 20°C and at a pull of 10 kg, the measured length being 1860 m. The temperature during measurement was 35°C and the pull applied was 20 kg. Find the true length of the line, if the eross sectional area of the tape was 0.025 sq em. The co-efficient of expansion of the material of the tape per °C =3.5 x 107 Kkg/sa em cud the modulus of elasticity of material of the tape= 22 105 sq. cm. {8] (2073, Chitra}, Solution; 30m Standard temp (t) =20°C‘C1= Now, comreetion of for elenery condiipa ne io te meRilg Psy on as Seems itap e sture and pull ’ ize sy ' sag =) aa 235% 10% em") cal?) 2 235x105 a = 00976 20) « 1860 ce cureton fo pulland PETE are positive SS 1860.436m) win linear measureme rea ist of source of 170 measur 8. Ga rea ne eH {8] 2073, Shrayay Solution: eet 241) | §jm= 10.708 am Reefer Definition p snery condition under pull 10, A.30-m tape mas standardized in $ ig and found to be 30015. The tape, Wie used to meas Cor rneth considering sag conection Soe or 24756m in cateaenery condition at» pull o”S XB Thy] ee on6-+ 1070s a =e i ly necessary tape condition, me tn of measurement =L*™5q— 30 wreight of the tape was 30 gm/m App! 6 (2072 Chait | Solution: 20.015 7307 OS Gives, | # | -170m and measures Sem em. Find the seale of the plot and indicate through a skeleh How | suitable eae cam be ‘constructed to red up to 1m inthe plan. ithe ime plan isto be drawn on a toposhest with sale Of 1:1200, | are errbe the representation aref that plan oa he sie? | (ot (2072, Chaitral em {solution Given, Area = 18000 m! | Meas Q.11, A plan represents an area of 1800n Standard pull (p) Pull at field (pm) Unit weight of tape = 30gmim ~0.¢ of plan =8x 9 em= Tem [Since (P,, - P) = 0] Since no temperature is provided so,Be = rs 5 1388 a =n Faono 100 = a5 ~\ 2500000 ¢ ‘Which is given by. =1; 1581-1388 1m; 1581.1388 m 1 mm: 1581m 0.2. mm: 0.33162 m 02 mm can read up The scale of sufficient to read up to to 0.3162 m which ig eT J gone {5N ms < | Density of tape material (6) = 7690 kp/m? eo | or 00011 per Fs | Mass of ape permit ote= 2 as | | E=210« 10° Nim? sional ee otis) =e ; i | ae Cross Sectional area of tape (A) = Fs arene ot mtn om | 60078 «10 mt ifthe same plan isto be drawn is topo sl 500 | 2,601 Thea, Correction for pull perunitlength (Py=P)x1_49.05—14215 ‘Area on sheet = 18000 cp oa Set en 152 | coven renee eit t=O wD 1.152 x 10 10'n = 0,000011(10-20) 1152 m 1m0,00011 m Q.12, A baseline was mensured in catenary at 10° with a pull S ki in | co ee our segments 30.536, 29635, 29.827 and 22.066 m. The difference epeaanit ine’, of level was 0.30, 0.60, 0.20 and 0.45 m respectively Calculate the Assuming A& B area at same 7 14P ge AP ie Jength of base line ifthe tape was standardized as 30 m on the flat | oy « GOS36) ‘at 20°C with pull 15 kg. D of tape materials = 7690 kg/m wx a= 0.0001 1per °C mass of tape per meter unit len; h= 210 « 10° | 0.01898 : a Noun. | rt 3 lution: | é in! (32) = 058 4 , (30538, Let AE be the base line and AB, BC, CD, DE are se is measured. ‘Temperature at field (ta) = 10°C ments in which it Pull Pa) =Ske=4905% ‘Leas of epment AB () ‘Length of segment BC (a) = 29.635 ‘Length ot segment CD () =29.827 engl of segment DE (lL) = 22.066 ‘Leave difference of AB (h) = 030, Leave dilerence of AC Leave difference of CD (hi Leave difference of CE (bg Standard length of tape (L) =30 m Standard length tomperatur ()= 20°C Actual sag eomection for AB3 019m CComection for sg for BC : 1 wi? 002 «03.635 P and 0, sin (35,635) = 1° ‘Actual sag correction for BC 5 dees o: (142 sine bcos’, (1-45 sins) 0.02 «29.635 oorns.owc16 0.01738. m ‘Comrection for sag for CD 0.01769 costo. 3842/1 + 2 *2 0.0177, Correction for sag for DE Actual sag correction of DE C54 = Cy! cos*(1.168)} 1 7.173 « 10°'m [ores sin(0.563)] Cores orzona eng of ABEC, x(AB)+GAB)+C AB =1.796 10" 30536 -oobo1t «30536 419+ eo 601130586 +0819 #30536 Correct horizontal length of BC a BC’ =29.638 «(C, #C) + C+ BC 29.635 (1.796 « 10 0.00011) + 0.01738 +2945 9644 m correct horizontal length of CD CD'=CD(C,+C.+)+ED ECS 827 1.196 x10 0.00011 +1) 00177 29.836 Comect horizontal DE'=DE(C,+C.+1)+Cu 22.066 (- 1.796 10°*— 0.00011 +1) 42.173 *108 e= AB'+ BC+ CD'+DE: ~ 30546 + 29644 + 398964 2068 122.093 m ‘g.i3, A steel tape 20 m tong weights 05 hand is used with SHBDOEERE a he ends only. A traverse legis measured in four equal seems +0 eg pull and the Tengah was recorded s 97.20: What ce correct length of base i } usin is the length of the line after sag correction? | Solution: « ragth of tape (L) = 20m ht of tape (w) = 0.5 kg, oth of tape (0) = 0.5/20= 0.025 is 97.200 ength of traverse reeord (I) Pull at field (Pm) = 4.00 kg, four equal seemest. verse leg is measured in 243mate 4 Entering Suv! int © Noe, conection for sag por ae lena Cs aa = 05° x20 a 013m Now. Rerining portion of lnghofsepnent = 243-2043 CConeton for sag his portion =(or x1 Pe (0.025)° * (4. 2x4 1.294 « 10m 5h segment 0.013 ~ 1.294 = 10*=—0.01 Total correct fore G=Cate True length of each Q.14. A steel tape 30 m long was standardized at 20°C with a pull of kg. A line was measured with this tape under the pull of 5 ke af mean temperature of 32°C and found to be 2100m. The cv 24,3 - 0.0131) m=24.287 m sectional area of tape is 0.03 em’. Young's modulus of elasticity x 10° kglem’, a for steel is 12 x10°°C, tape material is eight of tape is 0.693 kg. Determine the true dist land also find the normal tension if the measured length is equal the true distance. ce measury Solution: Given, Celebrated length (L) = 30 m ‘Standard temperature (1) ~ 20°C Standard pull (P,)= 10kg Pull at ficld (P,) ~ 5 ke Mean perature at field (1,) = 32°C Cross sectional area of tape (A) = 0.03 cm h measured (I) = 2100 n * 10% kglem «10°F Weight of tape (w) = 0.693kg Let the normal pull be P one ee eee Large area area crowded with many details => Undulatin [aa Principe of Cain Surveving the pi is wiangulation i: diving the reat be vt numbers of well conditioned triangle. Triangle being a simple ‘ean be plotted with its sides alone, is generally plane geometrical figure tha ble to error & hence, xe minimum disturbing due 10 sides of A erable to ensut tror, However, as itis dificult to make equilateral ‘rtempis is mate fot triangle 3S iy equilateral which are known as well conditions contain any angle smaller than 305 \ well conditioned A should not 120° other triangle with & greater eater than. 12C hur anny one of ¢ smaller than 30° of is known as condition A. D ‘Layout of chain surveyMain Station eis point in cha mneet, They are des ‘Subsidiary sation ce saHiO™) oe on a survey line join oe tile oF area to Be in survey Wh fy capital let ignated too main station. It is It is stati EE eyed. In igure Tocate inten Main survey ine eis chain line joining DA are main survey line. Tie line subsidiary Hine wo main arvey sions: 1 EAB: Its chain line jinin tation It also Known 38 je line in above fis. Base line kis longest main sur of area important line as dire hs sepeet io tis inc. AC is ase tine» gue Check tine / pro hat provid sssing through 2 of line cheek for accar computed are must be the same: [ Ie is line Jength of check li line, In figure: Offset It is the lateral distan perpendicular or oblique Perpendicular offset Offsets in which lateral de perpendicular to chain Tine of abject ron measurement for fixin are m: is called offset obtgae ost Cie in which art Ore Ay a ee Le Oblique fice snort oft Cres with ent es thn Sm an shor fs | ivy Long offset (Offset with length more than Sm are length of triangte | oo chainage ™ distance of well defined point fom he starting point BC, Cb, cxarinuon of goundoseatain ms tolnoy Soe RE in best posse manners kno #8 resommisanee ix save so 8 fs eae of network of 12 reconnaissance, surveyors should ensue it sexween sation. There shouldnt be any difliculiy n shining W of chain triangle shouldnt be too acute or obs. & Marking station wooden pegs ae used pikes embedding stone with cross at DE is check | und = al of points shoul be noted to sees tation ‘vo consecutive station. 013. qed details can D6 it may be | visibility betwe ratio is to be maintain between 122 Station should be chosen so that all rs References sketehes ortant to m main station s0 an 10 locate post .e their marks are disp ‘At least distancs js taken bot 3 ae fovye) shape 48 8 uiding yore fal Tee on of ee e from 2 paling a ‘tation nent object perm ken in 'Y, generally ta cheek.Double line Held og own tae Hine which shou Tes ae sng ing ‘ere Tne wih fal thoaghowt oll line . rain is laid & kept “4 between + on tying, het OS Bel ich may be PEsP=ndicula | iy be per ae o ite enemier which noting dats ed ogg) te noted using ball pet ed, just cancel. data J | ta on vacant Space aboy ah Following poin All data should If recorded usta needs 10 be single line and write new dat swing x below previous one Never ry to memorize es jp eld book immedi sere are two types of eld ook | (Single lne field book: sigle vertal Broken ine 5 dre at centre of Fee fom totam 10 top ad sketch of detail 1 crm SS Fig: Double line field book. fring all measrement of dsiance between cena! ine a mn chain line. Tt is used] (ean sonrrior] detail point. Here, chainage are rit What is the principle of chain surveying? C meee ing? Compare welloadtion sured field data. Always, note day ww forlange scale work with large detail SS Qt. | | triangle with error. - ec | Solution: Se Refer Q.No. 8 Why is it necessary use well conditioned triangle? Explain the Qa. | Jmportance ofthe te Hine in chain survey. 1207§ Chita = Solution: For first part: See QNo.8 1 fixed point on the main survey tie lime join tx to locate the For second part: A accuracy of surveying and is, It helps to check the Why and how to take offsets to different objects? Deseribe briefly (ing field book of chain f a | with neat sketches of detailing | | survey, {2074 Chaitra) Solution: may have different Various objects are to be inched in maps, TS tangle ox iegular stapes. We nee ike- circle, square ah points to retrace the object fsm field to map. shape take enou:eg ee pront objects: | Toten 00 pean oie” pena pene we et oe as zoe ets of dies ret wo comer of cic a ways 03k re oed 1 wk of «quo offi ot etn distagg] 2 pint can be taken Ifitis lon oft eae xe tae eo ar taken dividing art into umber of 67608 | bh be Figeiregular curve Regular geome faking 2 offsets. The 5. Buildings» All comers For second pa treferencesketenofstasons? Explain 20g 4 book and how offsets 4, What is the need of a detalling fel n the detailing field book? [2 sample pag values are measured and recorded in Aer the stations are marked, they sh are definite and easily recognized pillars, boundary stones, ence Pos in case the station marks are dis data “The notebook in which field n field book". Generally Field books may be of two types ‘Single-line fed eek: tn i Cue serra Tine is drawn thro 9p of ld book Coen te on —— rset hs cin a he hag een ofthe chain tae, The fee ee nei Tee a wwmeter | Line AB sta | ig: Sn fo ilo type of fel book 0 eins ridale ofeach page TS she einages ae wate Double-tine fel books Is this ah the sketches, the He ‘eg fom the ast BBE ae marked “The main stations soos by 0" Fig) THRE «subsidiary ote stacies ea stints tens at ; For sting te te ames toes sy aa iotiedaante aah ges tea Be fe € ee Fig Perpendicular Offset Figs Oblique Offset. Write the short notes on 12071 Shrawan) eee ae i) Principle of Refer 32 Write principle of chain surveying. Why well condition trlangle are to be formed in chain surveying? T2071 Chitra) survey : st past See theory 32 For second part: Well condition ingles are formed in ebsin surveying ure minimum distortion due t eras in measurement and plot, Studying different cases shown below, we ean jusiy the saement Ife” js wrong position due to certain eror inline AC Case I: when angle © 5 90, displacement of wil be nearly equal in surveying. [4] [2072 QS. Explain the eld procedure for cha 41 [2072 Chai orn the side AC ace Ik: when angle ¢is 60, displacemen Solution: mes. error in the side Refer 34 Case Il: when angle « is 30, di Q6 What are different types of offsets and methods of taking ofp times error in the side AC ofc will be nearly equal to ent of ¢ will be nearly equal to (2072 Karty Solution: two types af oft: Perpendicular Offsets: It involves i, The distunce along the chain Fig. Well conditioned triangles bain line) these statement prove as angle increase more than 120 or if ‘ n 30, significantly shift the points from its orginal on he. pepe ven for small ertor. Also, apex point of ill condition triangle While or ong offsets optical square or cr. a well defined and sharp. So well condition triangles ae tobe But it is beter to take shor offs for d ain rest _sin 00 ce ag 2 explain in brief, different {YES of o ercome mer (61 206308 ssussed belo sect oging bat mt clang rating ort oi mply by USE SOme ing cv a oumot visible form intermedia Obstacle wit Case 2: Bath tt cred to ra lin across eP Mekol ta fps cos whe een tne fixing of ial eee derbrash P in Select two points Bp om n- cn cain ae PRCA a itable. pote in tod Random line AB) and B and ereet AE and BF of equal p_| eth. Prolong EF AB cD line pass the D D, shal and eet to and Wand eet 9 in | + BC=FG Method 2 ) + Select point B und a, erect_L BE. Mark r True chan line AB | another point A such < hat AB = BE + Join AE and produce ito F, Draw 4 F ve FD. making FA 2, Obstacle obstructing chaining but nc Case [Chaining around obstacle possible Various method can be use acec nature of terrain around obstac tight angle triangle as sl in ‘ [ ig angle wing ed ¢ Mark @ point Gon —Ab— R length can easily be cal pl FD such that FG Ae Se | EF locate C, now measure EG. | + AB=EG fays\s) Construction rectangle — Construct ‘onstructingae coats a) Loop trav by Link traverse: trans bel Fig. Loop averse ® — Nocheck is possible > Iris used in exploratory purpose Nas, not although both are geomenri ‘Baved on instrument of surve retin Hine » for taping. direction 8 in chneine tion each joining two groung, station & 1m un : oe A D vay Be af \ aa 5 y The difference between all 3 compass a ig Link traverse Brrors can be detected & can be balanced B. Open traverse: The traverse which neith, ition no closes on any known station, is calle a a 7 | eading, can| Sighting & readers can't open traverse Notes Link traverse is mathematically closed ‘Chain traversing: ence work is done by eh ‘measurement is done. ater ‘Compass traversing: angular meararement is done Plane table traversing: angular measurement between taverse side ae ploted graphically on plan able wing sided és ‘Theodolite traversing: gular mesma ode wih hese Tecoma tala neta ogee omaass Magnetic compass is used to ind out magnetic bearing of Survey lines. The basic principle of magnetic compass is Wap of steel OF iton is magnetized and pivoted at sense st can be sng sly, teh italigned iself in magnetie merigian: ‘Survevng cammass canbe classitod as Prismatic compass Ic consists of circular box of 1OCmm dle i which broad mali needle is balanced on « hard stel pointed pivot, The graduation fi Clockwise with zero coinciding south pot of nee. eons of 48° fleting prism & reading face is convex inorder o magnify graduation, Surveyor Compass ILis similar to prismatic compass with little modification, Te consist of sharp edge needle to read accurate bearing & graduated ring is directly tached to cireular box net with magnetic needle. Brunton Compass {tis also known as Brunton pocket transit It uses magnetic induction of fuid to damp needle oseillation. [1 is used especially by geologist to caleulate strike, angle of dip fe ile surveys & engineer also use it for general purposes damping inst 8 follows: Brunton Compass | Prismatic Comp: se WCB (whole| Use WEB QB (Quanile circle beatin __\Pearing) Jockwise (Clockwise graduation Both anticlockwise #2 \ clockwise graduation —— eee |Marking is invested &| Marketing erect Sighting & reading] Sig! Dore|be done simultaneously, [be done simulaneous9= sed | Tripod stand is required. not] Tripod stand is not uangle between true i is horizontal angle which meridian. @ — Axbitmry Beat arbitrary meridian. B, Based on Direction 4) Forebearing ‘The bearing of line direction 0 fore or forward bearing. It is horizontal progress b) Back bearing The bearing of line in opposite direct is called Reverse ot back bearing eridian & gy) 4 sung) n, It is not constant ata pt | line g between fl of survey a on of program oa + sve» If Forebearing <180% In QB system, (Back beating = Fore w SS oN wet [NJO*W, back hearing is $30? E Based on Designation 1) Whole Circle Bearing (WCB System) In this system, bearing is measured from trie north oF north in elockisise direction. It's value vary from 0° to 3 b) — Quadrantal bearing (QB System) In this system, bearing is measured either easter or westward from North &South whichever is nearer. Fig: OB system 22 WCB system sion of WCB QB WCB (range) | Rule of conversion {i___[or.o0? wep [| oo? 1e@ [ast wes mi_| 1s0?-270? | WweB= 180" IV | 270° - 360! 360°- WCB 5 itis case I For eg. It WCB = 180?-175°=5 So, conversion So, quadrant = S-E (ease Il) QB-5s if WCB = 0°, QB=N WCB =90?, QB = E90" WcB= 180, QB=S WCB = 270°, QB = WO? Alsopase 100 IRS Wh ie 3 vise or anticlocky ise ie we co sg ale ey ane re ys meso ie se ine ot pogo 007 itso oi 2 —E Taree ee TS call ~ ase een sab : (a aenenene ‘ey ae not paral a2 idian seferwnce mein for 9601" true meridian of contol place are assumed parallel © meric ridin convergence of 3, Magnetic M It is clection indicated by load atract oedle unefle s is changin tio me Souan aurea i me fy param can be eange meridian by applying required correction, = = locaton _s ony moe mata he tis ea st eh gs a a Detection ofocal attraction ‘orev fre & back bearing If diterence is 120° no oct ataetion fifference (FB-BB) «+ 180?, discrepancy may be due to i. error in observation of either fore bearing, ack bearing or both ii, presence of local atwastion a either or both station 432 Calculation ot ange tromearing Case I: When WCB of in i) When bear from common point angle ntemal angle = g 0= 0-0 eater @— smaller 8 80 angle =360°-0 124 from, Fist find bearing of line at common 8 ooint applying rule of fore beating and back bearing them proceed as Here, 0) = FB of AO Veg aS 0.= FB of OB \ “Je B of OA = BB of AO Ve 0-6, — 180: \< pn \ <)> |p=0;-0. doce Bp and 8, are known Sal Case II: When RB. of line ae giver > ines are at same side of meridian and in samein erent by 2 beating) “sum Bs han 180? deduct 180 More than SAO, deduct 54 posite side of 9 . ve han 80 280180 : ef 2 ee erin for an dock 2 ines are PP erot for clocks traverse een Mt east discrepancy & ‘djunel ba = sap i eae oat jen belO: cacton was suspected are 3 \Nase30W eaverse & Internal a0 Ineroal a ind or fo sotutions Local attraction catcula Fei are RBA BE dite of 1 ‘open traverse) -» Find line w et AB) Assume bearing 0b3¢ (ie, FB of BC & BB , FB&BB 180", dilferenoe DA) are fee from local attraction Then fi sind corect beating ° ae BC by adding ee = Ai has FB & BB Fierce oF 160-8 HEB are son ee Find discrepancy of 0 ‘on. $0, FB of BC 16 also) sorrect. 120° 0 cone) ora = Correct BB of BC ao ypserved BB of BC 40 get error & equal ant 0 Similarly, other be By included angle method (In Calculate interior angle 90. their is error, distriby > & check their sum 3 Error at C 4 ste all angle equally Correction at C B Observed FBof CD =on oF SEE ARE SAS ae Dea E eae Soe esc tan C24) 9 eg “a catclate bearing Deering Cline A ad chal eg ‘Som ae 0 samc 180%) — 180 fineoC | Add included angle C964 i wes pa 160° (oem < 1ST oflieeCD Ae : Jew =+650 sie served in # onducte =) i i \ 1068" nere local : - 1800 304°30" = eS 1800 13s18 DA Find correct bearin : . corecea BT included oftine & i | Solution: yopiterence ol : werse taken from compass ae aring of following 3‘Theoritical sum” of observed a uded angi ‘conection foreach £=—"5 a pistibuting correction equally antl Correct angle ZA = 138° -30'-30= 138° Ze =56° 30 - 30'= 56° ee 1en4s= 52° 15'-30= 51°45 ig = 149° 30°30 = 149° 0 To find correct bearing Acorn diference of F.B & B.B is 180", we nec Jitference having least devietion from I80 In this question, line AB have difference = 178° 30” other So, distributing error equally For AB, F.B.= 191° 30° B.B | difference = 178° 30' deviation = 180° ~ 178 Correction at one of be cree ce et . oe c : ected F.B. of AB seo “EAL Awe Trasked BB, simply adorei 180" NB. ‘abu 180" in FEB “Retain table wll be easier instend of ing as 64-42) Tyre correct bearing fr following Draverse Line gaat AB. 305" sew ween BB and FB of AB is exacily 1808, Hesse from local attraction. con A.and Bare fre from Yesla The horizontal unl betneen tue north & magne of observation ical mapnetc decination Hat tine of bseration magnetic meridian is Aidan, angle of declination is eastern of posit Aeptve when tue & mug pte mein coinage, de Th being = geting Note destinations as 3 ve EE ilintin sin wes. 1N MLN. } (@)Eastdectination (6) West destination ‘Variation of Magnetie dectin a) Secular variation ‘Magnetic meridian swings ikea pendulum. Kt swings in one direction for about 100-150 years, gesdually comes to rest & then sings jn duce annvslly by secular variation at nin to 12 min. fe depends upon 50 of different places. tis change in declination at a place over & period of 1 year It is arth about son. itis found that annual 12min Dinenal Variation due 24 br due to rotation of earth int of variation is ftom fraction of minute followin on of place (lessen near equator & increase uns are listed under der of 1 of same declination at given point of time, gh point of 2er0 deci ven point of time,saring + magnetic dec graces ear ina ae confusion as found £0 be N 60°39 wy iad ts present magne Find i 20 singin 192 Magi barng wo =38" = mag. bain ar = 29°30 roag, declination E/W Troe bee \ wr30 + S10 00 resent declination is 3° Fr beang=mog bearing * maz. declinat 2 = ag. being Mag. bearing = 30740 =N 52 Be 6 The magnetic bearing of son at noon was 170° calulate mgd declination. Solution: Thue bearing = mag. beaing + mag. dectinati fester ota tm Declination = true bearing -mag. bearing Asitis+y Aeclinaton s eastward i.e. 10: ‘etd procedure compass survey Reconnaissance of area Station are selected such tht, they ate Intervisible without stpstretion & so that chai line so frm areas near etal point as possible Index sketches are prepared Staion are marked © Reference skotcher are made (For detail in sefer chain survey), Determination of direction of chain lines Compass is stop at each successive station. The fore back bearing of served independently of ther. If eror between FB & * missible limit (generally 1S), FB & BB are re- ot temains, iis assumed one of both stations are affered by local attraction, Same process is applied inal tations. Measurement of traverse log & taking offset vpass is centered & leveled properly over diferent station. FB & BB are taken delength of traverse legs are observed Dy compass 6 Jisinape re To take offset, rod are placed at diferent ails points & both hearing & length are observed Travorse plotting By parallel meridians Fin ng magnetic meridian js drawn. Then bearing of ig prottaction and its length daly reduced to get next location. There showing new meridian nus, bearing of next line is ploted and length is plotted 12s is continued til or station is plotted. MN.plot AB edicod to si fie Heaton of uN D a et Ss he prc 5 re rr coincide exactly wig, oe OI ics Ns lt So ye ot Held oh freee Stam si Or 2 AA! equal (0 peri Drs simeit ine AVA’ Oo ; Des cal die i 20 (° leng ABAGCD.DE& EA. Draw. AYA" parallel & ‘equal to closing enki cD. Etomect AA Draw poral! fines through plotted ens eqal to BB, CD? ia DD indirect ‘in ABCDE to get adjusted traverse a UY 1, Explain the method of compass traverse Qh sith neat sketch, | sontion: TReford 5:2 (Adjustment of closing ear: How vould you adjust closing error graphieally in_ compass 02. ‘traverse. Explain with neat sketches (2075 Chitral solution: Refer 45.2 ‘The following table give FB and BB of side of closed compass eas [Uae [ter ae [3 {pp | reas: | aoeeist | 68°30 Gheck bearing for local attraction correst bearing by method of incloded angle 2078 Chaitral Qs. Solution: \ AB) AN) 34630 298 SSP) rvations a KB | BBL sec4st | 745 [pifzens| | isi | | 29815 | + use’ | 180%30" 293°30!Bg eB of al traverse i at all aac ee nerdad tobe Meial eee 8° which ; lla bal oF dine gta emt oi oes 29371 540° (for'n Comect FB of PQ = BB of TP Comet BB of PQ= 189°12 Corect FB of QR BB of PQ Cont BB of QR= 20°54 BB of QR 300s M921 Conect FB oF RS Iso Comet FB of TP = BB of gy =158°3'4 1350) Conect BB oF Tp = 393 : Coneet FB of PO = BR OFT + Zp. TUBS 75859 = 189°12 Checked) Hence, corrected bearing B Q_ | 189°1 120° 349° 20-1557) ZO= 11a AR= 47 = S~ 16842 2 | isses" Liss Q4._ The FB of line AB of fink traverse ABCDEF ls 61°06 The angle to right at stations with theodolite were observed. as folloes: 2B = 93°06'50", ZC = 155°48'30", 2D = 247°09'40" and ZE 90°58'20". If BB of last line observed was 108°0S'40", Check whether observations for angles are correct oF not. It compute correct bearings of all lines, {2076 Ashwin) Solution: D 0940 93°0807) gCorrection coreced bearing of OS™ B= OS 3M°1750" 1033612" 2095820" 20° = 300s 288°620"— a0" = 288° 289940 — 180 = 108.4" [OK Josing error. Describe about the various plating meted pefine OF Fheompass traverse ‘HOS Asha sain Ret pearing of ine AB of open traverse ABCDERGH i 81 6. Forreion ange betneen nes were measared with» thal 25 follow and were and eR) at B 37° AS (L) at C45" 15° aD, S30 CL) ats solution a6otlowing aFe Dearing observed in Final station dO YOU suspect local ee ene wt rand trae Dearing ofeach of the ie gen tha maga Mectination was 3°30°E. pe a= fea pera ie BE TEA ard Fi find cor0ot Beatin it jferences of FB and BB is 180", choose ine with difference a: 7 raving least deviation from 180" | Hane quention, ine DE has least discrepancy = 18°30 P| ing a traverse in compas) erate eror equally 1 ain Graphical method of adiustink | in cont ae Q1.. Explain Gov {a} (2073 Shrawan, 2074 Chale For DE nee = 18030 survey: Deviation = 180° — 180°30=— 30 Solution: ; ee. Refer theory 4.5.2 Pe cs ~- Qk Thefolowing bearing was observed In 8 COMPS . Comect FB =263°45' 0°15 = 26230 —_r | >? Correct BB~ 82°15'+ 0°15! | eee ee ‘At which of these stations would local a Find the corrected bearing of the lines. Solution: Same asin eg. 3 fraction be suspected? {8} (2073 Shrawaal‘Compas Surveying 98 ‘ow since there is magnstie “Tre North Scioto | Magnetic Nort 40°00" ing ~ Magnetic heating + Magnetic decimation Magaetic bearing + The corerted magnetic and ime bearings are ci ‘Magnetic bearing. | Magnetic | a ee | a eae ee [xo _—juiese (eae ss Vigra Ta poe ey [rest _ asst | cb a = eT | ps {e230 Toss [esas a [sore fara [sea | oav, What & magnetic dedination? Find the value of magnetic magnetic bearing of the sum at noon ts (2072 Kartik} ie solution: “tmenoth Corrected FB of DE Solution: agnetc declination refer theory 32. 4 Masti noth ‘Add angle E rhe bearing of sun at noon = 3601180 \ es Subiract 180° 360° — 356°= A i356 ‘Correct FB of EA As + ve, declination is eastward i. \ Adame + 3818 A Sum ate 36 Compute correct Dearing from a Subract 180 180 a BCDEAL Cone FBOFAB = 188736 (tine [4B Yucr leur ‘Ada angle B gots Ht ranesor za1s [28700 Sum 25454 | BR (S230) [ans | 107 130° pie ao ‘Subtract 180° Comect FB of BC. = 74°54" So AddangleC = +135°3 Sum =210°27 | Subtract 180° =~ 180 Conrect FBofCD =30°2 Add angle D + ‘Add 180° =+180 Comect FB ofDE = 262°30' Checked(82°30 - 233°15) 360° ~ 287700" =48°15) = 117 107945" 12745'= 95°00" = 193°15°— 60°00" = 133°15) Igom ofmgies = ZEAB + ABC + 99°15" cD + ZCDE+ ZDEA 95°00'~ 13°15) Tpcoretical sum = (20-4) x 90° = ( 90° = 540" For in angles ~ 543°15 Comection =— 3° Correction at each ang! Hence, corrected angles are “ZEAB. = 98°30'~ 0°99'= ZABC=90°15'— 039'= 98 ZBCD = 117°15'— 0139 = 116°36 ZCDE = 95°00 ZDEA = 133°15 ‘Sum of angles = 97°51' + 98 The corrected bearing of all the lines are angles and the corrected bearing of DE Corrected FB of DE = 13°00" Correct BB of CD = 13°00! + Interior an = 13°00! + 94°21" = 107°2 94°2 132°36" 039 039 94921" + 132°36' = 540° es obtained from the included 36 12, Taplin aeaaton oiatera ageiaQE ; system. LANA Cates, Solution: Refer to theory 43.2 15, The following bearing. a é oe survey 2 are observed in a compass traverse Ti Fore bean [ick bearing Solution: ConverShea, corect BB of BC~ 246°30'+ 30" = 247" Camarperec-6r3r—30 =I ‘Diftreace 130° ‘Now, drawing rough sketch of given avers Interior angles (ZA, = 191°30~ 53°00" = 138°30" ZB =67°30'~ 13°00" = 554°30° 321 145°45" 2D =262°4 ZE =230°15'- 80°45" ‘Sum ~ 40°30" ‘Theoretical sum ~ 2(0 Total error = 540°30" Total correction =~ 30" “£ 2)90° = — 540° = 30" Correction in each angle Corrected interior angles are (ZA = 138730! — 61 = 138724" (2B = 54°30 - 6 = 54°24 ZC = 32°15 ~246°30' + 360° = 145745" 2D ~ 262°45' ~ 210°30! = 52°15" ZE = 230°15'— 80°45" = 149°30" Sum Theoretical sum = 2{n~2) 90° x 3x 90° = 540° Total error = 540°30' - 540° = 30° Total correction =~ 30" on eg Ce roe orate sk oe coe tS AB OE 5012 + Se Correct BB of AB = 192°36'—180F00) = 1236 3 Correct FB of BC =BB of AB + 28 = 138+ saat = 6770000" Checked \ Q.A4. Defi and magnetic declination. Solutio See in the theory partfare given! -shoortcal im of. ‘plow re eron a ow, Since the dilferece Z a5 Nefons A and B ac con Be lecorare [Nara w ite i fem ]Nas20"E __|S.05%307 Ww woot ASS a seeooW_[NAESOE . f8¢ = roan ae DBAS oe doy sspet Teal traction? Find he corey ce eo Dearing ofthe lines [2071 Shrawaa omened nn ory a wr Solution ] and Ob8ET60 BB OfBC= 29999 ring te above Qudeantl Daring 1 whole isle Dearing corona eee " [FB interior angle | — at Station C Correction of FB of tine cy = 21 Comected FB AB Corrected PB BC Comect EB CY Correct FBof YC Check ‘qh. List out plotting method of compass traverse, What the es error and how closing error is adjusted graphically in compass traverse? solution: 5. and 4 See thed Correction of FB of ine ag = 1 In a traverse survey following FB and BB were recorded st a ony Foe 40r “2s 0r120" TA 30-7 61°48 + 40" = 1614540" = 730 33°48" + 072 = 3324 = 33247180" = 1ste47* {8) [2070 Asad), qui . where oval attraction was suspected Tas |_A8_| 3c) oe im aie |_| a Oc Find the correct be Solution: From the difference in F taken from these 0 above observatio B and BB of line EA is considered free from local attract arings and included angles. (2070 Chitral vn of bearing of lines we get that the 180°. So the stations & and A jon. Also the observations vo stations are considered corteet And all the otter +s are considered affected by local alirachOns‘and, Observed BB Exorat© Correct at © Gesened FBOTCD = i9it4g) Cort FB ofCD = 1919451115 comet BR of CD Siby30_ (gee ‘Observed BB of CD = 13600% 1030 | EnoratsttionD - 13°09 19-39 < 2-301 30 20s Correct FB of DE=330°15' 2°30) = 327845 mis=4039 | Correct BB of DE=327°45'— 180" = 147°45| Checked. Making rough sketch of traverse with comestd bearing | Correct required at ‘Observed FB of DE. 914s’ = 30°49 Bis Paces ra. 88 EA Correct BB of AB = 202°15 A =FBofAB-BBofE A+ 360° Enorat B Observed BB of BB of AB 22°15" 62°48 +360" 20°30" 202°1 19°30 Correct at B yeast B of BC - BB of AB + 360° Observed FB of BC = 39°30 4V'15' - 20215 360° Correct FB of BC = Obse! ved FB of BC 99°00" 39°30! 45° 5 FBofCD BB of BC+ 360° Correct BB of BC. = Correct FB of BCoe Anterior angles of traverse ae; A = BB of EA—FB of B+ 360" 14°00 305730 + 360" ‘os-3o7) © ean lao calla graphically Lic. 2A = 260° FB of AB+ BB off B= BBofAB-FRofRC BB of BC FBof CD. D = BBof CD-FBof DE “Note Included anele = fom proceed linet the FOO" oa B of DE-FB of EA A ms — AB we D A ae oo Fe Trio 78 : i 6 ss vale gle = 2n~ 4) 90 At which stations do you suspect local att nM a bearing of al the lines 8 F we Solution: From the above observatio of line AB is 180°, So, the stat k al attraction and od err onside+75 [ac_ 75 pei nest ea | ae a (ow [Por posse 13018 Tae ee Beer aos 16" we Fein. -P2 ' pels correct BB oF EA y-is wes sectuged ange; Sine te ven Seri Correct IB of AB BB o! interior angles ofthe traverse 4s 8 ' _Hene pis 500 13890 (ine [rw [88 | a 13 =5 ee _|BB_ [Remarks ABC = 69°30 13°00 5630 Pepe ss [12830 [Sato sr C.D a al _ tpterior angle ZABC =, >isa 58) 90° Sa, 4) 90" = = Soy Osage 230 Comect FB of CD Coneet BB of BC Conect FB of BE Correct BB of AB 28819190 =68y ssa Se a st 12° = 3p and BB we get there ip ng of Lee by ien o 180° amons the other dif) — es cE = 14900 aa i e B and BB is comects by. incre 0 the difference in FI easing FAS | <, Following are the bi Q25. Fol he bearing observed in «com in» compass survey. At what Srence bythe E70 eee | Fron do you suspect local stacton? Correct Corrected F vwtable correction method. fees Ei ee says 0°45'= 19215 | oe baie of AB= 13°00" - 0°45) | Corrected BB Difference 192 = 180700" | cx ‘Now, correct BB of EA FB of AB — included angle ZA q fear " 192° 15'- 138°00) The g ses Tine Correct FB of EA = 54°15'+ 180 \ AB (BC Correct BB 0 EAFor omection : Shing te eooe gay ea Comecton equine age Ee aa concen a ZN= 13880 P12 ae 23-6518 : 20> 13898 } 2D = S208 2B= 1488) sam= S40" « cortect bearing of all the lines ae abtined from the inhue the corcected beating BIDE, Corrected FB of DE = 262°30 Corrected BB of DE= 825307 PA Conested BB of DE + Coneted AE sos + Teas =20i8 Comect FB of {c= FB of CD- BB of BC+ 360" = 3°15) 256°30' + 360° \ Correct BB of FA=230°18 = 180" \ : = 135°45 O18 ccomect 8 of AB= Cones BB EA Cais SS = FB of DE-BB of CD | 2632451 21030 | = sgh +3818 Fensfh- \ 88°36 a= —BB of DE ; ‘ a | Correct BB of AB = 188° a0" = 838 pp of AB +enmet ZB = 148 | Correct FB of BC= Comets apes O18 = 230°15'- 82 Sum of interior angles of traverse = 138°30! + 66°30'+ 135°45 + 52°1of BC+ Ci sp of BC+ Come 13533 [angle never ey ‘Observed BB of AB 41545 ‘Emor = (obverved bearing = AVS a3 ras 21027 gp of CD + Correct cy 03 Station B has deflection of P49) nen Check every station since ewor is postive Correction should be negative conection was Se Observed FBOfBE =20548 aT |utaall Comected FR of BC = 2608 08 34 (| suffering aS from tl attraction | tin | Obsened BB of BC = 7990 =19-20 -20°0 = Corrected BB of BC= 260° — 150°0 = ED. Deflection at C pected. Compute a | Corectionst = 0°30 16, The followin cs of the traverse Observed EB of CD =19°30 sat what situations 19°30 + 90 = 20°00 00° y+ 18D Comrected BB of CD NIWOT 52000 "[Nar0orw shserved BB of CD =200°0 Dis fre from local attraction Solution ar reef wd uD ch DA ave a oe ee oe on changed So saan D wd A onside fi ic inc in BS om sion D and ATS — to be comect. (ie ar a Coneing abies Reece bea is a & cp \20°00 (200°00 [ec_| | ese fa [00°00 [280°0Teveling is Ove to find at at ot Kwa tay a vetng principle ies Pomme tical ons sows rows are ¥ contre of eath Line of ight > airection of plumb tne pte of sight (Lt COY BB, of AB-FB ofae meror angie (2) 49°30! — 260°00 oe By ga staTrcating of telat ABU Ap Ont AY AN AOD) [xp = ATA'= AH (heat diffrence) ° ; eof (0) _ pp ofBC-FB of CD i rior nel ©! i: 30°00" 20°00" a0°00"-20 12 mamaria of eve = 60°00 | To prepare topography of ea Interior angle of (2D) BB of CD- FB of DA "to design highwayscanal oro’ 100r00'= 1007000) To locate gradient line of drainage ww sam ofits 080 ae pt Zc+D ee cs ate volume of ean oF reservoir capes = 5g°30)+ 14°30 + 60° + 100°= 36] g13 Metodot tere Theoretically sum of interior angle = (2x—4) 1 Direct leveling (SPI veins) \ rhe difference in elevation between 2 “ For quadrilateral x ~4 Me rae 2 a a . ee ea obtain by meNswTiNg, \ I ical distance with respect toa horzanal Nas Teisthe most psse Sum ofa 14) x 90° = 360 | method of leveling The interior angles are come 2, Trigonometric leveling Hence, \ in this leveling elevation of pois 8 composted from veri ang \ th rant & distance measured chain ote Interior angles are ZA=59°30, 2B = 4 c= oF va Bev ro) 3, Barometric Teveling = 20°00" = \ itis baced on Tact that atmosphere pressure is inversely proportional t0 evation, Tes not socuale BANS sjropesonessue at & 01 ion by weather condit ago | influenceIe. ag ball iy ead ough aver Pm aft Hough Mion of wa By ei ° nN pemment Basch Mey SBM fe : ee Se ees 1 an ani Bench Mat suace fom which dein ‘pau oF eOmpATE aa Ce cont pte ei ogi eee meted evn sal art wlecpe 0 rie Tae ts wie ne fh HPS wntal, Weveling head to bing buble s ‘10 support level. . Se con ns dst 208, ‘a tevel ons f sight hori ie a nccording 19 const silly fet w ts spon a ‘pompy Level ‘ge remove KOM ts SABO: scope itis a surtce parallel me ancan spiveriodal surface)” tf ‘ i ace PE on which is eawicistntl \ iteonsist of ee ore neo fm) outed of eas eee entre of earth i Rec ; His line a eal] velar to aompy evel except tha lenge nits SRY fara known 5 PT is Shaped pris xed al ar. Vas vei 3 sine sensor N apy eve} tat ts a Went can ee est Ta Ba grenont plane: Plane ene al to level surface st Pol vate| i) Reversible LXE) my consideration: \ eoonsist of combine feature of bath GOmpY awn leet aa i 8! ‘tso known is supported eg socks nt WHE see 5, Elevation: It js vertical distance so knowna | same es a Se reduced level RL? \ Sate Vosene ope is eX edtoat is Hine joining intersection of COS sir vo optill | tae of aight Tis ne ntersectio" vied |) rating ee ; enie of objectives: ts contrat | vane a wee cows ‘soa si 3 SER t is elevation of Tine of sight with | ine nsation SE sascape Wai SHE Height of Instrument (1D: otto argued datum. respe: fftelescope above Wate Is not height ground level