GBA 7023 Take-Home exam

a. Discuss data collection (what did they do well/could have done better)

Authors collected data from 3519 individuals, including 2044 internet banking users without offering

monetary incentives to avoid bias. The authors could have done better by providing more information

about the representativeness of the sample. They did not provide information on how the sample was

selected or on the characteristics of non-respondents, which could affect the external validity of their

findings. In addition, since the sample was drawn from an online portal, the results may not be

representative of the entire population of internet banking users in Poland. However, the authors did

well by using a structured survey instrument and by measuring all the variables in a consistent and

standardized manner.

b. Discuss the variables (what did they do well/could have done better)

The variables used in the study are categorized into different groups, such as perceived security,

internet experience, marketing exposure, mobile banking, ownership of different types of cards,

broadband access, and demographic factors. Some of the variables used in the study are quite well-

defined, such as perceived security, internet experience, ownership of different types of cards, and

broadband access. For instance, the perceived security of internet transactions is measured on a five-

point scale, ranging from very unsafe to very safe. However, some of the variables could have been

better defined or measured. For example, the variable measuring exposure to internet banking

advertisements is binary, indicating whether the respondent has come across at least one

advertisement or not. It does not take into account the frequency or type of advertisements that the

respondent may have encountered.

c. Discuss the choice of analytical techniques (e.g., negative binomial regression or logit model

or OLS regression)

In this study, the dependent variable is whether or not an individual has adopted internet banking,

which is a binary outcome (yes or no). Therefore, using a binary logistic regression is a suitable

choice for analyzing the factors that affect the adoption of internet banking in Poland. Furthermore,

binary logistic regression can account for the presence of multiple predictor variables and can provide

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GBA 7023 Take-Home exam

estimates of the strength and direction of the relationship between each predictor variable and the

outcome variable. This allows researchers to identify the key factors that influence the adoption of

internet banking, which can inform strategies to increase adoption rates.

D. Discuss the presentation of the summary stats (any concerns)

Overall, the summary statistics presented in the paper provide a good overview of the sample

characteristics and key variables used in the analysis. However, there are a few potential concerns that

should be considered. First, it is unclear from the summary statistics whether any missing data or

outliers were removed from the sample. Second, it is not clear what units are used for the

"Area_of_Residence" variable. Finally, while the summary statistics provide a good overview of the

sample, they do not provide information on the distributional properties of the variables, such as

skewness or kurtosis.

e. Discuss the presentation of the results (any concerns)

The presented result is a regression analysis using a binomial logistic model to examine the predictors

of internet banking adoption. The coefficients, standard errors, z-statistics, and marginal effects of

each variable are reported in Table IV. The results indicate that perceived security is a strong

predictor of internet banking adoption, as individuals with lower perceived security have a

significantly lower probability of adopting internet banking. The regression model has a high

predictive power, as indicated by the higher log likelihood compared to the restricted log likelihood

and the correct classification of 85.08% of respondents. The Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit

test also supports the suitability of the model. Overall, the results provide support for the hypotheses

that familiarity with the internet and marketing campaigns positively affect internet banking adoption,

while perceived security negatively affects adoption.

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