© 2018 IJRAR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.

org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

REVIEW OF TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON

PAVEMENT BY FALLING WEIGHT
DEFLECTOMETER (FWD)
1
Kevin Garasia, 2Jayesh Juremalani
1
PG Student, 2Asst. Professor
1
Department of Civil Engineering,
1
Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vadodara, India

Abstract: FWD is used to evaluate the physical properties of the pavement. FWD is primarily used to estimate pavement structural
capacity for overlay design and to determine, if a pavement is being overloaded. The equipment is highly recommended
for highways, local roads, airport pavements. Pavement temperature is one the important parameter that influence the falling weight
deflectometer (FWD). In this paper we study different research paper about the temperature effect on the pavement.

Keywords: FWD, pavement surface, empirical value, flexible pavement, temperature

I. INTRODUCTION
Country economic growth and development Transportation are playing a lead role. The road transport is the oldest and most widely
mode of transport. Country infrastructure pavements are key elements, which is promote transportation activities, economic
activities and to improve the standard of living. By the maintenance and rehabilitation activities life of the structure is improved.
So, the capacity of the vehicle pass at the pavement are improved, at the low cost.

Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) is replaced with Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) nowadays. In the FWD the weight is
constant at all the point and blows are fix so it is comparatively easy to operate and fewer persons are required. The falling weight
deflectometer (FWD) has been broadly used to evaluate the structural capacity of flexible pavement for routine pavement design,
rehabilitation strategy selection, and other pavement management activities. By analyzing FWD data, resilient modulus of pavement
subgrade, layer coefficients, and some other parameters can be calculated. Generally, FWD measurement is carried out in a wide
range of temperature conditions. However, the measured FWD deflection is significantly influenced by various factors such as
temperature, pavement thickness, drop load, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to correct the FWD deflection data on the basis of a
reference temperature. Then the corrected FWD deflection can be used to estimate pavement layer properties.

A number of software such as ELMOD, EVERCALC, BISDEF, NUS-BACK, MICK-BACK, MODULUS, PADAL, etc. are
available for the backcalculation of pavement layer moduli from deflections measured using FWD. KGPBACK, a specific version
of BACKGA program, which was developed for the research scheme R-81 (2003) of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways,
is recommended in these guidelines for backcalculation. KGPBACK is a Genetic Algorithm based model for backcalculation of
layer moduli. Because of this Genetic Algorithms (GA) have become popular to solve complex problems.

I. LITERATURE REVIEW

Dar-Hao Chen et al. [2] they studied falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were conducted at three sites. The tests were
conducted at regular intervals for 2 to 3 consecutive days per location and also done during different seasons in order that the widest
possible range of temperatures could be obtained. The influence of cracks on temperature correction was also investigated. It was
founded that only the W1 and W2 deflections are significantly affected by temperature. W3 through W7 deflections remained
almost constant at various temperatures. The same trend was observed for all pavements using in this study. The temperature will
not affect a pavement's FWD deflections on a cracked location as much as on an intact pavement. The correction factor–based
slopes are flatter on the cracked locations. Since the temperature- dependent characteristics are different between intact and cracked
locations, the equations developed from the intact locations may not be used on cracked locations. Comparison with other reported
temperature-correction equations showed that there is a close agreement for deflections, but not for the module.

Deng-Fong Lin, et al [3] In their test they check the feasibility of using PFWD. the main goal in their research is to lower the cost,
improved quality pavement demand for that they were doing some test and making the in-place measurement of design parameters
like stiffness and modulus necessary. From all these field test, they conclude that.
1. PFWD modulus is the size of the loading plate.
2. The reproducibility of PFWD is high if there is even surface contact.
3. Effect of drop height on PFWD is small.

Bin Zhang, et al. [1] In their study they shown effect of temperature on the pavement. They have conducted Falling Weight
Deflectometer (FWD) measurement. They covered the different state of New Mexico and collected the data of the New Mexico
Department of Transportation (NMDOT). Based on the data, two specific temperature correction models for FWD deflection were
developed. So, they have considered some data as an independent variable like pavement temperature, FWD drop load, AC layer
thickness and the depth of layer temperature measurement. The developed model has done some of the errors.

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© 2018 IJRAR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

O. Pekcan, et. al. [7] In their paper they have done pavement analysis using the advanced computer-based methodology and using
software SOFTSYS. SOFTSYS, developed for identifying pavement geometry and layer properties through various non-destructive
testing methods. It is capable of backcalculating pavement layer properties as well as determining the thickness of full-depth asphalt
pavements using results of the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) test. SOFTSYS uses a combination of Genetic Algorithms and
Artificial Neural Networks together with a structural pavement analysis model based on the Finite Element Method to obtain
accurate and reliable backcalculation solutions. They study numerical schemes and computer code implementation which describe
as soft computing methods. In pavement analysis, they back calculated pavement layer properties as well as find full pavement
thickness using falling weight deflectometer test.

Liang Zhou et al. [4] their paper deal with the implementation and comparison of the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and
Benkelman Beam (BB) for pavement evaluation. Field measurements were made as an in-service pavement A30 in Shanghai, China.
Based on the deflections measured by FWD and BB, the exact relationship between the results of FWD and BB was established.
They study an example of evaluation of structure capacity with FWD and the rehabilitation strategy was given based on the test
results of FWD. It should be clarified the subgrade soil conditions are nonuniform, hence the modulus backcalculated is essentially
an average value, and the rehabilitation strategy was made on the basis of many factors.

Liang ZHOU [5] they study about FWD deflectometers which were collected from four in-service pavement in Shanghai, China.
Moduli backcalculated with MODULUS 6.0 from all sites were used to develop the temperature correction factor. For validation
purpose, moduli were obtained from a newly reconstructed pavement. Resilient moduli conducted with MTS 810 were used to
verify the correction factor. They studied that there is a good exponential relation between the pavement layer modulus and the
asphalt layer temperature. They conclude that the maximum difference error for two methods is 6.788% at the temperature lower
than 20°C.

Mr. Pankaj Goyal [6] They studied the comparison studies of BBD and FWD at the Divine Road, Ahmedabad. They collected data
of 1.5km and compare with both the test. In this study, they have collected data and from study area location divine road, sola,
Ahmedabad. In all data collected major data of Benkelman beam deflection test and falling weight deflectometers data and other
laboratory test data of soil sample are also included. They concluded that FWD test was convenient and rapid compared to BBD.
It indicates that FWD was an appropriate device for the pavement structural evaluation and the selection of optimal pavement
rehabilitation strategy.

II. NEED OF STUDY

The use of devices under static loading has not been recommended by several design methodologies, including AASHTO, but these
are still used widely in many countries including India, for this reason it is necessary to compare the deflections by Benkelman
beam and FWD. for this reason it is necessary to establish the accuracy of the formula of E (Backcalculated modulus) from falling
weight deflect meter. This study done by empirical values.

III. IMPORTANCE
Due to fact that FWD test is very convenient and rapid, it indicates that FWD is an appropriate device for the pavement structural
evaluation and the selection of optimal pavement rehabilitation strategy.
IV. CONCLUSION
Pavement deflection measured by falling weight deflectometer (FWD) is an important quantity to predict the property of pavement
materials. It has been observed from all the literature review that the effect of the temperature at the surface layer is high. But at the
base, subbase and subgrade coarse effect of the temperature is less. So regular maintenance work at the surface coarse life of the
road is improved at the low cost.
REFERENCES
[1] Bin Zhang, Desh R. Sonyok and Jie Zhang “Temperature Effect on Falling Weight Deflectometer Measurement” ASCE –
American Society of Civil Engineers (2008)
[2] Dar-Hao Chen, John Bilyeu, Huang-Hsiung Lin, and Mike Murphy “Temperature Correction on Falling Weight Deflectometer
Measurement” -Transportation Research Record 1716 (2000)
[3] Deng-Fong Lin, Chi-Chou Liau and Jyh-Dong Lin “Factors Affecting Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer Measurements”
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers (2006)
[4] Liang Zhou, Qingfeng Wu and Jianming Ling “Comparison of FWD and Benkelman Beam in Evaluation of Pavement Structure
Capacity” - American Society of Civil Engineers (2010)
[5] Liang ZHOU “Temperature Correction Factor for Pavement Moduli Backcalculated from Falling Weight Deflectometer Test”
- American Society of Civil Engineers (2014)
[6] Mr. Pankaj Goyal, Prof. Srinath Karli, Vaibhav K. Solanki “Comparative Studies between Benkelman Beam Deflections (BBD)
and Falling Weight Deflect meter (FWD) Test for Flexible Road Pavement” - IJSTE - International Journal of Science
Technology & Engineering (2017)
[7] O. Pekcan, E. Tutumluer and J. Ghaboussi “Soft Computing Methodology to Determine Pavement Thickness from Falling
Weight Deflectometer Testing” - American Society of Civil Engineers (2010)
[8] IRC: 81-1997 Guidelines for Strengthening of Flexible pavement using Benkelman Beam Deflection Technique. (1st Revision)”,
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi.
[9] IRC: 115-2014 Guidelines for Structural Evaluation of Flexible Road Pavement Using Falling Weight Deflectometer.

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