Chuong 6. . TRAO BOI CHAT ‘Bai phan tirté Chat dink dwéng | a Qua trinh phan gidi cac chat hau co thanh cac chat don gian Qua trinh tng hgp cae chat hau co dac ‘rung cho ting co thé... Cac tién chat ‘Ammino cs faye ‘Nitrogenous bases . . Cung cp NE BoiINC 2 QT xay ralién tuc, lién quan ln nhau, ko tach roiNang Iuong tich lay ATP = Adenosine triphosphate NH: m0or wT he oO! ‘1H, cai. all 4 H 12.000 calo PHEHP Ribese Adenine FIGURE 1-25 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The removal of the ter minal phosphoryl group (shaded pink} of ATP. by breakage of a phos- phoanhydride bond, is highly exergonic, and this reaction is coupled to many endergonic reactions in the cell (as in the example in Fig. 1-26b), ATP Lién két cao nang pyrophosphat trong ATP dug tdng hop nho nang Ivong thoat ra tte phan tng oxy hdéa sinh hoc Sw phosphoryl hoa —Phosphoryl & mtrc co’ chat —Phosphoryl oxy hda (trong chudi hé hap)Phosphoryl & mtrc co’ chat ¥ ATP dugc true tiép tao thanh khi nhém phosphat duoc enzym chuyén ti co chat (hop chat chtra phosphat 6 dang lién két cao nang) sang ADP. ¥ Nang lvong giai phong tur pha v6 lién két phosphat cao nang trén phan tir co chat duc dung cho qua trinh phosphoryl hoa ADP Ge 4 —_ E | an | B® Se Phosphoryl oxy hoa Phosphoryl héa dién ra déng thoi voi qua trinh oxy hoa coenzym kh NADH trong chudi hé hap NL giai phong ra trong qua trinh van chuyén cac electron & mang ty thé duoc st dung dé gan phosphat v6 co’ vao ADPPhosphoryl oxy hoa trong day hé hap Téng hop duc nhiéu nhat la 3 lién két cao nang phosphat (ATP) ADP ADP ADP FADH.\ ,2Fe|/2Fe"\ , 2FaM| 2 FAD #!\2Fe"] are” * 2Fe* | 2 Fe ~005v |-o04v |roz6v +029V |+OsSvV | +0;8V 1 ate ATP. : ere * ~-------- kano + Qua so dé: Hydro cila co’ chat dug truyén cho NAD hoc NADP rdi qua nhiéu bac va cudi cling din tl due chuyén cho Oxy phan tl». Oxy bi ion hoa va két hyp voi 2H* dé tao thanh H,O. Qua trinh chuyén dién tl va H+ tir co chat dén oxy phan tie qua nhiéu bac nhung chi od 3 bac su chénh léch thé nang oxy héa kht ln hon 0,20 von dii dé gidi phong nang lugng (khoang 12000 calo/mol) dé téng hgp lién két phosphat cao nang ATP. Nhu vay khi mach hé hap bat dau voi NADH co 3 ATP + Khi mach hé hdp bat dau voi FADH thi chi téng hop duvge 2 ATP. =a arene es 6.2, D) ” sanchivontnntea mh , ass HOA: oy | ssmes* | 2. Phan giai céc don phan cdu tao nay thanh mét san pham théng dung la acetyl-CoA Gém 3 budc =o 3. Phan giai tiép qua chu trinh kreb (citric acid) 48 tao thanh 3 sn phdm cu6i la nuéc, carbon dioxide, va amoniac.6.2.1. SU’ PHAN GIAI GLUXIT i. Phan cét polysaccharide ‘Thuy phan (Hydrolase, monosaccharide) Phosphory! phén (Glycogen phosphorylase, tach timg gBc Auting cui dang ghucose-1-P) Giycolysis ‘Chuéi cdc phan Ging chuyén hhéa mét phan ts glucose {han hat phn tf pat k&m theo sy sn sinh ning Iagng (2 phan tr ATP) 1, Pyruvate auge wep ‘ye chuyén héa: + yém kei théng qua qua trinh lén men Higu khi nbé qué trinh oxi héa hoa toan téi C02, san sinh nhiéu ATP. han. ay 6.2.1.1. Qua trinh dwong phan : 10 phan ung 3 giai doan Hope ba gases: Dutt mach Oxi hoaTom tat Duong phan * Chudi phan tng: — glucose dug oxy hod thanh 2 phan ti Piruvat, — nang Ivong dy tri? chuy&n thanh 2ATP va dy tri trong coE khty va cén lai trong piruvat (60%). apy + Ba dang chuyén hda: — Phan i mach C6 (glucose) thanh C3 (piruvat) — Phosphoryl héa 6 mirc co chat chuyén ADP DMAP thanh tao thanh hgp chat cao nang ATP b> NADH — Chuyén ion H* cho NAD, tao NADH. H* > are + Duong phan la qua trinh khong thuan nghich ks ¥ + Phuong trinh tong thé glycolysis yer Glucose + 2NAD* + 2ADP + 2P; —> ee 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H* + 24TP + 2H,0 Y nghia ctia qua trinh dudng phan 1. Cung cp axit cxalo acetat; [Gino] Ai, - a cystein, pyruvic: =e being 7 phan Diba kin Diu kién ym thi 2 Pyruvate " 6m ki ‘2 Ethanol + 2C0s| swidw thi [2 Lactate 0, Lén men dé tao thanh ! Lén men tao cin tong nam men (sacacag]) than lacat trong oo, hing cou, trong 136 nave] | cinems Stine ‘Krebs trong 1 86 Axit oxalo vsv axetic 4003 + 41,0 ‘Bong vat. thuc vat. va nhigu té bao vi sinh vat trong ‘cdc didu kién higu khY nghia cia qua trinh duéng phan (2) 2. Cung cp nang luong: £0. + Tao: 4aTP Pres Se + Tiéu tn mat: 2 ATP + Tich ty dugc téng sé: 2 ATP OOO sen + Khéng I6n (so véi nang lugng dugc gidi phong trong sy phan gidi hiéu khi), nhung né van dong 1 vai tro quan trong vé mat nang luong, dac biét la déi voi nhing co thé bac thap, va cdc t& bao cia co’ thé bac cao trong didu kién thiéu oxy. Trong diéu kién hiéu khi: 2 phan tl NADH di tiép vao chuéi ho hap, gidi phong 2x3 ATP=6 ATP. Téng nang Iueng qua trinh duéng phan cung cap: 8 ATP. 6.2.1.2. Chuyén hda pyruvate trong diéu kién yém khi Sy lén men= sv oxi héa sinh hoc duong glucose trong diéu kién yém khi, trong dé H duoc tach khdi co chat toi chat nhan la cac hop chat hivu co’ Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactatea. L6én men etanol Nguyén ligu: Tinh bét, ri dung (avene}- 10-15%) Didu kign: 18-32 °C; pH=5,0 -5,5. Tac nhan: Saccharomyces cereviecea Co ché (tom luge) Tinh bot "YP"? Glucose Luong Phan (19 PY) pyruvate O07 co, NADH + H* “e PP, Oo oH NAD* OH me) Nf ( Ee =O —— ¢ co ft 4 ‘pyruvate I ‘aleohol Hy decarboxylase = CHy ——sehydrugenase — CHy Pyruvate Acetaldehyde Ethanol Phan tfng cia alcohol dehydrogenase: - Phan tong oxi héa khiy sinh hoc - Tai sinh NAD‘bi tiéu thu trong phan ting cua glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase ° cuo nPop ‘cory cHCHOH < Ethanol zi hy ono” = cohol ee daiérgenase Meebob. Lén men axit lactic Nguyén ligu: Tinh bot, ri dung (avonas 10-18%) Dk: 50 °C; pH=6,5. Tac nhan: Vi khuan lactic \acebacls tose, open ac feed sy Co’ ché (t6m luge) Tinh bat ™22"2" Glucose Luong phan (PY) Byruvate oO OT oO SN cf NADH + H* oO 4 NAD L-Lactate Phan ting cia lactate (eye terme dehydrogenase: me cio 1op “coro ~ Phan ing oxi hoa khiy sinh hoc con > neon - Tai sinh NAD*bi tiéu thy trong bore dayoros- phan ttng cua glyceraldehyde-3-P = 1,3:8PG \ dehydrogenase y v NADY NADH + @ | A | ¥ ¥ \ | e600" < caye—co0- i Lactate H Aenydrogenase FIT Lactate? Tinh toan hiéu qua nang Ilwong qua trinh lén men 6.2.1.3. Oxi héa axit piruvic trong diéu kién hiéu khi Sy hd hdp Oxi héa pyruvic trong chu trinh [2 Pyruvate] —_ Krebs Sy oxi héa axit pyruvic trong = chu trinh ditricarboxylic, vi san 2002 pham trung gia la axit h@tu co” 2-3 400, + 4420 = Aiea apt nd under aerobic conditions: areDién ra trong ti thé hGr ong chu tinPyruvate + HS-CoA + NAD* => Acetyl CoA + CO, + NADH Pyruvate dehydrogenase: Phtrc hé 3 enzym, két gan voi nhau trong 1 khéi p cH,-t-< a> Pyruvate °\/_— app je tn y oe 74 0, | < . +H * HOI fap \7 NADH +H 7 7 Hydroxyethyl os pap ®) ‘TPP S - ‘NAD* Pyruvate inydrolipoy! Dihydrotipoy! dehydrogenase, ase, dehydrogenase, Ei Es Decarboxyl oxi héa pyruvate, 24 chudi, — Chuyén nhém acetyl toi CoA, Tai sinh dang: thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP, B1) 24 chusi, lipoamide oxi héa ciia ween lpoamide, 12 : ' cchuéi, Flavin i l ‘Adenin en ee # a Dphossnate OC ee (FAD) = Chu trinh Kreb: Isocitrate Aconitate e intermediate molecu a-Ketoglutarate *~ Citrate Cok Succinyl-CoA Citric Acid Cycle (molecutes) Chu trinh bat dau voi phan wngtao* citrate Oxaloacetate ‘Succinate Malate marateTom tat chu trinh Krebs coo- lV CH,CO~SCoA me weet ee 2CO,+1 ATP + - Oe pcan, bow 1FADH, +3 NADH alli ene coef lV Sau mdi ving iia fe fe noi vong cia boo. Too. mos chu trink, mOt phn "+ OO tate eames \/( tir Acetyl CoA (manh I Malate Pend aon ow 20) duge phn gid» Aine Sey Sin phim: wl fe | CO,, HO os o% . 00- ; k ATP, CoE his aloe c-ketogtaate + Céc san phim trung a ae gian Y con 855 / wo ene eo \ mays I fea sunae 9, Memarets dehydrogenase FOP an a ee sucinate Y nghia cua chu trinh Krebs 4. La mat xich lién hyp ctia cdc qua trinh trao déi chat2. Cung cap bd ) khung cacbon dé tong hop nén cdc chat trao déi can thiét cua té bao (tong hop axit amin, axeto axit...) Pyruvate Other amino acids, Acetyl CoA onaloackrate x Aspartate a>” Citrate “=> Fatty acids, sterols 4 ~~. Purines succinyl o-Ketoglutarate rs Other Porphyrins, Glutamate amino acids heme, chlorphyll — 3. Cung cAp cae coenzym khir NADH, FADH 4, Cung cAp 1 lng 16n ning longChuéi ho hap + Chat nhan hydro va dién tir du tien aNAD, “(gt NADP, va FAD. Sau dé e flavoproteit chuyén | \S of ve choxitocrom b, lla lvotchuyén choct,e, 4 a va a3, cudi cling chuyén sang oxy phan tir, a te Oxy bi ion héa va két hop véi ion hydro tao Ly » \ thanh nuéc. Lomo * eva H duge theo chiéu thé oxi hda-khu tang a dan tir chat cho sang chat nhan * Tich ly nang lugng duéi dang ATP. 6.2.2. SU PHAN GIAI LIPID Lipid don gian Lipase Glycerol < » Axit béo Y Dihydroxyacetone YY phosphate (Beta-dxi nea) Y \ , (Duong phan) ~L r ~ Acetyl CoA Y Chu trinhy kreb6.2.2.1 Sw phan giai glycerol . 7 Ht ou Cih-0H CH OH CHh-0H | ATP ADP NADY NADH | wo SB poy SA ce | Glycerol kinase | ete CHy-OH CHOP; Ohh 0—PO" olyceral afyceral-3-P dihydeoxyacetone-P nf HZ 0H Triose phosphate f onc womerase toy CH2OPO37- CH,OPO3?- Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde phosphate 3-phosphate- NAD PRNAO He didxyaxétin eae i} : aie cate eee 6.2.2.2. SU’ PHAN GIAI AXIT BEO (THEO KIEU B OXY HOA) RCH,CH,COOH HS-CoA Acyl CoA synthetase . RCH CH.CO-SCOA. aM +P-P i aiheos| Acyl CoA dehydrogenase RCH=CHCO-SCoA © *FADH Beta-enoil CoA v HO RCH-CH,CO~SCoA * OH \ NAD Bota-oxy acy! CoA Beta oxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase RCO-CH,CO~SCoA = NADH Beta- xeto acyl CoA Beta xeto acyl CoA thiolase HS-CoA RCO~SCoA CH,CO~SCoA —- CHU TRINH KREBS Acyl CoA Acetyl CoA Enoil CoA dehydratase FAD=Flavin Adenine DinucleotideHiéu qua nang lugng * MOi vong xoan ctia beta-oxy héa cho 1 FADH = 2ATP | 5 ATP 1 NADH = 3 ATP + Khi phan gidi 1 phan ty acetyl CoA trong chu trinh Krebs cho 12 ATP * Mét phan tt axit béo cé n C cho ra n/2 phan tur Acetyl CoA © (S6 vong beta-oxy hda la n/2-1) © Khi bat dau phan giai axit béo can 1 ATP (hoat hod bdi acetyl- CoA) * S6 ATP duce tinh theo cdng thire A= [(n/2-1). 5 -1] + n/2 .12 > Lipid (axit béo) la nhieng chat khi oxy héa sé gidi phong nhiéu nang lwgng (téng hop nén mét sé lon ATP) SU’ PHAN GIAI AXIT BEO CO SO CACBON LE THEO KIEU B OXY HOA CH,CH,CO-SCoA Propyony! SCOA FAD CH,=CH-CO~Scoa’ »FADH Brepyéndy SCoA )vH,0 CH,OH-CH,CO~SCoA 'Hydroxypropyonyl SCOA NADP (CHO-CH,-CO~SCoA’ sNADPH ‘Aidéhyt malonyl SCOA NADP NADPH HOOC-CH,-CO~SCoA Maléryl SOA . CH,CO~SCoA = ___. CHU TRINH KREBS. ‘Acetyl SCOA