THE STATE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN ENUGU ZONE

By

Professor Ukwu I. Ukwu

This paper examines the state of infrastructure in the Enugu Zone of the Central Bank of
Nigeria, comprising the nine states of Abia, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bayelsa, Cross River, Ebonyi,
Enugu, Imo and Rivers. It is organised as follows. The first section is introductory. It explores the
idea of Infrastructure and its significance for development, and defines the scope of the analysis. The
second section considers the factors of infrastructural development in Nigeria, and the third profiles the
regional context. The next three sections examine the state of infrastructure in the Enugu Zone from
the sectoral perspective: social infrastructure in section 4, economic infrastructure in section 5 and
regional and environmental infrastructure in section 6. Section 7 concludes the presentation by
stressing the need for a strategic and integrated approach towards infrastructural planning and
management for national development.

1. INTRODUCTION

Infrastructure and Development

In its dictionary meaning the word infrastructure is, among other things, “a collective term for
the subordinate parts of an undertaking”1 or refers to “the basic foundations of a society or
enterprise”2 . Economists differ in their definitions and usage of the word; but the idea of infrastructure
as that which underlies, provides a foundation for, and supports development is dominant.
Infrastructure is generally associated with economic overhead capital, which includes facilities such as
power, transportation and communications as well as social and environmental overhead capital which
includes facilities for education, health and social welfare, water supplies, sanitation and
environmental management. 3
However defined, infrastructure is recognised as
underlying, being the foundation for and sustaining an enabling TEXT BOX 1
environment for economic development. It is widely regarded as There is no country in the world that had
the key, and its deficiency a major obstacle, to development. A success with fighting poverty and moving
away from a subsistence economy without
World Bank official has recently noted, our national experience a rising share of the population having
with infrastructural development has not been a happy one. 4 (see access to infrastructure services. Nigeria’s
Text Box) We need to do a lot better. access to infrastructure services has gone
However, infrastructure is not an undifferentiated mass of massively backwards in the last twenty
goodies, not all benefits and no costs. 5 It is important to years, and there is a tremendous amount of
work to be done
distinguish and examine the various kinds of infrastructure, why, [Tomlison, 2001]
when where and by whom they were developed, their costs,
interactions and impact. Most fundamentally, infrastructural development should be scrutinised from
the wider perspective of sustainable development, not only for the individual infrastructural project and
programme but of the socio-economic system and the environment as a whole. 6

1
 Investment in infrastructure has a number of significant characteristics which must be borne in
mind in any analysis. Most Infrastructural investments are long-term investments with extended
periods of gestation. The capital requirements tend to be lumpy and indivisible. Much of the benefits
accrue not necessarily to the investors directly or alone but usually to the public at large. Similarly, a
significant proportion of the socio-economic costs and undesired impact – the collateral damage – is
borne by society at large.
For these reasons Infrastructural deve lopment is an area of intense interest and concern in
public policy and has remained a primary action area for governments of all kinds and persuasions.
But governments are not the only actors. Some of the felt needs generate demands which stimulate
market response by private sector producers while communities and households often take direct
action in supplying or promoting the supply of some of their Infrastructural needs. Non-profit
organisations, both domestic and foreign, have also staked out roles in Infrastructural development.
The state of infrastructure in an area is therefore the result of the interplay of the various forces over
time, an interplay the pattern of which also changes with time and circumstance.

2. FACTORS IN INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

The history of Infrastructure in Nigeria is marked by unsteady and uneven development. 7 In the
colonial era the primary concern of government was to “open up” the country to external trade. Hence
the initial emphasis was on transport development based on ports and railways and the development of
urban centres along the railways for the collection and export produce and the distribution of imported
manufactures. Social infrastructure , considered a matter for the “natives” under the system of
Indirect Rule, received very little government attention but was the primary area of activity by
Christian missionary enterprises who saw this as both a means and an end of their proselytism with the
result that schools and hospitals become concentrated in the Christianised areas. General social
Infrastructural development, such as there was, reflected the widely different priorities and capacities
of local governments and communities.
In the run-up to Independence the introduction of regionalism the new regional governments assumed
responsibility for a wide range of Infrastructural facilities and services. Patterns of differentiation now
took a more obvious political regional dimension. The differences in resources, perceptions and
priorities resulted in different patterns and rates of development. During the long periods of military
rule power was highly centralised. Not only did the Federal Government account for a much higher
proportion of total government revenue and expenditure, the state governments were constrained to
abide by federal “directives” and “Guidelines” on budgetary matters. There was therefore
considerable convergence in development priorities and programmes.
Another significant development during the military regime was the introduction of a uniform local
government system. Local governments were assigned specific roles including major roles in
infrastructural development. While most of them have never had sufficient funds to fulfil their
statutory roles adequately, some have made a difference. In the current dispensation there is much
uncertainty and confusion about the status, resources and responsibilities of local government. These
have to be resolved if the local governments are to become viable and reliable agents of local
development.
The relative importance of the three tiers of government in the various areas of Infrastructural
development is indicated by their respective shares of the Rolling Plan 1991-93 as summarised in
Table 1
The role of local communities in Infrastructural development has not been given sufficient credit in
the literature. But it has often been critical. In education, for instance, the great transformation in the
Eastern Region (= the CBN Enugu Zone) in the 1950s was due mainly to the upsurge of local

2
initiatives – by ethnic unions, town unions and community organisations – in building schools and
awarding scholarships. Health institutions also benefited through joint missionary-community
participation in new hospitals and health centres. Other popular areas of community initiative include
roads, rural electrification, markets, and town halls. A nationwide survey by DFFRI in the late 1980s
showed that the tradition persists. Non-Governmental Grassroots Associations of various kinds
continue to be a major force in Infrastructural development.
Even by the standards of the low income countries, Nigeria’s infrastructure is very under-
developed. The situation is aggravated by the very great differences between the various zones, states,
local government areas and communities on the many dimensions of development. Table 2 gives some
indication of the scale of these differencies among states. We shall refer to some of these figures as
necessary in the discussions that follow.

3. THE REGIONAL CONTEXT: AN OVERVIEW OF ENUGU ZONE

The area covered by the CBN’s Enugu Zone is popularly known variously and interchangeably as
“Eastern Nigeria”, “The East”, the “Eastern States” or The Eastern Region” Emerging from the
incursions and depredations of European traders, Christian missions and British colonialists in the late
19th Century, they became successively part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate, the Protectorate of Southern
Nigeria, and with Amalgamation in 1914, the Eastern Provinces. With the introduction of regionalism
they constituted the Eastern Region. Thus from colonial rule to Independence and the start of military
rule – a time span of over seventy years - they were under the same regional political administration.
With their shared geopolitical experience their development has continued to show many similarities
and linkages.
In terms of overall development the states in the Enugu Zone were all ranked by the UNDP’s
Human Development Index among the more developed states as follows:
Anambra State No. 2 Abia State No. 5 Imo State No. 9
Rivers State No 11 Enugu State No 13
Akwa Ibom State No. 14 Cross River State No 15

3
Table 1
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ROLLING PLAN
PROGRAMMES 1991-1993
PERCENTAGE OF TOTALS PERCENTAGE BY TIER
SECTOR FEDERAL STATE LOCAL ALL FEDERAL STATE LOCAL
GOVT GOVTS GOVTS GOVTS GOVT GOVTS GOVTS
1 Agriculture (Crops) 14.14 13.77 4.87 12.52 55.9 37.8 6.3
2 Livestock 0.44 1.24 2.96 1.12 19.4 38.0 42.6
3 Forestry 0.23 1.81 1.33 0.95 11.9 65.6 22.5
4 Fisheries 0.09 0.40 0.62 0.29 16.4 48.5 35.1
Sub Total Agriculture 14.90 17.23 9.78 14.87 49.6 39.8 10.6
5 Irrigation 2.14 0.08 0.04 1.09 97.0 2.4 0.6
6 Rural Development 3.74 0.00 0.00 1.85 100.0 0.0 0.0
Sub Total Agriculture
etc 20.78 17.30 9.82 17.82 57.7 33.4 8.9
Special Employment
7 Schemes 4.88 0.00 0.00 2.42 100.0 0.0 0.0
Mining and
8 Quarrying 1.99 0.00 0.00 0.98 100.0 0.0 0.0
Solid Minerals 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.38 100.0 0.0 0.0
Petroleum 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.61 100.0 0.0 0.0
9 Manufacturing 6.10 3.53 3.34 4.77 63.3 25.4 11.3
Industries 4.51 3.53 3.34 3.98 56.0 30.5 13.5
Steel 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.79 100.0 0.0 0.0
Science and
10 Technology 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.35 100.0 0.0 0.0
11 Power 1.02 5.05 4.82 3.01 16.7 57.5 25.8
Commerce and
12 Finance 0.57 1.93 7.07 2.09 13.5 31.8 54.7
13 Cooperatives 0.02 0.25 0.15 0.12 8.6 71.6 19.8
14 Transport 11.86 11.90 13.30 12.11 48.5 33.8 17.7
15 Communications 1.09 0.00 0.02 0.54 99.4 0.0 0.6
SUBTOTAL
ECONOMIC 49.01 39.97 38.52 44.21 54.9 31.1 14.1
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
16 Education 3.92 13.98 0.02 6.75 28.8 71.2 0.0
17 Health 2.09 7.49 38.52 9.82 10.5 26.2 63.3
18 Information 1.16 3.26 10.92 3.46 16.7 32.4 51.0
19 Labour 3.00 0.00 11.09 3.27 45.4 0.0 54.6
20 Social Development 1.73 3.07 1.63 2.17 39.4 48.5 12.1
SUBTOTAL SOCIAL 11.90 27.79 62.17 25.47 23.1 37.5 39.4
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Town and Country
21 Planning 0.19 3.83 3.11 1.91 4.8 68.8 26.3
Community
22 Development 0.00 0.82 26.75 4.60 0.0 6.1 93.9
23 Water Supply 0.15 11.93 5.74 5.10 1.5 80.4 18.1
24 Sewage and0.00 2.35 2.54 1.22 0.0 66.3 33.7
4
 Drainage
25 Survey and Mapping 0.38 0.44 8.26 1.67 11.1 9.0 79.8
Environmental
26 Protection 0.23 0.09 3.36 0.69 16.6 4.6 78.8
27 Housing 0.42 2.10 0.00 0.93 22.5 77.5 0.0
SUBTOTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL 1.37 21.56 49.76 16.11 4.2 46.0 49.8
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Defence and
28 Security 17.07 0.00 0.00 8.45 100.0 0.0 0.0
General
29 Administration 11.72 10.68 0.00 9.47 61.2 38.8 0.0
30 FCT 8.94 0.00 0.00 4.42 100.0 0.0 0.0
SUBTOTAL
ADMINISTRATIVE 37.72 10.68 10.30 24.01 77.8 15.3 6.9
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
GRAND 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 49.5 34.4 16.1

Source: FRN National Rolling Plan, 1991-93

5
 Table 2: INDICATORS OF STATE DEVELOPMENT

Ex penditure:
1991

Roads
School

Banks

OVERALL RANK ON
School
Ratio

Ratio

Revenue:
(`1991

% of HH with Electricity

of
Population per Medical
Under5 Mortality Rate,

Federal Tarred Roads

Banking: Branches of
% of HH with Access

Govt Revenue: Total

Literacy Rate (1994)

SPN INDICATORS
%

Internal (1994) %
to Potable Water

(kilometyres) %
Total (1994) %

(kilometers) %
(Thousands)

Employment
INDICATOR

Commercial
(19933/94)
Census) %

Secondary

Agriculture
Population

Enrolment

Enrolment
(1993/94)

(1993/94)

(1993/94)

(1994) %
1994 %
Primary
Area %

Federal
Doctor,
1995

Govt

Govt
NORTH C
Benue 3.7 3.1 147 119 53.4 71.3 74.3 10.7 13.2 86.0 2.1 1.2 2.5 2.4 3.6 4.0 20
Kogi 3.2 2.4 139 163 47.9 75.7 77.8 19.2 32.3 51.0 1.1 0.4 2.1 1.8 3.6 2.7 17
Kwara 4.0 1.7 118 38 48.2 78.8 77.2 55.4 60.0 27.4 2.1 9.8 2.0 1.5 3.2 1.9 12
Niger 8.3 2.7 31 202 25.3 42.0 48.1 38.1 30.4 66.3 2.6 0.3 2.0 0.8 6.4 5.0 21
Plateau 6.3 3.7 20 45 47.4 62.6 68.5 18.7 29.7 79.4 2.8 2.1 2.9 3.9 5.6 4.6 19
FCT 0.8 0.4 100 30 56.8 68.1 74.7 39.9 43.1 42.5 1.9 2.0 8.7 8.6 0.7 0.9 16
NORTH E
Adamawa 4.0 2.4 158 231 42.7 53.1 59.3 27.6 18.6 80.7 1.3 0.5 2.2 1.6 3.7 3.3 24
Bauchi 7.0 4.9 167 330 33.4 30.8 30.7 13.1 17.8 84.2 2.8 0.9 2.8 4.0 5.6 6.7 26
Borno 7.7 2.8 121 110 19.8 31.7 34.2 42.0 19.4 86.4 2.4 0.5 2.3 2.3 6.8 5.7 23
Taraba 5.9 1.7 65 548 32.1 45.0 61.7 5.6 5.1 86.8 1.2 0.5 1.9 3.7 4.9 3.1 25
Yobe 4.9 1.6 211 1008 11.4 19.8 23.1 27.6 12.4 85.0 0.9 0.2 2.1 1.1 2.6 1.9 29
NORTH W
Jigawa 2.5 3.2 241 2358 12.0 25.8 19.9 38.0 6.6 87.7 0.8 0.7 2.9 3.5 2.3 3.2 31
Kaduna 2.6 4.4 na 94 49.6 57.8 65.3 29.2 39.7 58.2 3.6 7.8 4.3 3.9 5.0 7.9 18
Kano 2.2 6.5 237 212 24.4 48.6 49.4 39.3 29.2 66.0 5.6 2.5 4.1 4.2 2.8 3.9 22
Katsina 2.6 4.2 340 1141 21.2 27.6 25.9 16.6 9.9 88.3 1.6 1.3 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.7 30
Kebbi 4.0 2.3 182 469 16.5 17.5 20.7 15.1 7.1 93.4 1.0 1.6 2.4 3.3 2.6 1.4 28
Sokoto 7.1 5.0 123 247 15.6 17.6 19.2 19.8 6.9 91.7 2.7 1.2 3.0 1.9 5.2 2.0 27
SOUTH E
Abia 0.7 2.6 34 79 77.2 92.4 89.8 43.5 43.1 55.8 3.2 1.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.1 5
Anambra 0.5 3.1 90 89 77.2 95.5 93.5 31.3 57.6 48.1 4.9 2.4 2.5 2.7 1.6 1.9 2
Enugu 1.4 3.5 140 35 61.8 72.2 83.7 38.8 28.3 52.9 2.9 2.1 2.7 3.7 2.9 2.7 13
Imo 0.6 2.8 169 52 73.8 93.7 93.1 30.1 24.7 61.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.6 1.6 1.7 9
SOUTH S
Akwa Ibom 0.8 2.7 60 120 78.1 93.7 83.2 25.2 13.3 50.6 2.1 2.2 3.4 3.4 1.7 1.6 14
Cross R 2.2 2.1 32 81 73.4 89.5 89.6 23.7 24.7 68.0 1.7 1.6 2.3 2.2 3.4 4.1 15
Delta 1.9 2.9 7 75 78.0 92.2 92.3 31.7 48.5 39.1 3.5 4.5 3.4 2.3 2.5 3.7 5
Edo 1.9 2.4 64 31 79.3 95.2 95.6 44.4 60.1 43.3 2.2 1.2 2.3 3.5 2.6 4.1 8
Rivers 2.4 4.8 139 102 77.9 91.7 91.9 28.2 29.8 61.7 5.1 10.2 5.0 5.0 2.0 2.3 11
SOUTH W
Lagos 0.4 6.4 68 16 89.7 97.0 92.2 78.3 97.3 2.4 20.7 28.6 10.2 7.2 1.4 2.4 1
Ogun 1.8 2.6 22 80 61.3 94.7 85.1 52.1 62.5 20.7 3.2 1.3 2.5 2.5 3.6 5.4 4
Ondo 2.3 4.3 72 113 64.3 94.6 94.2 28.1 52.7 50.0 4.1 2.2 3.1 4.4 3.2 4.0 10
Osun 1.0 2.4 52 54 62.0 95.2 91.0 29.4 58.8 25.6 2.5 1.5 2.9 2.9 1.4 1.7 5
Oyo 3.1 3.9 55 32 60.2 88.9 85.7 33.9 62.2 23.5 4.4 4.2 3.4 2.9 2.8 1.5 3
NIGERIA 100.0 100.0 113 268 50.7 66.5 67.4 31.4 33.7 60.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
NORTH C 26.2 14.1 93 100 46.5 66.4 70.1 30.3 34.8 58.8 12.6 15.6 20.2 19.0 23.1 19.1
NORTH 29.5 13.4 144 445 27.9 36.1 41.8 23.2 14.7 84.6 8.6 2.7 11.3 12.7 23.6 20.8
E
NORTH W 21.0 25.7 225 753 23.2 32.5 33.4 26.3 16.6 80.9 15.1 15.2 19.4 19.6 20.4 21.1
SOUTH E 3.2 12.1 108 64 72.5 88.5 90.0 35.9 38.4 54.5 14.0 9.1 10.5 12.4 8.3 8.3
SOUTH S 9.2 15.0 60 82 77.3 92.5 90.5 30.6 35.3 52.5 14.6 19.8 16.4 16.4 12.2 15.7
SOUTH W 8.5 19.6 54 59 67.5 94.1 89.6 44.4 66.7 24.4 35.0 37.7 22.1 19.9 12.4 15.0
ENUGU 8.5 21.8 95 80 74.2 89.8 89.3 31.5 31.6 56.9 22.9 23.1 21.2 23.0 15.4 16.2
ZONE
 Population densities are much higher than average in all the states except Cross River
State. Except in Anambra State, most of the working populatio n are farmers. In terms of social
development the states are among the most advanced, but physical Infrastructural levels –
electricity, water, roads – are about average. Relative to their shares of the population, most of
the states have below average financial bases, the exceptions being the oil-producing states of
Akwa-Ibom and Rivers (including Bayelsa).
A critical dimension of the state of infrastructure is its distribution within the State, that
is, among the local government areas and communities. The disparity between urban and rural
LGAs reflects a nation-wide, indeed universal, trend and need no further comment. But there
are also wide differences among rural local government areas, and within each local government
area among the communities. Some indication of the patterns is given by the data on
development indicators for local government areas in Ebonyi State in 1997 (Table 3) and the
distribution of amenities by local government areas and communities in Enugu State in 1997
(Table 4).
In the discussions that follow attention will be focused on nine major Infrastructural
facilities and services which have received the greatest attention and have the greatest impact,
actual or potential on national development. They are grouped in three sectors as follows- social,
economic and regional/environmental – as follows:
Social
Education
Health
Economic
Transport
Communications
Power
Financial Infrastructure
Regional/Environmental
Water and Sanitation
Shelter
Environmental Protection
We shall examine the patterns of differentiation in the context of the various sectors
Table 3
SOME DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS FOR EBONYI STATE & LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AREAS 1997
% of % of % in % % of % of
Househol Household School Literate Workers Wome
ds s Without of of in n
Without Electricity Childre Persons Agricultur Marrie
Potable n aged 15 Years e d
Water 6-11 or Older before
years Age
15
EBONYI STATE 61.2 89.7 63.7 47.3 87.1 27.3
Abakaliki & Ebonyi 33.8 45.7 72.3 66.1 41.6 31.1
LGA
Ohaukwu LGA 73.2 100 50.8 47.0 92.7 22.5
Ezza North & South 44.4 100 66.7 41.1 97.4 26.9
LGAs
 Ikwo LGA 59.5 99.6 49.4 38.1 95.7 18.8
Ishielu LGA 83.1 100 47.8 41.5 94.0 24.5
Izzi LGA 73.5 100 40.0 32.3 94.6 22.0
Afikpo North & South 74.0 63.5 86.2 56.8 85.8 40.1
LGAs
Ohaozara & Ivo LGAs 67.5 99.1 93.6 55.5 91.7 32.0
Onicha LGA 41.8 99.5 76.3 46.9 90.6 27.6

Table 4
DISTRIBUTION OF BASIC FACILITIES AT COMMUNITY LEVEL IN ENUGU STATE, 1997
RURAL No. of NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES WITH GIVEN FACILITIES TOTAL FACILITIES
LOCAL
GOVERN-
Communities
Prim. Sec. Electricit Pipe-borne Bank Hospi
MENT
AREAS
Igboetiti 11 10 7 2 6 2 6 33 43
Igboeze N 10 10 8 5 1 2 1 27 39
Igboeze S 9 9 9 4 8 2 2 34 54
Isi Uzo 11 11 11 10 2 2 8 44 57
Nsukka 6 6 6 4 4 3 5 28 67
Uzo Uwani 11 11 7 0 0 0 0 18 23
Awgu 10 10 10 0 0 2 2 24 34
Ezeagu 18 17 14 5 10 5 0 51 40
Nkanu 21 19 16 9 0 0 0 44 30
Oji River 5 5 5 0 2 2 4 18 51
Udi 11 11 11 6 11 4 8 49 64
ALL 13 119 104 45 44 24 34 370 43
Source: Ukwu et al 1998

4. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
As already indicated the Enugu Zone has performed well above the national average in the
social development sector..

Education8
Building on the advantage in primary education inherited form missionary enterprise, the
governments of the Western and Eastern Regions introduced free primary education in 1955 and
1957 respectively. Although the Government scheme floundered in the Eastern Region, the
communities answered the challenge and maintained the momentum of change. Another
significant development was the Government take-over of schools in the three Eastern States at
the end of the civil war. This enabled the governments to rationalise the use of school facilities,
tying the schools closer to their local communities and significantly increasing intake per school.
The introduction of Universal Primary Education at national level in 1976 gave further impetus
to educational development, but with the return of democratic federalism in 1979 the states went
their different ways on educational policy. Anambra State for instance abandoned the
programme and suffered a drastic reduction in school enrolment.
On secondary education, reference has already been made to the role of local government
community participation in the provision and support of facilities. By 1962 the Eastern Region
accounted for 62 percent of the local government-owned secondary schools, 53 percent of the
private (mainly community) secondary schools and 47 percent of the voluntary agency schools in
Nigeria. With the state takeover of secondary schools the financial burden has grown. Most of
the governments are now willing to return some schools to voluntary agencies, but this is not
going as smoothly as had been expected. There has been a sharp increase in private schools
offering high quality training and targeted at the elite. But most of the new secondary schools
continue to be built by community effort and handed over to government.
The Enugu Zone has maintained its high profile in secondary education. In the recently
published report on the 2001 WASC examination the zone accounted for 32 percent of the
schools entering for the examination throughout the country and 27 percent of the students
presented. 9 The performance of the individual states is shown in Table . The low performance
of Bayelsa State reflects the historic concentration of delta facilities on the mainland. Ebonyi
State was educationally backward but within the last three years a vigorous state government
programme (including free tuition) has tripled secondary school enrolment. On the other hand,
the recently announced re- introduction .of tuition fees in Anambra State may be expected to
aggravate the already serious problem of a male secondary school drop-out rate.

Table 5:
WASC ENTRIES 2001
NUMBER OF NUMBER PERCENT OF PERCENT OF
SCHOOLS OF SCHOOLS ENTRIES
ENTRIES
NC FCT 38 6832 0.6 0.6
NC Benue 253 39974 3.8 3.6
NC Kogi 231 36347 3.5 3.3
NC Kwara 229 37498 3.4 3.4
NC Nasarawa 78 17408 1.2 1.6
NC Niger 99 16168 1.5 1.5
NC Plateau 202 29103 3.0 2.6
NORTH CENTRAL 1130 183330 17.0 16.7
NE Adamawa 68 16867 1.0 1.5
NE Bauchi 31 8361 0.5 0.8
NE Borno 68 14360 1.0 1.3
NE Gombe 27 4968 0.4 0.5
NE Taraba 61 8915 0.9 0.8
NE Yobe 34 5482 0.5 0.5
NORTH EAST 289 58953 4.3 5.4
NW Jigawa 34 3329 0.5 0.3
NW Kaduna 152 29294 2.3 2.7
NW Kano 107 10871 1.6 1.0
NW Katsina 51 9244 0.8 0.8
NW Kebbi 32 6176 0.5 0.6
NW Sokoto 40 6121 0.6 0.6
NW Zamfara 1 215 0.0 0.0
NORTH WEST 417 65250 6.3 5.9
SE Abia 199 22374 3.0 2.0
SE Anambra 279 28771 4.2 2.6
SE Ebonyi 95 17151 1.4 1.6
SE Enugu 258 37198 3.9 3.4
SE Imo 425 45097 6.4 4.1
SOUTH EAST 1256 150591 18.9 13.7
SS Akwa Ibom 292 45731 4.4 4.2
SS Bayelsa 98 9127 1.5 0.8
SS Cross River 216 30614 3.2 2.8
SS Delta 370 41374 5.6 3.8
SS Edo 370 35756 5.6 3.3
SS Rivers 265 64069 4.0 5.8
SOUTH SOUTH 1611 226671 24.2 20.6
SW Ekiti 161 22657 2.4 2.1
SW Lagos 531 154716 8.0 14.1
SW Ogun 292 52219 4.4 4.8
SW Ondo 303 52247 4.5 4.8
SW Osun 314 52402 4.7 4.8
SW Oyo 358 80091 5.4 7.3
SOUTH WEST 1959 414332 29.4 37.7
 TOTALS 6662 1099127 100.0 100.0
ENUGU ZONE 2127 300132 31.9 27.3

Source NESG Economic Indicators Vol 6, No 4 2000 p69 ,

At the tertiary level the zone has a remarkable concentration of facilities, including 12 out of
33 federal and state universities, a private university, out of 46 polytechnics and 11 out of 54
colleges of education. In spite of this concentration, a very high proportion of candidates from
the zone seeking university admission continue to be “quotaed” out of university admissions.
The on-going liberalisation of tertiary education and restoration of university autonomy may
create conditions for a more equitable and efficient system of access to higher education.

Health
Investment in health facilities is a responsibility shared by the three tiers of government
as well as communities and the private sector. International organisations, friendly nations and
international NGOs are also actively involved.
The state of health facilities in the zone is well above the national average. Here again
the involvement of local governments, communities and NGOs has been critical. By 1972 the
zone accounted for 70 percent of all local government hospital beds, 64 percent of all voluntary
agency - community hospital beds and percent of all private hospital beds in the country. In
1991 the zone had an average people to doctor ratio of 80 thousand as against a national average
of 268 thousand.

5. ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE

On economic infrastructure the performance of the Enugu Zone is variable, both as

between sub-sectors and as between states.

Transport10
On the whole the economic development of the zone is hampered by the sparsity and
poor quality of federal roads. The situation is not helped by the flagrantly discriminatory road
construction programme of the federal government in recent years. One of the roads with the
heaviest inter-state traffic density in Nigeria, the Onitsha-Owerri- Aba road has broken down
completely but we are informed that there are plans to dualise it. There is no Express Way to
the North. The delta and coastal areas lack east-west linkages, and Calabar, which should have
served as the natural entrepot for the Cross River basin and the entire North East Zone is
seriously constrained by the lack of good road connections. In sharp contrast to the heavy and
steady traffic across Nigeria’s south west borders to the West African sub-region, only a
mountainous track links Cross River State to the Came roon Republic. The Trans-African road
remains a (hopefully not idle) dream. Yet Nigeria’s eastern borders are our natural gateway to
most of Sub-Saharan Africa, to Central, East and Southern Africa. Developing the road links
should be seen as a strategic and urgent national economic necessity.
But federal roads account for less than a quarter of the national road network (see Table 6). .
The state governments have the primary responsibility for building an adequate road network for
their people, and some states have embarked on vigorous road building programmes. In this
regard three of the states- Rivers, Ebonyi and Abia were scored highly for rural roads
development by the recent Media Tour team. Local governments are also active in rural road
construction and maintenance. However, the modalities for coordinating and integrating the
road programmes of the various tiers of government on the one hand, and the priorities and
efforts of local communities on the other, remain problematic.
Table 6
DISTRIBUTION OF ROADS BY STATES AND BY OWNERSHIP, 1979
OWNERSHIP (KILOMETRES) OWNERSHIP (PERCENTAGE
FEDERAL STATE LOCAL TOTAL FEDERAL STATE LOCAL
NORTH CENTRAL 6476 4495 12709 23680 27.3 19.0 53.7
Benue 1363 1249 3346 5958 22.9 21.0 56.2
Kwara 1896 112 2306 4314 43.9 2.6 53.5
Plateau 1777 2214 3497 7488 23.7 29.6 46.7
Niger 1440 920 3560 5920 24.3 15.5 60.1
NORTH EAST 7010 3219 10591 20820 33.7 15.5 50.9
Bauchi 1460 795 3939 6194 23.6 12.8 63.6
Borno 2963 1086 1173 5222 56.7 20.8 22.5
Gongola 2587 1338 5479 9404 27.5 14.2 58.3
NORTH WEST 20555 3911 8891 33357 61.6 11.7 26.7
Kaduna 17110 1223 1818 20151 84.9 6.1 9.0
Kano 1212 1606 3989 6807 17.8 23.6 58.6
Sokoto 2233 1082 3084 6399 34.9 16.9 48.2
SOUTH EAST 1754 2612 3373 7739 22.7 33.8 43.6
Anambra 864 1423 811 3098 27.9 45.9 26.2
Imo 890 1189 2562 4641 19.2 25.6 55.2
SOUTH SOUTH 3703 6695 13583 23981 15.4 27.9 56.6
Bendel 1881 3331 7079 12291 15.3 27.1 57.6
Cross River 1380 2748 6504 10632 13.0 25.8 61.2
Rivers 442 616 0 1058 41.8 58.2 0.0
SOUTH WEST 3212 4857 13729 21798 14.7 22.3 63.0
Lagos 261 369 1723 2353 11.1 15.7 73.2
Ondo 984 2661 3747 7392 13.3 36.0 50.7
Ogun 782 899 6438 8119 9.6 11.1 79.3
Oyo 1185 928 1821 3934 30.1 23.6 46.3

NIGERIA 22155 21878 53985 98018 22.6 22.3 55.1

ENUGU ZONE 3576 5976 9877 19429 18.4 30.8 50.8

The two neglected transport modes in Nigeria, rail and water, have great potential for
improving the economy of the zone. The present railway line from Port Harcourt to the North
crosses Abia, Ebonyi and Enugu States and was linked historically to the origin and growth of
the great cities of Port Harcourt, Aba and Enugu as well as a number of “railway towns”
including Abia State’s capital of Umuahia. For decades there have been plans foe expanding
and upgrading the railway network 11 Some of the most important proposals for the Enugu
Zone include a west-east link connecting the western and eastern lines to Calabar, linking the
eastern line to Ajaokuta (a railway bridge over the Niger is already in place at Ajaokuta) and the
Warri-Abuja (?) line, and the long-overdue and urgently needed link to Onne port.
With regard to water transport, the two great waterways – the Niger and the Cross River
– through which the European adventurers gained entry to the hinterland are now insignificant.
Yet their potential contribution to the national transportation system remains high. While there
are plans to dredge the Niger and revive the old river ports (including Oguta and Ogurugu on two
of its tributaries), the Cross River seems to be completely forgotten; the historic river ports of
Obubra, Ikom, Ugep and Afikpo dim memories. Even more tragically, the essentially aquatic
character of the Niger Delta environment, including the whole of Bayelsa State and much of
Rivers State, has not been properly taken into account in the planning and development of its
transportation infrastructure. The area needs good roads to link it up to the rest of the country,
but there is only one, to the Bayelsa capital of Yenagoa. A few of such arterial roads have been
recommended (see Box). But however much the governments spend on roads in the Delta, such
roads are very expensive and there is a practical limit to how many kilometres of good road can
be built. The fact must be faced that what the people need most, and most urgently, is good,
safe, reliable water transport, not what they now have as eloquently described by (see Box). The
design of a comprehensive, adequate and integrated water transport system should be seen as one
of the major challenges of the NNDC. The state governments should also systematically address
the need.
The Enugu Zone harbours 13 of the nation’s 23 ports, accounting for 58 percent of total
port traffic (62 percent of cargo loaded and 24 percent of cargo discharged. (Table 7 ). These
include the oil and gas ports, Nigeria’s second merchandise port of Port Harcourt, the Onne
Ocean Terminal and Free Port, and the Calabar Export Processing Zone. As long as Nigeria’s oil
industry remains an enclave enterprise the full potential of the oil ports for stimulating
development in the hinterland and the nation as a whole cannot be realised. The domestication
of the oil industry requires that the ports be developed as service centres to the oil industry and
points of contact between the industry and the rest of the economy. The travails of the Calabar
Export Processing Zone reflect the lack of strategic planning in its development, while the Ocean
Terminal cannot be effectively utilised until it is linked to the national railway grid.
On air transport, the Enugu zone has four out of the nineteen airports in Nigeria, and
accounts for 13 percent of the passenger traffic. It also has two of the five international airport.
It may be noted that unlike the other airports in use, Owerri airport was built by the Imo State
Government. The second airport in the zone built by a state government, Oba (by Anambra
State) is yet to be admitted to the national system. Eket in Akwa Ibom has a functional airport, a
private airport serving mainly the oil sector. The current vibrancy of air transportation is due
to the activity of private airlines in a deregulated market. 12 The downside is the perceived
lowering of safety standards in pursuit of profitability.
 Table 7
USE OF SEAPORTS 1998
GEO-ZONE THOUSAND METRIC TONNES PERCENTAGES

Dis-Charged

Dis-Charged
Loaded
Loaded
Cargo

Cargo

Cargo

Cargo
Sea Port

Total

Total
SS # Port - Harcourt 161 1,281 1,442 0.2 9.9 1.3
SS # Okrika 1,094 482 1,576 1.1 3.7 1.4
SS # Bonny 18,727 18,727 18.7 0.0 16.5
SS # Brass 6,480 6,480 6.5 0.0 5.7
SS Warri 29 344 373 0.0 2.7 0.3
SS Koko 90 90 0.0 0.7 0.1
SS Sapele 11 264 275 0.0 2.0 0.2
SS Escravos 15,510 15,510 15.5 0.0 13.7
SS Forcados 18,341 18,341 18.3 0.0 16.2
SS Pennington 2,853 2,853 2.8 0.0 2.5
SS # Calabar 37 119 156 0.0 0.9 0.1
SS # Qua-Ibo (Eket) 29,470 29,470 29.4 0.0 26.0
SS # Merryland (Tuma) 1,158 1,158 0.0 9.0 1.0
SS # Antan 401 401 0.4 0.0 0.4
SS # Ukpokiti 1,563 1,563 1.6 0.0 1.4
SS # Odudu 4,063 4,063 4.0 0.0 3.6
SS # Ima 545 545 0.5 0.0 0.5
SOUTH SOUTH 99,285 3,738 103,023 98.9 29.0 91.0
SW Apapa 144 5,621 5,765 0.1 43.6 5.1
SW Tin-Can Island 119 2,791 2,910 0.1 21.6 2.6
SW Federal Lighter Terminal 338 306 644 0.3 2.4 0.6
SW Container Terminal 362 268 630 0.4 2.1 0.6
SW Roro 124 124 0.1 0.0 0.1
SW Federal Ocean Terminal 1 168 169 0.0 1.3 0.1
SOUTH WEST 1088 9154 10242 1.1 71.0 9.0

ALL PORTS 100,373 12,892 113,265 100.0 100.0 100.0

ENUGU ZONE PORTS 62,541 3,040 65,581 62.3 23.6 57.9

# Enugu Zone Ports

Source: Annual Abstract of Statistics 1999

Communications
In the evolving information age the state of the nation’s communications infrastructure is
unacceptably poor. The existing system is very uneven, with facilities heavily concentrated in a
few states and in the urban centres. With regard to the postal services, the performance of
Enugu Zone is very much above average here. In 1998 it accounted for 41 percent of the post
offices and postal agencies, and 31 percent of the post office boxes in Nigeria. 13 Developments
in recent years have transformed the telecommunications sub-sector, with the liberalisation of
telephone services and global communication systems – GSM, satellite communications and
internet services. All the major cities in the Enugu zone are linked to the new services, except
Calabar for GSM. Government has also introduced radio-telephone systems for rural
communitie s. All local government headquarters are expected to be connected to the system.

Financial Infrastructure
Financial infrastructure is also unevenly distributed among zones and states and
concentrated in the cities. Table 8 summarises the distribution of banking facilities in 1994,
with 23 percent of the commercial and merchant banks and 29 percent of the community banks
located in the Enugu zone, the zone is second only to the South West in the concentration of
banking facilities. Its stronger performance on community banks further underlines the
importance of community initiative in this zone. At state level the urban local governments are
dominant while the rural communities are very poorly served. Thus, a survey of Enugu State in
1998 indicated that only 24 out of the 123 autonomous communities in the state had bank
branches; this was in sharp contrast to 119 with primary schools, with secondary schools and
44 with electricity14 (see Table 4 ). Other financial services like insurance are eve n more
concentrated, being available only in the larger urban centres.

Table 8
DISTRIBUTION OF BANKING FACILITIES
NUMBER PERCENT

Merchant Banks
Commercial And

Commercial And
Merchant Banks

Merchant 1994

Merchant 1994
Commercial

Commercial
Banks 1993

Banks 1993
Community

Community
Banks

Banks
1994

1994
Total

Total
FCT 42 16 58 6 1.9 11.3 2.4 0.7
Benue 48 0 48 35 2.1 0.0 2.0 4.0
Kogi 25 0 25 28 1.1 0.0 1.0 3.2
Kwara 48 0 48 20 2.1 0.0 2.0 2.3
Niger 59 0 59 10 2.6 0.0 2.5 1.1
Plateau 63 2 65 24 2.8 1.4 2.7 2.7
NORTH CENTRAL 285 18 303 123 12.6 12.8 12.7 14.0
Adamawa 30 0 30 16 1.3 0.0 1.3 1.8
Bauchi 64 0 64 20 2.8 0.0 2.7 2.3
Borno 53 0 53 7 2.4 0.0 2.2 0.8
Taraba 26 0 26 11 1.2 0.0 1.1 1.3
Yobe 21 0 21 6 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.7
NORTH EAST 194 0 194 60 8.6 0.0 8.1 6.8
NW Jigawa 17 0 17 7 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.8
Kaduna 81 7 88 30 3.6 5.0 3.7 3.4
Kano 126 20 146 25 5.6 14.2 6.1 2.8
Katsina 35 0 35 21 1.6 0.0 1.5 2.4
Kebbi 22 0 22 14 1.0 0.0 0.9 1.6
NORTH WEST 281 27 308 97 12.5 19.1 12.9 11.0
Abia 72 5 77 39 3.2 3.5 3.2 4.4
Anambra 110 11 121 56 4.9 7.8 5.1 6.4
Enugu 66 0 66 16 2.9 0.0 2.8 1.8
Imo 68 2 70 59 3.0 1.4 2.9 6.7
SOUTH EAST 316 18 334 170 14.0 12.8 14.0 19.3
SS Akwa Ibom 48 1 49 42 2.1 0.7 2.0 4.8
Cross River 39 1 40 14 1.7 0.7 1.7 1.6
Delta 78 0 78 32 3.5 0.0 3.3 3.6
Edo 50 3 53 25 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.8
Rivers 114 17 131 27 5.1 12.1 5.5 3.1
 SOUTH SOUTH 329 22 351 140 14.6 15.6 14.7 15.9
Lagos 467 53 520 81 20.7 37.6 21.7 9.2
Ogun 72 0 72 42 3.2 0.0 3.0 4.8
Ondo 93 0 93 54 4.1 0.0 3.9 6.1
Osun 57 0 57 41 2.5 0.0 2.4 4.7
Oyo 99 3 102 51 4.4 2.1 4.3 5.8
Sokoto 60 0 60 20 2.7 0.0 2.5 2.3
SOUTH WEST 848 56 904 289 37.6 39.7 37.8 32.9
ALL NIGERIA 2253 141 2394 879 100 100 100 100
ENUGU ZONE 517 37 554 253 22.9 26.2 23.1 28.8
SOURCES: Nigerian Deposit Insurance 19934 Annual Report & Sagbama, J.E.I. "Community Banking: The Nigerian
Experience Bullion Volume 21 No 2 April/June 1997 pp27-45

REGIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE

In this section we consider the state of three of the most important regional and
environmental facilities and services: water, shelter and environmental protection.

Water
Water is a basic need required directly as food and as input into production, domestic,
agricultural and industrial. Although the entire zone lies within the humid tropics, potable water
is scarce 15 . In this densely populated zone surface water is heavily polluted. In the coastal and
lower delta areas it is brackish. Access to potable water depends on regional water schemes,
boreholes. The percentage of households with access to potable water is about the national
31.5 percent versus 31.4 percent in 1994.
Since the return to democratic governance the states have invested in rural water
schemes, often with the assistance and collaboration of external aid agencies. But the level of
investment varies. In Cross River State it was 12.3 percent of capital expenditure in 1999, 16 in
Ebonyi State it was 1.1 percent in 2000. 17

Shelter
The provision of shelter in Nigeria is left mainly to the private sector. Government
involvement is focused on public buildings and staff housing. In new states like Ebonyi and
Bayelsa a high proportion of the budget goes into housing development.
Unfortunately, not much is being done to take a more strategic approach to the housing
issue. There is need to initiate and implement policies and programmes which will encourage
and support entrepreneurs, communities and households to build improved and affordable
housing.. In the urban areas poor planning and dysfunctional zoning policies continue to inhibit
the rational development of mass housing and to promote the epidemic eruption of slums.
In order to raise the overall quality of housing there is need to develop and promote the
use of improved but affordable building materials and promote simple and cost effective modern
building techniques.

Environmental Infrastructure
Environmental management is one of the weakest aspects of our management of national
development. This is reflected in the lack of a clearly articulated policy and framework of
action, and by our tendency to be reactive rather that proactive, to respond to crises in an
episodic ad hoc manner.
 The major environmental threats in the Enugu zone include soil erosion, flooding and oil
pollution. No long-term programmes have been established to confront these problems in a
systematic manner. Disbursements from the Ecological Fund are determined not so much by
need as by political muscle and can make only token impression. The financially constrained
and technologically ill-equipped state and local governments are hardly in a position to take
much independent action in this vital area. There is need for a deliberate national policy to
address it.

CONCLUSION
The message of this presentation is simple. The state of the infrastructure sets limits to
what can be achieved in the development of the habitat, society and economy. Its improvement
should concern all of the many actors and stakeholders in the economy, from the three tiers of
government to the communities and households, from non-governmental organisations to private
sector enterprise. It is a matter of interest not only to all Nigerians but also to the global
community as a whole, a matter in which international organisations and friendly nations have
shown welcome sustained interest.
The case for systematic long term planning for purposive and sustainable Infrastructural
development in Nigeria is clear. Nigeria is not new to planning. The jibe is that what we do is
planning without facts. That is true enough, but it does not go deeply enough. The main reason
why we plan without facts is that we plan as if we do not need facts; more fundamentally what
we are really guilty of is planning without goals.
Infrastructural goals have to do with aggregate national levels. But their significance for
the welfare and development of the masses of the people depends on how they are approached
and attained at the local levels, at state, local government area and community levels. Hence,
the particular situation in each relevant area- the resource mix, the needs, the opportunities and
constraints – need to be spelt out and understood in concrete operational terms. Hence, the
relevance of the disaggregation of our analysis of the state of the infrastructure into zonal
presentations. I have in my presentation tried to draw attention to the various levels of
articulation and action. Just as the problems of the zones are not the same, there are significant
differences among local government areas within states and among communities within local
government areas. These need to be taken into account in a strategic approach to national
Infrastructural development.
END NOTES
1
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
2
Pocket Oxford Dictionary
3
For an elaborate discussion of the concept, see Ukpong (19 )
4
Mark Tomlinson, World Bank Country Director for Nigeria, in an interview with
NESG Economic Indicators Volume 7 Number 3 of July-September 2001
5
For this reason some economists have queried the ‘firm connection’ between improving
infrastructure and achieving economic growth, and urged the need for caution. This
perspective is discussed by Ibrahim (1995)
6
The argument is presented more fully in Ukwu 1985.
7
For an analyses of the causes, course and patterns of uneven development in Nigeria see
Ukwu (1980, 1985 and 1993).
8
The uneven pattern of educational development in Nigeria is discussed in Ukwu 1985.
Igwe (19 ) gives a good account of the role of missions and communities Eastern
Nigeria
9
Based on WAEC statistics reported in NESG Economic Indicators. 6 No. 4, 2000
10
For an overview of the development and problems of transport development in Nigeria
see Ukwu 19. The special problems of rural transport are examined in Ukwu .
11
See Rapu etc for discussion of the various suggestions and plans.
12
See Haruna 1998
13
FOS Annual Abstract of Statistics 1999
14
See Ukwu et al 1998
15
See Karmon (1963 ) for a detailed study of the physical and socio-economic
background to the water supply problem in the Eastern Region.
16
Ukwu and Agba 2001
17
Ukwu 2002
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adegbeyemi O. and Rapu, O.J.(1990) (ed) Transport and National Development in

Nigeria, Lagos, Federal Ministry of Transport/BG Publishers 1990.
Akeredolu-Ale, E.O. (1996) (ed) Integrated Rural Development in Nigeria: Policy
Issues and Options Ibadan, Spectrum Books.
Anyanwu, J.C.,Oyefusi, A., Oaikhenan, K., and Dimowo, F.A. (1997) The Structure
of the Nigerian Economy (1960-1997) Onitsha, Joanee Educational Publishers
Ekundare, R.O.(1973) An Economic History of Nigeria 1860 –1960 London, Methuen
Eniola, J.O. (1998)(ed) Transport: A Development Catalyst Lagos, Tranec
(Nigeria) Ltd
Erinosho O. E. (1989)(ed.) Health Care of Health Care Services in Nigeria
Washington, ADP 1989 pp. 36 –
Erinosho, O. J. Ohiorhenuan, J.F. and Ogwumike, F (1993) (ed) Health Research and
Health Policy in Nigeria International Health Policy Programme (Nigeria Team),
Ibadan,
FOS (Federal Office of Statistics)(1996) Socio-Economic Profile of Nigeria 1996,
Lagos, FOS
FOS (Federal Office of Statistics) 1999) Poverty Profile for Nigeria 1980-1996
FRN (Federal Republic of Nigeria)(1987) Social Statistics in Nigeria 1985, Lagos
FOS
FRN (Federal Republic of Nigeria)(1991) National Rolling Plan, 1991-913: Volume I
FGP
FRN (Federal Republic of Nigeria) (2000) General Household Survey National Report
June 2000 Lagos, FOS
Haruna, Z.M.(1998) “The Nigerian Aviation Industry, Past and Present” in Eniola
(1998): 82-90
Ibrahim, FN. (1995) “Infrastructure and Development- Notes Towards a More Rational
Planning” Applied Geography and Development Vol 45/46 1995: 9-16
Nwagwu, N.A. (2000)“Management, Structure and Financing of Education” I UNESCO
(2000): 10-21
Nweze A (ed.) (1988) Perspectives on Community and Rural Development in Nigeria
Jos, CDS Publications 1988 pp. 87 – 102.
Nwosu E. J. (1985) (ed.) Even Development in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects
Enugu, Fourth Dimension 1985. pp. 15-58
Olaloku, F.A., Fajana, F.O., Tomori, S and Ukpong, I.I. (1985) The Structure of the
Nigerian Economy Lagos, University of Lagos Press
Onoh, J.K. (1980) The Foundations of Nigeria’s Financial Infrastructure London,
Croom Helm
Onokerhoraye, A.G. (1997) Health and Family Planning Services in Nigeria Benin,
The Benin Social Sciences Series for Africa
Rapu, O.J. and Owoicho, J.A. (1998) “Vision 2010: Nigeria’s Transport Sector” in
Eniola (1998): 183-192
Ubesie, M.C. (2000) “ An Assessment of the Impact of Community Banks in the
Nigerian Economy” Nigerian Journal of Banking and Finance No. 3 March
2000: 60-70
Ukpong, I.I. (1985) “Social and Economic Infrastructures” in Olaloku et al (1985)
(ed)
Ukwu, U.I. (1985)a Ukwu, U.I. Managing National Development. Enugu, IDS 1985.
Ukwu, U.I. (1985)b "Infrastructure and Regional Development" Commissioned Paper
at the Annual Conference of the Nigerian Economic Society, 1985.
Ukwu, U.I. (1985)c "Financing Even Development Chapter in Nwosu (1985) 1985.
pp. 341-364
Ukwu, U.I. "Government and Community Development Programmes" in
Nweze (1988):87-102
Ukwu, U.I. (1988) "Government Structure, Spatial Organisation and National
Development" Annals of the Social Science Council of Nigeria, Vol. 1 1988.
Ukwu, U.I. (1988) "Transportation and Rural Development in Nigeria" Nigerian
Journal of Marketing vol. 3 No. 2 December 1988 pp. 43 –51
Ukwu, U.I. (1988)b “Financing National Development" Bullion vol. 12 No. 4 Oct/Dec.
1988: pp. 26 - 37.
Ukwu, U.I. (1989)a Ukwu, U. I. (ed.) Education for Self-Reliance: Mbonu Ojike
Memorial Lectures, Second Series Enugu, IDS 1989.
Ukwu, U.I. (1989)b (ed) Education for Self-Reliance, Enugu, IDS
Ukwu, U.I. (1989)c "Education, Self Reliance and National Development" Ukwu
(1989)b: 51-72
Ukwu, U.I. (1989)d "Management in Nigeria: Public and Private" in Tamuno et al
(1989) : 163-190Tamuno T. N. and Atanda J. A. (ed.) (1989)
Nigeria Since Independence - The First 25 Years: Volume IV -
Government and Public Policy, Ibadan, Heinemann 1989 pp. 163 –
190
Ukwu, U.I. (1990)a “Financing Transport Development in Nigeria” in Adegbeyemi
and Rapu (1990):129-146
Ukwu, U.I.(1993)b “Health Care Financing in Nigeria: Patterns and Problems" in
Erinosho et al (1993): 40-56
Ukwu, U.I.(1993) b "The Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities in
Nigeria" in NES (1993):109-150
NES (Nigeria Economic Society) (1993) The National Question and
Economic Development in Nigeria (Selected papers of the 1993 Annual
Conference) Ibadan
Ukwu, U.I. (1995)a “A Critical Review of Rural Development Strategy, Policies and
Programmes in Nigeria” in Akeredolu -Ale (1996) (ed): 57-71
Ukwu, U.I. (1995)b "Even Development in Nigeria: An Overview" Chapter in Nwosu
(1985)

Ukwu, U.I. (2000) “Inter-State Trade and Economic Development in Nigeria”

Bullion Vol 24 No. 3 July/September 2000: 27-40
Ukwu, U.I. (2000) “The Challenge Of Community Economic Development” Guest
Lecture delivered at the UNUBI BUSINESS FORUM 2000 Unubi, 25 April
2000
Ukwu, UI. (2001) Government, Business and People: Towards Partnership in
Nigerian Development Enugu, Ukwu Foundation Press
Ukwu, UI. (2002) Report of WORLD BANK Public Expenditure Review of
Ebonyi State Abuja 2002
Ukwu, U.I. and Agba, A.V. (2000) EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT FUND
PROGRAMMIG STUDY: Budget Assessment Reports on Osun State, Cross
River State and Abia State of Nigeria, Abuja February 2000
Ukwu, UI. and Nwakoby, B.A.N. (1989). "Health Care Institutions in Anambra State:
An Appraisal" in Erinosho (1989): 36-
Ukwu, U.I. with Anyanwu, .E.A. Imaga, E.U.L., Ofong, I., Nwakoby, F., Akwuba M.,
Omeje. K., Onyeukwu, O. E., Umoh, B. D., and Ugwuonah, G. Enugu State
Poverty Report 1998 (Report of Enugu State Poverty Study sponsored by
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Enugu, Institute
for Development Studies
World Bank (1996) Nigeria: Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The Challenge of
Growth with Inclusion- A World Bank Poverty Assessment, Washington, DC World
Bank 1996
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (1997) Human Development
REPORT, Nigeria 1996 Lagos, UNDP 1997
UNESCO (2000) The State of Education in Nigeria
United Nations System in Nigeria (2001) Nigeria Common Country Assessment Abuja,
UNSN