LECTURE NOTES fe] DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 6TH SEMESTER ES TCENGG.pep a EDI Qe Pst a 2 Cha ssify Signals 40d mulli-channel rowlfi- Hwoal conffnuccs {Ime vorrded pisenete | Continuous valued verses pisene| Lg] prsceus the concept of Proquenty tn confinuous time gtgnads DiguTaL SIGNAL PRoceseinig CdsP) ploairiq | @ — ake INTRODUCTION \ _ SYLLABUS. Discuss 8 nals, guatem Qs nol Protesting. Explain basic element of a df Hab signal processing Syston. tela} Coraparee. he. advantage of digttal signal precesetnn “ova anako signe pre oce seta dimenefonal argnals : edime otqnal- fe value Stynals Jrrne O diccrele | continuous bime au gitdel ginal - 4-3 pal pesurete time Qinusotdal signals {e84 Yormontcably rotated Complex exponent tal. LH) tgeuss Analog. to degital {o analog Convercaton & Eypiain the oltowotng «s pai} Sorepling Anateg atgnad- [4-2 The Sarpling-qh eorcem tsa] Quonfezalfont of confinuncs ampltiede signals - Coding of” Quantized’ Sanpte b5] Drartal to onal, Conver ston terg fradytis oP digttal Sytleree tonal 8 Ver disenete femme stenali Sys m: DISCRETE Time Stanacs & Avsteeas :— Yate ond &yplain discrete Hme_stanal. piccuM dome. Elernenfany discrete time Sranate. clegst py discnete ffme argnal . Digeuss Simple mantpulation of ditenofe time Signals - Wieu wit Valloc3.1 | Des ees zttcanefor, state. & Explain alcoed 7 - freansforem- . ja] Stafe & Enplein invercge. z- |rcanafoiern : 32} piseue Various properttes of Z~ Jreaneforen" pis cuts nattonal z-transform . Ogplado poles Q Zers: 22 Discus disurele bime dydten Hf beserctbe éopul--cubpub of ayslern: Drad blocks etéagrars of cligcrele time syste chassif digurele: time Syston DiSent enfertonnection of dreenete time Systern, 33] Digews dtsucele time me - tovaciend Syslern - | piseast differdnl feehatqve fore. the anculyh és of linear System 32 Discus the reetolabton of adisecefe. {fme. gi nal tnto bap gaa pescets fhe eesponse of LT System fo anbiteoy Ups U8i9 9 be, Convelufion jheorem 2244 Lyplain dhe puoporttes of convolubion § infer connection ‘of LT System: 235 Stud! System coith Pintke. dunafionk and inftaite duscafion irepulser response, aul pices olisecele Jame dystern dlosenibedts y difference. «. equ afions - Explain reecrercaive Q non- me cuasive dtscrefe time . Sutter + : vo ‘ peferrnine the %mpulie metponse of Ungar’ me wvantent: rotunsive Aysien: : Th HAE Z- TRANSFORM & TT APPLICATION “To THE ANALYSIS OF LT! systes | ry Rus opplicedtone to LTT System at deforming pe Locator firme demain elatincon: Pou cageral Seqnals- : : : t 28 3.9] Deterébe the Systen Pano} fon ofa Vingare Hime. tnwoicdanl* Syslem : Wieu wit VallocBa 2 iT * 54 Plee ~ Disc wvecse Zo transfor peuemine dwarce Z- franefbrun &x pansto n; uo = E\k £ by postial Pockions Ly |pracuse ourver Tennaroney 11 TS APPLICATION PROPERTIES : Yel Dis ass deecrele Pourcrox Jnangfore- ” 4 un) Determine frequent domain’ Sampling 2h reco nighurdtto ry of discrete firme Gigrale joe : : : 4a] atate Qe Explain discrete He: fewer Lrangformabtons ey Lae éyplain dtgurele Bourton. .ransfoeroations (prt). 46] Compute, DFT ata Uneor Praneforrraltons- . 6! Relate DFT fo other draneforen « wy] DBaes dhe. property of the. DFT. a ug Exptain mouth plications of- {uso DFT 3 & Einedar, Conv oletio FAST FooReR Trowsronm ‘Augorit & Diowim Frvress Sl Compute DFT & FFT algorith~s | 52| Explain dicvek Computafion of DFT ; 5g] piseus he radix = 2! “adgorcithe Carat). Problem) >} 54|Toteodualtons 4 ligttat falters CFIRsFIL TERS) 55| Trvtrodiueftone fp PsP axchiteefone, Pamtlaueccte gin of oltPPeron- types of. procordor . H oO OvaeU wit LalllocDiv tet Tartropuc tion = SIGNAL bes aos soto da ——— . - hteh vartes ant i >| A Signal tsa patel at a “9th os Himes Heaxpeet kp Some inflependonf voriabies SAY NT sl Lath Signa) musf conforin Some SP odd tana, video 914nat- , Exarnple~ peach Sfanet s Meta : ot ol .>|Ench Stgnal tha Panekion op. Some: independenf varinile 1”) Sich ag Hime Space ee tee gotta | ly | Syste s- : : : a le - * | Fausto isan énfity sOhich process Sorte “tnpuf-S tyra} atid dome. duped Signal: ' eh dae a 2 7, b}-—Syrs x | d Lr TEED dao | ah 4 Yee) = ofa. w] af geqed ‘ag = ‘ey : Apa tg os] ff Syston produces: ofp in reenponse Jo ap t[pstgnal. | 7 | Austen Gin'ad op analog “type ore di eto} : : i x : example! fralsg to digttal. Convercter. , amplifier a Parapet OvaeU wit LalllocGNA: Processirley + fo shemaets ate na rhe yl gene) preoretsing 2h anys operation phat changer he if Aa ae of a. ha glal (Henps Peg «Paste > Signal pieoeessing can be a cngfhool ‘of Exhiottting the enformafions frorn’ fre Signal : ese ae | Stnal moeening Can be of feoo types | @ Anode Signa procening cnlag mat he |. [@ digital signal pice corning * aw wb Es Paraple of Analog Signal pres ening R public adolrers Sysler- > ex eenple of clugitad signal proces tig. | tk Finpapetar re cegnization oR RADAR ‘ 1 A Speech, ne cognization * twi|Besie Evemens OFA Dict cienai Processing Sater s- ; A->d Convercter. ‘ pel ronyerntern ‘i : Plyt | : \ LL] ae Ty : oF prone EYE £ | Bi ‘Cs He, | Aralyy Ffetgent| NO i, | CHP ato beyoul (Bio dion of Ds? dplen) oa | ovale wit Lallloca 1 > The Samplec converts fhe. contnusel time —_ — 2? The mio Elemenfs of pep Syston one a - | Aradog to digital eonverterc (somplert , Quantizer Encoder) > Digital... afgnah procemor: - zs. ) Difitel ho Analog converter Cinterpolafore » low-pass Plier ,-decoden ds ro 2 ‘ # _, Firth fhe continuous hone dridteg 2ignal zs provided Yodhe te D tonerclerr. . = ConKnuous camplituate Signed into dis mete time i> continuous omplitusle signal _ ig The sulpud oP durnpl or & peal fo quantizer wohteh |> Convert fhe. discrete ime éonlinuncs amplieale \ Signal into disenete - Lime aenplitece agned « i ) 7] The. Entoder preovicles a parcheudl ar Valtiic fo dhe | quantizea| Signal $0, that we ge the digtt al atgnal | | 0h) at the Arto D convert en oufpuf- a “| The: vudput of Ato > donverfer. 4 dltgttal-stqna @) whieh | beat to digital signal procenrer ty | Digttal Sippab! processor nay bea” lange," resarcemenahe -Aidtal Computer orc may be a handeoee inital Proceore fe perform a. Mpecifte set oP i) operation! =e ; ae ovale wit Lalllocis The. oetpuf- of dtetta signee! prscembre Kh digital” vi) an “nabute “go, we have to “again Convert if to anal ee Signal by jhe. help of D te h Converter (+ =p] The most common type of pte Converter. és Kero order broldt- - ->|Tn D to A converdet a P . |proctuced to frat of the benarey vi > \the infercpotufor, Cunyerds tne analos anabog atgnal » > [Tn Zero order. hold peahneque a given Bop le : a hold for fre toted ample gnberwral untill jhe next ample ts acres. . |The Low pass Prifec ubfecantbt tho andes treable his breqvene: Earnpon ‘ ad dvanage Of DsP_ovec Anatog tana Pres cessing 2 advantage 1 oe reoporttonad supped is ales « / Laraples ‘gato Digetel Stara) processing have the Poticeotag over analog Signed pron costing « ; @)|Flextbittty :- vat i pests / Deqttad Signa) prey cessia psp) Gpercottort » angi : nt ad ol Hat eral pedeomet eohity ag égrad ‘peacewor af fhe progeare to tne CL difpreuth in case of on (i)] Greeaferc Accurency s- Digital atenal = ie (pa?) hove. green ecucany ond Conteol overt anata signal proce sing j a “e | OvaeU wit Lallloc&) AG) pep eh indepenclen: “of fenpaxdtone ,ogeirg oP att ec) Dap 4 cheaper duo io wings productions east! gg!) 1 le Dado Storage eetyt-s uae yi we Foe DU ltal etarap coy Gore} Easily. 60 -CD »rdve and) nip 8toretng. efawteer: anal fF can weprndates Easily “whtch i not possible én eaxecof one stqedy peony, 0 EE ms SS Easily freangporfed t=, es Sain @ ad DSP Can be Jrears porepeid? Costly, -oohereps pated gna 8 nb. cst yy boar eobal Jmplementations of Sofespicaeg alpocitoe. : (| Digital cious arcestess eerathive. fo, Environmental . # changes and folacanee of componend- ‘yabstes components: : ar Ge reproduce, sdntnavis® ‘DSP can proeem very (ou Preeguency Signa IDaP allow time Ghourecing . ae A, ee DISADrANAGE OF VP ac Sistem Complex’: : Oey dainty Lented today, 8 Sem ovale wit Lalllocee ee a ee a ME Nat] fipplicetionle OF _DsP > Speech Keto g nizaffon [mage preveessing . RADAR Signaf Processing Spectrum Arab yd ts SONER Signal prtacerding? - JGNAL 2 Crnsgitica tions OF - ~ ay dhgpal BKC. clase epred Endo typ 3 [Broadly a . rm | th) ® Continuous time Sign - (ii) D tseced time gtanal xn Stanols can be farfherc chastpied tn the Pn eh. ; pret tate R non-degenraetttic (») periodic & Apertodic Sf9n ‘ (e) Even atonal & odd gegnaf ’ @) &n ‘qtqnaf ower. ean [> Pe Tend pe & Patties. f) condtmanus value styral B, dicenete. vabue. sig0 MULTI- CHANNEL SlewaLs- Tf the Signa) t4 genoraped by a Single source : then CU Cadlleaf Of SEnaie channel Siqnak, Stynake hich ane genecateol from morte: than One Source [Known at mulpi-channep signal i i | OvaeU wit Lallloc— ee tl This Atgna)s ane tceprceserfer) bo Veopor. | EXemple +. —Aaple Sip =f 5.® S ) 53 C4) SCH) 24 0 3-Chann ef Stgnal Exe- 14 The ground aceefercationt due to Earthquake In E@G, & may, be ithe. 3+ Land 90, thaf- the signals meu be 3- channel ow |2-Channef MULT) — Dimenstonal Sig NAL ¢— atgival % Gad to be mubfi- dinnens?ona) 2 & aw Panthions of ome—/mone than ene_ Variable, Example ¢ Pittere 4 an 2.-climansionaf Lignad, Colour Tv sigoal ha 3- dlemensional Stgnal- CONTINUOUS. Time: Sigal ¢- i “he Stena) haf Varies eontinug ly ewlth time. &% Known of Confintoud fime: atgnal ” Eb & clefined for both value of Boe Tr tolces the value th Continuoirs intersvap ane to aw OvaeU wit LalllocExample ge 4,0) = Sint continuous time signal tohere £%& the independent ih) £ reopesentea| by x¢f) vorctaabLle > T eR oA Te DISCRETE Time Stgnare f dieunehe. Heme atgoal ex dePioeo| only cordain time entfont. “Trig Hee osfart may be oe may not be °° equi distanf bub waurlly taken at equally Apacosl intercval . i Th digcxefe time signa), the. ampltude: bet een a. tine. cuttonf &8 rok dePined diserefe time signal % denoted by x(n) where th A independent vasctable, Realy nt) ol isengpe ime syne . | ovale wit LalllocCON TINO VALUE * 21GjNALS- i Signal % Sato to be confi nuoes valucof Klarl Pf eb fofees. abl possible valu, ona Prntte. ore caplet. range | ath) a) Disenete VALE Qlemie g Disucete Value Atynah alse ome. Vile Prom ao given Sef _ ~ 4 No emally, ths Values ore auth obice ig Cun’ be_ Expressed 4 @ Chega om utheple 4 3 of the olifance hefuden dhe fun Jueective. Value , , : OvaeU wit LalllocSe a ee ConcerT OF FREQUENCY IN: ConTINvOvE Tine Sisvsor par - StGN IL 9_ Mafhe maficubl a, confines ak fime ginudo? dal Styne tan be reap cos enfer| by pieka _ 4 gin (get to) 700 ES. o Am ptitede frequency to calf oce te oly where, : — a= Anak oF stqno} A= Amplitusle Ot = Preey pry in read) [seo O= Prose 2 = aur rr T= Time pertod Digerete Trae Sinvsoinqt inal s- Se a 18 Mabhernabically ah reepreehen fice) by elm) = 4 sin(ewt F0)5-m | pe Jretr) = 1H [| li : a OvaeU wit LalllocQE — Hagmonnenuy -Revares Complex Exponent = a ConTiNuous Time Egponented = hay all 2 Strat) “The hatte cipal rt ConPinuoud Hone. anion d reels feof &ypon enféap af- Ike c : odie » |S 00)= where,“ : “k= Toteger Re OH, EQ : nl TRE “7.0” can be. conittes ak A "in the Porm of hormondtatiane tale) &omplex Exponential neake aa z Ce Sk @)= 2 Cyd Dot nots sat Morse dg Discrete Fine” FXPONENTIAL ¢- Stn) = oo kigon ke o, tlre te RE yt, ln) = CK Ste Cn TO yeti Sink y= ee N rod io Vw OvaeU wit Lallloc| : / | Paseplig SP ty Sipe | There ane many wos to Somp agnod buf we will considerc, only the sampling ore onifoum damping: enafresrafically we: reepresenfé « j Here, Cn) ic the diserefe dime aignaf eohteh & obtoin by Jamnplee] of Anatoy signal wf) oF Bercy TJ gee. . ; / \ : A = Xafo1) my @ (® | Se BOE. wcripay pl : Sampler te, an analo pertoalte. Here, T és the Lime tnbexvaf between the Sucecewive Samples [nown af Seurnpl tray inferetad, —slthe relebton befween band ny f=0T Similwichy , the roletion befeween 2 ancl eo net vg - Consider & anokng Signal eB after Gorplica, with ow frequency fort | ata lt) = Aces Catrt +0) = Atos (aT Fo dye) ovale wit Lallloc= feos (QE wn FO) _ eos (ar Fo Fe FS oa salt ben apes Pow. confinuoeds Lime ginusordal Stgnal the Pregeng F and 2 —p LiFe Ha Kac - Fore obisenode time agnuseidal Signal the range oF fusy centr vestioble wre Here a ee ap a : Fa = SamplinpPeagveniy and i rose f- 3 fin= maxim on frequency pe ay tn The gtgn al. os i when Lamplin: tafe es Sxachly ue} to ' Aimy then the Sampling rape “eg Jeno oh ngquisr ~ nN quist reote && leo dated ak eal Sarapltog reife, ephich “ee nepresenfed by ta Ooxim uno Sasnpitng tnferval te Known af | rei inTdee | “Trten polation “The pro cons of mosont{reso ta a tonfinuong time Aigoal alt) Prom 8b Saroples & known of enferd) alafion. | vant zation of confingouwd Sroplttude Styoal 1) 4 at efo Stra) oa Sequence of oombern én | cohich Fach Snumbeic &4 repretenfeof bya Pintle. | nore of dtigits « - - “The. Process of converting 0 diserole Lime ontfa— 1 tious amplijuste atarel eae a disenete me olfscxete. omplituste Atgnal by Expremting, Baoh. Sample Value ona. finte nombar. of. dents bs calted’ fhosinifeeeein OvaeU wit LalllocTh Inte procek Come Cenons one goat | which 2 called) Quanfizafton Prerore: : TP the tn ee of uanhizerc ef Cn) ond) outpab of inti i“ a Cn) fran ode Can ened quantizafion Errore. cutre_difrerente. of quantized vole and Sampled value, eg,Cn) - eg tr) _ Cn) ; , Codia ‘of quantized Sample t- Tn todin PION oO votque hinany ovmber. es a. asignes| to Each quarfteation, level, =|TR we have 7 level then ewe reed al teasty i Q. 9 n different binaryy/ nornben_ wlth o wortal lengtn of ‘b? no. of bik and we can create gb binary number, : Dk > aletacla Dégital stanal processing A gotten and App Ucateon JG. Proapes pigital signet pening - Ramesh Bobo consider a1 Anos, Styna) tals 3co¢ too Tet lo) pefeemtne. the enénterom Saenpitn rafe 4 avor) altar? fb) Soppese-the géynal & Sampied af! the 3 ued then shal ¢4 oe diel lime Sigel ice Seal. _—— iF ovale wit Lallloca ae aaa by “alt= 3 cot toorck & i: “se S 1) | Ar3 m= gol ee: Minimum Sampling, reo nt ist a ahs iu Pl “y te oe vw ds= Qx5d= \ootle, . £ tes Ln A Fe axla)= A 08 ATE oy fe = 3 cos [00 w,,. 00 fet» Se | “a constieic an annboy Signal «ts Ct) = 3ces BOTT HOy | Boot t - Cos LOOM chen Find ouf tre nyquistnage Bon. te. Porchteslere .8zonal. 3 cos poet = 4 cos aw fit A$, = 5 Pye Qe bhe = ue jo $79 good = A ws at, , aa= 300, “dae (50 te ovale wit Lallloccos [oo TE = A cos aw ss Af, = [00 far pola © Here, Fay= 150 He J§s- aden = Qxisp* 300 pigitel to Aialiy converte To Od a. dist tol, sys info an oeyip t b. pA converter es used J] tie Puneltoo of DtoA converter: & fo interpolate Sampler " obadt Sa ig bene Speafies the optine intey ‘taffon Pose band Umited) Stgna A geno orden volt tn the at teple type of.D=8 tonvercterc Analysts f Digital 4 Syptero Signal Vs is yeswute, time signal Sytem s- n he values of oli tal $iy na)’ ace’ eo Ae eate ‘Seb op pestle vate! this Signal & iA Used ‘in atigital toate enerably _ Compuper erate | on the oumbert. Gener’ ane wea Tig sing oF Leo ond one The tengih oP Ants Ling ts Pred and Finite, Gometimes Anes finite soon don Cquse. Comm — Onition tn fhe onalylis of of PsP Syston: | —__ “do o nxo \ O4041 Vln, | eghen to %$ Complex ash ox tte then Co) = ne? ern = 17 (tos ants sn y 1m ‘Scanned with CamSc| a | | chassitPicabion of disocafe time Atpral °° Enenay Segnol and pests, Stanal He the Enoregy of a disurofe time Stgnaf v2") 16 lePined| of fe Epo? >t signal vin) 2 Called) ax Enexgy- egnek a _the Energy és: Pintte Coxe < es) and power equal te Zero - > The average Power of a oligerefe kine. seypal 2 7 #1 a i ape TS te Efeor) where , gPin : ! =a > te Signal outn) és coded." power Signal : iP ond only ipihe pues. és fintte and Energy te tnPintte t ‘Scarhieu wir vainSeae Topintle Surnme pion Porro uba bine Oe ee of or = 1, als? n=0 yma ni Oo = ——~, ja\<} Pan S ode or ta ned (-a¥ - © 7 Fintte Symmetion formula z- iy rh nt © ys tro a WEI ) n=0 {- o& Ww @® > \ Nt 9-0 = eNO ON H n= NCNtI ovaeu wit LalllocOo . etqnal & check whehor the nit sep 354" ott power. “Qtano). : go yc(n) = lr) EF = |e) 2 Jen) . - Far Fte*. P= Urs | = |x tel” Nae Ant) Ae-N ne aoe. si & Joos? ~ = Y* Qntl u N+ Pare aaa a lim pe. raw We ah aT th Energy SCdiineu wiul varioc. Fil dhe brenegy ord jowor of o ee «oe( +) wor) o eae 2 peor 2 . pres = > Gy ates nse ay = ovale wil ValllocL : PeRiopie AiintgL_AND _Aperrooi $160 : og gentod¢ wotln pertod ~ vs & nal an) 2g perto . when x (n+n) Aes por amt value ai ~C | The Smabkert value. a yeaa q) Es.yalid 4 [enon as fandore | —oP the ego) és net caffe Loong Seve it. ORM then the atanal cy Apercto i 4 wo Know traf Wy XN = 27EK | wing atgnabe ate Wn : : whether dhe fd¥e sedinaie at. not and algo find the and arnenfo| erroo . CI) actn) = Cog O- ON THN y “a> fl = Cot WM | a ares | = * = Qk = Ak 0.0} err CAIIICU WILT vainiscee ee ee “tka atanad 34 jeniodic sailhen be Cause gf ts cwlfiple. of AC Jno enintraynm value of k és taken terfitne a puvod & Joo: Dp > 101-80 . Epa ple = (D. Cn) = 0% 1 = 4tn Lon / ‘ Kini we Wy arp = 4 . = = Is at a | Ke! 3 = nN | a x(n) = cog aT] + Sin W/g cos aT /3 0 tn W/an wor aT]3 w= BiT/2 any = 27/3 agh = H/2 el alt _ Lk i $ my #e yp “Ne k=! ) oe 3 Ket , War N= lem (nN, 5 Na) oN =\Q SCaiineu wit varioc* a Scone th Periodic f f= # teow ralto, Nwmber, ; : a ya pertodte Signal mee power. Stgnale # Fu aperciodte scanals ane Energy argnad ; RAMP Signal ame neither power nor energy oe Sn és apentodic. Sign af ‘OX gtr) = a” alr) E = = Jocen) |* nae 7 x = Jo" utry| nee a =| |” a3 J nz ‘at Scanned with Lamscj digerefe ime Signal is datdl to be Suenmelrce (Even) f th Sat ty i feeadanee|f Port at at values of nD: oC) \ -|— iit n hatte Symrmelcte 2 tyra! lethal To Geicd FO teurepe time geqnel ig tt-valucrol jt eet ti ted Jhe tend [fon for alt “ a. Signal pep ef setish ‘ a a All Th 3 oa ; j aOR K Eyen st yoo eh dyrmnnedeeC above Le aXts n bee fe gyal. 0 aborted oreegrn and odd vy ; a — Scanned with CamSc(i +, | * 1 aie © AME Shifting. opercaliont shift the values of the Seqven hy an integer variable. shifting can be either otelauy > the Shifting Can be niopreseinted by , yn)= 2C9-K). or al val ne, Ke +ve — alates Ke VE ~-aclvance > Yln)=x(n-2 ) x09) nea nso a! 4 cn) = x(n 4) ; os) 4 LL Scanned with CamScTime Reverga} (Folding } (folding) , Time Revercgal of the. seq vence vA one toy oO. . é holdin} the Sequence about 9* Diz looude lo. 0lYo _ (ul) Gime Geabtng-s— | Tt be obtained by replacing n by as ie 4 * ie = ; oper 7 oe ; 2 4 . 4 f Yacsdtty 4 Rer | ~ ey netge? | Scanned with CamSc7 Here, atn) changed fo- ven) te) Talking he o 3 3 / é 2 4 bP eae | n _0% rN « « x. a & sd we So bal oh oe A ee a ee rots 7 oh ee a : cele. toeapesed 4 sy -2 to) Ee. seth - () Sealer Mulliplicafton s- tm aels) extn) 4 wy "4 2. L gee Ogee? snel heb ve nie) Buwrk’ dengan nopretenpafton ap disenete time Spal m => pallor, 4) ri eo . yon) = 1 ,) + %4.C0) ocaimeu win vainSeByomnple fo) x 09) jt 2,124 esta § 2513} Yend= $3, 3.4062 (byredtnd= 229 2g Cn) = qh 1, 3,43, yon) = §2, a5, 5,25 a conttant "uuisplier s- Cn mie “eee ») m(n)= $254,623 2 ae2 a ecny= $4 8,128 ep lie 3- <> Mothiplies aa 0) tt - a) 09 gO) = {223 4 5h, a0) = Sty an co yor ~ forties Of afafiont espe ser 4 ‘ ovaeu wit Lallloci : —> A discrete dime byte & @ device. that openares F on o cisenefe time oper Signal agln) process dre i inp Signal with Somme definite functions anal provides i an ovfpuh ytr) which & also dtgenefe sn nature: 0) igen ebe Tapub stynataly are _outpal atgoal ' System yor) bo Yor TI Coy] i es Ayenbot T denotes the ‘rcansfonmatons . | Tap oufpet dleserciptions of a Systern te = Thee co Oo mothemalical nelakions befween tre >" trpa ond aufput ofthe discrete. Time Systenn In ordlerc fo give. the’ ub thee vw af tecminel ze used and tA onder to jet, fhe oufpat the oubpt i fosumtael as used, , = he inpuk-ad oufpat both must be digucele tn najure- Scanned with CamSc> we ton Express Cn) tryin), shreds wseane. tes Cn) te fre mosponse of the System and sln) denotes fhe. ax citations: pa ™ Chapsifieations of, dic exehe Hve System ¢- ._. | > egenete dime System ane classihienl depending ; on tts various reopersties and shanactertetics 04 [lows t- ; (1) Stofic and dynamic Lester Lo () Time vorient and time invauciont: oysters Gu) Causal and ner enunal Softer” prs (YD Linear and non: Lioeer depter. 2 h, T (vy) FIR, and TTR oyster : (w) oble and unsfatle Syster opiate Ard Dyramic fee “> A disenofe Heme sper | ialted UofT ore’ memo des aystem eEthe oufped af-any, onttanl? and depends, on the input Sample af Some : but nok on the post and future values of He Booaple >In oddest vine cake the ‘typter braving memory ts called a dynarnte. Aytler : ~FExampl® *yyerd = anKtn) —> Stake system w)ycr) = axe GD — Stabe sytem © (u) ger) - slo Dtanln-2) 7D fie, . mee 7% fa OvaeU wit Lallloc‘a " H “ime Varctonf. and Time invention} Syptern - “2 f Myslern ts doid to be time imvandenk. ff ‘od ouput chararfercsbics dootnel change wolfe, Heme, o fo a del , “tnpof- dbtve yee és ~7 TP the respon! oof ‘rcegponie are equal fren, the £ del caid fp be. Hone twvortonh - —> Leb the inp of; the Syste és On) ond outp dhe System 1h yer) - ‘>The reiponse fo & delayed input ts chencted bi" : d. : glo.) = T [oc tn- ky] ; > Here, ihe isput & delayed by K Samples now the cooky a dodawsed by K Samples, £0. got) oF > york) = yo-k) fore all values ok then the Sytten ! és ne kovardenf- . / : . —] 4K) # y(n-k) fore olf values ok then the System ty time vartient “4g . Test wheafhere. jhe. System io Kme vanienber invented gon)= oct ac(n-!) Yas 4 abel best y (nat) = % Cn-K) + % (n-k ~1) york) = ae (n-k) + Cn-k-1) SZ rk) GeO 86, the-bystom 8 Hime tnvaicient ‘Scare win vainSea {™ = x9) bobo 4 ycrsk) + a C-9~ #) yen-it) = 2¢(-6 (r-W)] = xEntk) * Py Ok) # yferk) 8, Ihe System ce time Vasciont yn) =n xn) oo tn,kye on ae Cole’) y (n-k) P(h-k) x n-k) & york) ¥ qen-k) ! G0, the System, tg Heme vente Horne_te|< Q: yor ACN’) Cos Won @ yim x(-n-2 , (apeousel and Nor causal System g one Qt be. coursed sf the oufpat gugpenn f¢ Sat vA ena on the present and past tnpat of the Semple Re topul I athe oufpubopthe syiten depends on frutu ae yet srbget cape fron Yre System és Gatd to be non - couse! gystern SCafiiieu wiu variiocuy eG Y= cen 4 ds. i Ansi- Talsing ea) ty ; > yYO)- x (0)-—+— = ne) et x(0-1) TeKing-n - I 7 FS yads eM + ten © et) + Le Seis . Taking he--l ” x {@) ~ xC)+ 7 -x(f+ : %(-2) 8p, the System ee ny os the_ oulpat tens on est and present Value « GQ yOny= CHF) : Angi Taking n-0 > yl = 0%) = x05) Joking n= * yr= x(t) = *W.- Taycin ner Loge 4 yO) = (22) dais, i Taking n= 1 | Pye) = x6 rt) =x@) | Here , the output depends en pretend an pee value to the ¢yslem és non —tautal, OLAIHHeU witil Vall iSc- pie 13-01-20 Linear And Non= linea Systems ‘A Lyslem thal Lobishy fhe-pretneiple. ob gy ° 29 dato to be Lineate pit. b oe a Soper postion principle toid thaf-the response othe aystem toa wwatfested Some of-Stanel és equa) tothe Corerces pondlin weignked gome. of -aurtpupsta nad fo tach oF individu) oubpalr- . » ; Get ay weta)—> agit) , . T [are Cn) Fo, x,Cn} |—>T [o,7e40>9] +Tax.) : oR ob Linear @ pstern a oe AT: anCr) $a, %2(n)]= a, TP xo ]+aeT [a] Fem which does nor fall ow the principle Known 04. Qype po Non— (near system. tet ; y Q: Tet whefher. | the fii Spot tin eas om . non~Lineare . a is , t ghee yon) - 15 (9) , The $ 0 Soper poston ee gol) 5 1,7 (ny / Poryln) =O, tn) Moya fn) = O25 Cn) ee HO ae ; —SCEMMTET WITT wall 1 1SCJO) =O 2n) Fa, M2En) -- 7 O- {Om = [ox % 60) + amr] 2+. ® eyinton @ fd © > nent 2 yor) = ncn) . Y yen) = 109) , . ye tn) = nx, Cn) : : "= Oy natn) Fane oe wor ®D oe T [om Fa, x00) | eq oon). a = 0, n%X,) + a,n%X, (ny Sal Cquation © =@—vlinear ~ @Q yorr= vbr) yatn) = %: C0) | a(n) = 7, CM) . ula may ot et Cre DE a a Cnt) a) output cup fo twedanted ‘en enpuk yo Toe Ch) Fa, uty] = a, 1 ) Fan, nt) coi equafion @® and © —rhinean. SS bn ovdiiecu wit vall ScQ yon) = ane (n)tb Sable System and Unstable Siplerm's LbI System 8 Gaid Jo be Sable tf it produces bounded oubput ve As Jor bonded. a —> The natetlarcy.. canditio ng yor. istaili ae cs Sommession - Win) ao ‘ @ Tech apt ability 4 spite mm whose impulse System p(n) = & yy utr) ‘ men 3 - > hw) n-- sare n=O «= jo” ee 7 2 a ‘ig & pe 2 ae Soy ihe AA, és flobla, Staiinea witn vamscFinthe ump ule Rerponse and - Unftatfe ump use Retponce s- , > Tethe emp ulce respon se és Of i ducafion Ane System ys Saidl to be_fint | empubse werponse. syster- ; , ho) bln) = $1, n=0, 1 -2, N= 2 -\, n=6~-l : An inpinthe un pulse 4 pon co blows tens have. énfinite_ durcatton Sequence ‘Tnterconnerftong of Atecrehe Lime Sytem 5 Scanned with CamSconside to LD system, with dn pubic responce hytn) id ha tm eanonstaal th Cosiacde a7 tate) CO (0) 3h, ee wal « gee Yo Cn) = %) RAE) hen) a the) h, (n=) ’ n=0 =p try ey convo lubion deh aiaien aor ponse of QL ys * Nei ie I dhe eonvolubton Ok. fen & | endivedu inf Unpulse nerp We PARALLEL INTERCONNECTION 3- (ul:{s beepers ee yi) U ‘ | of y a | hut) + ha Cn} or OvaeU wit Lallloc onse_, yw gscHO) = oe Cry’ HH) Yatr) = rc0n) ae he Cn) yor) = yin), + ya gerd = Se Ck) hy (n= Ke me Ck) Ina CK) Nz -o0 > > atk) hCa-k) = yon) = at(n) Hb) | nn cheod en #F JO, when 4 fen ore Conne! Paradtel the Ge alt Tropubte response, th fhe Summefiton ok scant aE reekponse, Resrote oF En aysten” Te -_Agariany 4 \NPUTS 2- pli Seca convolution seSun7 5- Ne AO n ortbitory Sequence oC! in {eed of, bmmpulse aepenie Cn). > Py & ere ) tan bo reeprerente a © ‘SCaTinveu win LamScmelrd= 2 5 n= 0,! «i, nen Q dtr) +) bs Coe) 49 Cn oh 6-2) “> fh atgenete. ‘Time duster per Hrng an’ -- pperations. on the tap: “ nof based on Gome pae defined weaibotl be a modified ouput manly dhe ‘npub of O aystery es ‘yathenpelse then the oufpat of the aypte és denoted: by hen). pem= TL scm) ] ~~ CD > we can. wntle the arcbtbaruy Feqivente os a weighted for of discrete Impulse, yom Bat sto) =o 9p we a tne bin oi ie 5 ets TP 8Cn- 0] you ed Scanned with CamScid ec ‘> Fore ime tnvartent Qyster . LS The Conwlution gum Can be reap resenbes Ty enyie. etm hon) STEPS INCLUDED in Con VOLDTION | The Proeess . of convo tution between . the: Sequence otk) andl nue) invo ive | fhe following ote f- t+ Fobdling g- o hCk) es pte ad we outs nee. Je She pting- & : 2 8 ohild h (-K) by n ul. Multipltabion # f= ae Multiply x CR) by htn- “*) \ve Gommation .- | orm Tom all the: value of product Bequernte he Va vya ee ae en a _ Defereming the convolution gum o wo Segquen Ce, ~~ method ) | . ne(n) = fa. 1, 22 a _ tn) = $15.9, , a4 n=O . Stocking point of tn) o h(n) =O : y Cn) = ot Ces! i nlom bere ob Clermont? op xen) = 4 - Numbere oh Elements ophend = 4 = Number. ob Etomenks ok a” N= N,t Np -! se N 441s 8-1 eT Na 4 13, i re Geq ht mood | mee oe a Cae ili 0) “Bare 7 cece . a Q 42 yer) wd PLE CW yay — > ‘ | Aadicg = lr wr ee afk Be eT gl m gheping pe w cde tab ed) # WCr-*) h(n-Kk = n(o-k) Ce) © ie hob) mn) Mulfiplitatfons mn yo) = 5). ak) h CK) 2 Qteee nén-) nh @i-k) ~1-K7o \=l ovaimeu wit vamSe— onAGN!!!OC!!!t™~*~tS eam of b Ce) ong “yenen@ bik). aout 4 \ , 2 ne * < i 3 a = RO fs 4 02 F wenek) ! » Cp -18) o Peer ar — kel 40) = xe) WO ), ~3t4tl - =8 Line =F (ni) aya n(a-k) ao Ke Q nO aye ned y C= 09 Ca -K) = Ot F2b2 eS ne A : h(n-k) . 4 ) h(3-K). | eee . ne) 97> Ge gid- x Ck) hln-k) = UF] 4y. — ed Ovaeu wit ValllocdW = x Ce!) h tn-k) = =* o1e : es | h Cn- k) hs -K) kee are ne nee 06 4 C5) © 9c Uc) h Cnc) a4 Scanned with CamSc| ber Olas sagt area ayy propectier of Canvelaion “a (i) Commapafive aw (2) gasouabiye Yaw (&) Atedreibabtve law: commurarive LAW § gen) K hin) = hen) 3 nen) , S alk) htr- = Shek) me (nk) AagotiA TE Laws- : [etm ptr) ] 3 he) = oeLyx [hited geht] STR BUTINE LAWS< ° DISTRI pe auth) xr op i) qe al ve Cn) & hile) + nels) hn) = oct) h othe} ot Tngerceornenttons op LT Quaten s ee Je Cog Cade Infor connections : \. poalte? Lh. Senteh rn parle! . jn fer connections. - | OvaeU wit Lallloc\wfisite _ Duration " |MpULSE Regponse ¢~ AMFIAITE, DoKRnod ES 1 - Aceoralin ty the. olweaffon o} oP in rosponge. LTI gyster ean be ctasst pied . two typed - . | le Fed te impulse Response. 4 yster ? — ib the tmpulae. response. sequence is af | 4 iyathe aluraftons . Examples - Kin} Ly neo" 3 a3 For. toca! rR Sashery h(n) =o fore 780 he syShero Whose. [mpulse response fs aigethe ze Known od mnpdnite émpubke . Recor ve And Now- Recwrave Syetey g- qevenine_Seiar : ater whose. present oakput yr) depend qunber Of post oubperf: value, &¢ Called! of | || je] Reeercstve Sater « ; Examples gin = F[ men) > qe ') »4yo-)] kal. ‘ ovale wil LalllocNow" Recwrawe Syerer Pe | A sytem cohoge. present ouppuf gto) dpe on present and post: valued of Tapeh signed is. jenown os Non Reruscgeve _Sytters y OLUTION oF. LINEAR Con TANT Coep FICIENT —_ Neer 1 FFERENCE EQUATION © r ore aolve ty two state oe eno NG method: » Trdixect “method. RELT METHOD S> ) ; aa ae method , he doludion of fhe u [n hoo parts: crofton’ consists Of . Horne geneous pack - yn) tr) a_parctiodere Tg ree 4p MetHop § trupieeet. METH ase “web Lh ay ts vsed bo Solve he ~ eee ane : Mo Sa | ovale wit LalllocoF ag ae err ane a naane™ + r Homogenicovs Soto OF A DIFFERENCE oc tcaetenaeencn ate Se a * EQvéTion S- iS Hore geneoiu ‘golubons: ts pbtoiner by putting: 3¢ On) = 0 go, thal, hp 4 tn- le) =o —— Keo : pasome_ that te Solultons oF nis oj uate ts to Exponential form : nr) 2 RP ——t) pulting equaticn aw) t equalton a)! > nm KD: =o Saw nN = Oy rt AAT FORE yh APM [og Rb ANE oy AME . +09] 0 “The. polynomial} tn the braolet te Knox ak . thanackercshic ea witfons: + Gadeeh oe Roots Are Distewer +, I, ok roots OF Os AL ALLL oy. The | general solubong & in the forun yout ovaimieu win vainSe