Gy ScuENCE Thermodynamics ‘www.sccsikar.com Branch of physics which deals with exchange of heat enngy between boclies and Conversion of heat enngy into mechanical enirgy and vice-versa. Some Important cefimhons — ad: Thermoclynamic System — A specified portion of mettex on which the effect of variables such as temperahut 5 Volume anol Pressure are to be studied 4s called a +Hrermodynamic System. Thermoeynamic System moy be of tree types— (A) Open system — Ty exchanges both energy ancl mattrr with the swerounding. (6) Closed Sgstem— Tt exchanges only energy (mot matty) with the Swroundings. (€) selected systerm— 4 exchanges neither ensrgy nov matter with the Susccoundings. Hie Heat in or out Heat in or out No heat transfer OA} Open apetern (B) Closed system (C) Isolated system City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 [ 1www.sccsikar.com ¢-«\\SCIENCE| Pros? CAREER COACHING es 2) Sweoundings — ing oudsicle Hee Hemodynamic System to which enrgy or matter is exchanged is Called its swroundings. SJ Thermodynamic Variables A thermodynamic system can be clscribed by Specifying its pressurc , volume , temberaturt, infernal energy and the number of moles. Thrse parameters are Colted tHheamodynamic variables. 4] Equation of Stote- TRe velation between the thermodynamic Variables CP,V,T) of the system id cated equation of state- For M moles of an ideal gas , equation of State is PV = MRT 5) Theemodynamic Equilibrium- In steady state thermodynamic Vasriebles ave independent of Aime ame the system is Saicl to be In the stede of thoarmodynamic equitibsium. &) Indicate cliagram- The graphical representation of the change in State of @ ga& by @ thermodynamic process is Called indicator cliagram « Tneicator cliagram is qennally plottect i Pressure ane volume of gas. Each point in a P-v diagram represents a possible state of the system: City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No, 8003024131, 9309068859 | 2www.sccsikar.com pet hE oy Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - Th system A and B&B ane separately in thermal equilbkium with a third System C, then A and & ane in tHeamel equilibrium with each ofwr Insulating, Conducting _ System System System A B A System System gq Cc ‘Conducting (A) (B) The zeroth Law of thermodynamics introduces the Concept of temperature, Tiso systems (or objects) ane ald to be In thermal equilibrium Lb they temperature are the same. Tem re Temperotwe is a mocroscopie physicod quarttity oma is basically a measure of degree of hotness oy coldness of a body. Turn bodies are said do be in thermal equilibrium if and only if Huy ake at Same temperature. In this situation heat in the two bodies may or may not be equal. * The natural flow ef heat is from higher temperctuve. to dower tempercdture- & Temperature of a body is divectly proportonal to the K-E- of the yandom motion of the molecules or atoms of the Substance . City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 [3SCIENCE| Proc |CAREER COACHING Ct Heot - T+ Js the entngy that is tonsfened better a System and its Suwewoundings because ofs tempernture difference between them. Ui) Heat 1s a path clepenclont quantity. eg. Heat required to change the dempercture of a gas ot a Constant pressure is Aikfeunt fom that vequivect to change the temperature. of Same gas through Seme amount at Cmstant volume. Ui) For gases when heat iy absorbed and dJemperahac changer, then At Constant Pressure | (AQ)p = MCpAT At Constant Volume (AQ), = MAT Internal Ereagy (U)- Internal energy of a system 2s the possessed by the system aut 40 molecitan motion and molecular Congiguration. The energy due 4o molecular moton & Called Internal Kinehe energy (UK) and that clue fo molecular, Configuration is Cabted internal potential energy (Up) - Tote) Internol Erungy U = Ux + Up Note - Gi) For an ideal gas, as tere 18s no molecular athaction, then Up =o ie. internal energy of an ideal qos do totally Kinetic and is given by - Uo = Ux = 2 urRT and change in Meanal Enxgy AU = 2MRAT www.sccsikar.com City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 4www.sccsikar.com SCIENCE) j Pets ER COACHING eeu U1) In case of gases whodewsr be the process AU = £MRAT = MGVAT = M GAT 2 Mus ana. AU = MRAT ~ (PgV—e - Aw) Y-1 Y-1 Gi) Change in internal energy oes not ckpend on the peth of the process. Tt ctepends on the inital and Fined states of the System: ve Ou = Us -Ui Work done by Thermocdynamic System - One oh the Simple example of a trermodymamic system 38 @ gas in a cylinder wit, a movable piston. * Ib the gas expands against the piston, tun gas exerts aq force on the piston cma lisplace it through a eclistence and does work on the piston. * Ib the piston Compresses the gas, then te piston moved inward and usork is clone on the gos. let P be the pressure of the gos in the Uptincey, then force. exerted by the gor on the piston of the cylinder F=PA Piston A = Area of Cross-sechon of the piston City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 [5lohan te piston id puthed outward avn infinitesimal distance lat, then Work clone by the gas dw = Fxdx = PAdx The change in Volume of the gas dv = Add dw = Pdv Fox a fintte change in volume from Vi to Vz, Total amount of Work done Ww = Seay vi ov WwW = PLlve - Vi) * Ib we draw indicator diagram then the arva undey P-V Graph yepresertts the work done. Following differnt Cased are porsible — 1) Volume is Constant - Vic Constant Pf final i Initial W=o tritial Final ern, v 2:) Volume is Increasing - : final e Van >My 3 3 vy VV 3 W = PWva-v,) W >o CPositive) City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 6www.sccsikar.com SCIENCE| ] Proc |CAREER COACHING Sc 3) Volume js decreasing - Ww = P(y-\) 4} Cyclic Process — a Clockwise. cycle Vv WUrec = + Shacled Area Wac = — Shaded Area Work clone in clockwise Cycle — P P Vv 7 W = Positive Wye Negative, w ny Wi CPosiHve) + Wa (Negative) or W o= Area of Closed Poth City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 7www.sccsikar.com pet Ds) (e-) Sc Useful Sign Conventions in Thoumedyramics Quantity | Sign Condition + When heat is supplied to a system ae - When heat is drawn from the system + When work done by the gas (expansion) aw - When work done on the gas (compression) + With temperature rise, internal energy increases au - With temperature fall, internal energy decreases Firat Low of Thounodynamics ~ Accowding to it heat given 4d a syatem (AQ) is equal 4o the sum of Increase in its interned energy (AU) amd the work done (AW) by the system against the Sweroundings + AQ = AU + AW * This Law 1s applicable for atl process In naduxe. The Firat law of tHieonedyendes Inhoducea He Concept of internat energy: * The fixat Law of thermodynamics tetls us that ib Ja hroposs ible. ato eet work frm any machme without giving at an equivalent amount of energy, Limitation — Tat doex not explain the cirecHon of heat Flow and it does not expleln how much amourth of heat Given will be Converted into work. City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No, 8003024131, 9309068859 | 8www.sccsikar.com -e SCIENCE| Proc By aRétr CoaciiNG es Tsoboric process 48 & thexmodynamic process thet take place at Constant pressure, but volume and temperature varies for change in state of the System, Equation of State- P = Constant then Vat Hence Chaorte's Law L46 obeye! in this process. be VOT Vinee oF Te Indicator diagram — (A) Expansion (B) Compression U) In Isobarie expansion (Heating) Tempexature —» Increases So AU id positive Volume. —> Tmcreased so Aw is positive Heat > flows Into the system so AQ is positive Qi) In Tsobaric compression ( Cooling) Temperature —» clecreases So AU is negative Volume. —> decreases So AU wb negative Heat —> flows out from the System So AG Is negative Specific heat - Specific heat of gas during Isobaric process 1d Ce = ¢ + 1)R City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 9pet Ds) (e-) Ct Work done mn isobaxic Process - Aw =fPav = Plw-w Also AW = PCV2-Vi) = AR(T2-Ti) = MRAT From the First Law- AQ = QU + AW MCpAT = HCyvAT + P(V, -M) Examples of Tsobaric Process ~ U) Heating of water at atmospheric Presswur. (i) Metting of Solids and boiling of Liquids ab atmosphere. pressure. Tsechoric or Isometric Process — Taochoric process is a thewmodynamic process thot take place at constant volume of the System > bud pressure anol temperature varies for change in Stoke of the system, Equation of State- € 8 Vo= Constant then PAT % Hence Gay-Lussac's Law is obeyed in this process. 3 ; P, Po Le. a - : veccmaly > 7 Tr City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 10www.sccsikar.com -e SCIENCE| Proc By aRétr CoaciiNG es U) Teometric heating - Pressure —® Increasing Temperature — Increases So AU ia positive Heat —> flows into the system so AQ is positive (ii) Tsometric Cooling - Pressure —> Decreases Temperature —> decreases so AU id negative Heat —> flows out from the systm So AQ 4s negative Work done In TIsochonic process — BW = PAV =06 Li V = Constant 7] From the firat Law — AQ = AU + Aw AW =o >| Ga) = 4U = uGaT pecific heat - Specific heat of gas during isochoric process is CG = $£rR City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 11www.sccsikar.com -e SCIENCE| Proc By aRétr CoaciiNG es Example of Tsechoric Process - Ui) Heoting process in pressure conker Ls an Isomehic process, Gi) Wher a substance melts, the change in volume is negligibly Smalls So this may be yegarded as a neay lsochonic process. Tsothexmal Process — Tt wa thermodynamic proces “mn cohich temperature of the Aydtem remains constant but pressure and Volume. changes. * Tn an isothesmot process the exchange of heat between the system and the swowundings i allowed. * Th isotermal process Compression and expansion should be so slow so ab 40 provide time for the exchange of heat Equation of State— T= Cmstant then PY = Constant Pad Hence Boyle's Law i obeyed in isothermal process - be. Pv = Ceomstint > RY = Reva Indicator diagram — P PV = Constont P _- Hiperbola T: Tr, > Th Vv oad Ms Vo City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 12www.sccsikar.com ER COACHING SCIENCE| j The groph betwen P and Vv is hyperbolic and is called isotheam. Also the graphs at differnt temperatures are Porelte) to each other. Slope of the Isothermal Curve — For an tsothermal Process, PV = Constant By diffoentiating , Pdv +VdP =o =-Pd > dP. -P > vdP v a oy a I ap 2-2 Hence Slope of Tsothexm [ge hee ¥ Werk done in Isothermal Process— V; V4 wefPedv = [7 satay [As Pv= art] i Ww = ART (ev Ty = ART [Jogeve - Loge Vi] © = Mi) = : | Me 6 W o> MRT dog | 2303 URT Log. (%] Also W = ART loge [B] = 26303 URT Loge Fe} Fe A, CPR = RY) From Fivst daw - SQ = AU + AW Oba AT =o So that AU =0 oe AQ= AW be: Heat Supplied in an isoturmal Change is used to Ao wsdrk against surrounding. City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 13SCIENCE) Pets ER COACHING eeu Specific heot — Specific heat of gas during isothermal change is infinite. oa = _& = “ = As c wat hes 00 ee | Exarnples of Tsothumal Process — (i) Boiling i4 an isothermal process, Lohin a Liqulel boils its temperature remains Constant + Gi) The temperature of a Substance remain’ Constant during melting: So melting is an Lsothermal process - Qi) Lh sudden Changes axe executed in @ vessel of infinite Conductivity Hen they uill be fsothumel, Tt 4b & thermodynamic process in which pressure, Volume and temperature of the system changes but there ik no exchange ef heat between the system and the Sweroun ding s Cie. AQ@zo) * A sudden ane quick process Will be adlabakc smee there. is no sufficient time available for exchange of heat. Equaten of State- In adiabatic change jdtal gases clo not obey Boyle's Laws but obey Poisson's Law According to it PVY = Comstont tohae = EE For temperature and volume TV"! = Constant > tTevyr www.sccsikar.com City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 14}SCIENCE) |CAREER COACHING Tndicator chiagram — For an adiabatic process Pv¥ = Constant By Differentiating yPvTlay + VYAP =o vp = —rpy! dep =-xpvel = -r(2£ at an (§) Slope of acliabatic cuwe [ge ctamete = -1(§) e Comparison between Isothermal 4 AciabaHe Cuswer- Almas Yermember. that adiabatic curves one more steeper hom isothermal cwver (because ¥ is always greater than one), (slope )isothermat < (Slope )aciabatte Fer equa) Expantion or Compression — Wisetnemed > Wadiabatie Prscthermal > Paatiabetic Tisothermat > Tadiabatie | Slope of Acliabatic Cue = Y¥ x Slope of Isothermal une | 5 § Specific Heat - g Specific heat of a gas during acliabate change is zero, = = 4a = = 2 g AS 0% er TF waT 7° a City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 [15www.sccsikar.com SCIENCE 7 PEt M hs ER COACHING 4 ea Work done in adiabatic Process ~ Vz Vo vet Ww = f Pav = f KkVYdv = OK \. Mi Vi ~T+1 [we vith ve] [Mi zves a7 een “@ 1) ° ae wz calc wl ay v7 (: K=Rvi= AW) ov a (T - Ta) (Ga ey = MRT) * W & temperature cifference CT, - Ta) i e+ w «ty * Ynene > Yai > Vari > Wrmeno < Wai < Wert Examples of Acliabate Process — Gi) Bursting of a cycle tube. Gi) Propagation of Sound waves in @ gas. GW) In diesel engine burning of diesel without Spark plug 14 clone due to adiabatic compression of ciesel Vapour and alr mixture + City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 16www.sccsikar.com SCIENCE| |CAREER COACHING q pet Ace) Sc Some Expansion Same Compression Pp Pp AD a IT | by ' I | zs | 1 AD ' i | t t 1 i t > ! ! > vi Vo Vv Ve “M Vv Wre > Wit > Wap Wr > War > Wap Pyinel > Pip > Prt > Pap Point —> Paw > Per > Pes DP —> APay >APry > APro | AP —> APas SAPiq > APre City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859SSCIENCE ] Proc |CAREER COACHING q Ct Free Expansion - Free expansion is an adiabatic process in which no Work ds perfermecl on oy by the system. Consiclen two versels placed in a System which AS enclosed with thermal Tnadetion. One versel cordcins 4 gars cme the other ids evacuated. When suddenly the stopcock 4s opened, He gas mdles into the evacuated vessel and expands freely. This is cablecl free expansion. Stop cock cos u Vacuum Insulated AW = 0 (Because the walls art vigil ) AQ =o (Because the walls aw insulated.) QU =0 (Because AQ and AW art ze.) CG’ AU= ag-AW) Cyclic _and_Non- cyclic Process — Cyclic procems is thot thermodynamic process in which the system retums Jo Ite mital stage after under- qeing a Seues of changes. Tn cyclic process temperature and intexned enngy remains Constant, (ie. AUso, ATZ0) by First law AQ = AW Cv Auzo] Le. Heat Supplied ig equal to the wrk olone by the system. Non cyclic i that thuumoctynamic process in which the system does not return back 4o its initial state. www.sccsikar.com City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 |18www.sccsikar.com SCIENCE) Pets ER COACHING eeu Quaai- Static oy Equilibrium process — Quosi-ataHe is a twrmodynamic process Which proceecls extremely slowly such thot at every instant of time, the temperature ano premure are the Same in all poxts of the system. Reversible and TIvrevertible Process — A veversible process 4 one in which the changes in heat amd wwotk from initial to do a final State anc exactLy retraced in oppesite sense im the reverse process and the Aystem and sworoundings are Lift in Hl inital States. + When & Contain amount of heat id absorbed by ice, it metts. Th the same amount of heat is removed from it, then the water will be Converted into ice. Proce&& wohich Js not exactly reversible 4s an irveversible process. All natural processed Such as conduction , vacation , radioactive cecapy are irvenessible - City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 | 19www.sccsikar.com }SCIENCE) |CAREER COACHING Heat Engine - Heot engine is a clevice which converts heat into wsork Corinuously through a cyclic proces. Main pants of a heat engine ov ; Ad, Source - fe IF 4s a veservoeiy of heat at high temp- eroture (T1) and infinite thermal Capacity. Amy amount of heat can be extvacted prom it without changing its Kemperature + 2) Working Substmce — Tt js genrally Steam, peho) etc. 3.J Sink - a Sik Tt 4k veservoir of heat at Low temperature (a) ancl infinite theumal Capacity: Any amount of heat con be given to the sink, Crees The working. substance J Souree —(T,) absorbs heat Q, from the Source, Q does an amount of Work W, refums ts the remaining amount of heat pe Wa Q-® to the sink and Comes back to @ its original state and there occurs a no Change In its internal enirngy- Sink (T,) By repeating the same cycle over and over again, work is Continuously obtained. The performance of a heat engine is expressed by efficiency 1, Which 4s olfinedl as the voto of useful work obtained from the engine to the heat Supptied to it. City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 [20www.sccsikar.com pet Ds) (e-) Sc Work clone. CW) | Efficiency (11) = iHensginpeta( ai) al For cyclic process AU =O hence AQ = AW So Work olone W = @,- Gr ae - QO 2 = 1-8 7 Q a gy) A pertect heat engine is one which converts cu haat into work. Le W=Q, , So that Q@2=0 and hence n=l. * Prockcobly efficiency of an engine ia abwars du than 1, Refrigerstor ov Heat Pump - A yefrigerator or heat pump is basically a heat engine Tun in reverse civecHon- Main Pants of Refrigerator ane: A.J Source - At high temperoture Ty - 2) Working Substance - eae 7) Ist is called sefrigerent Liquid Q Ammonia and freon Works ab a yy eat {Te W=Q,-Q working Substance - Engine’. . 412 Sy Sink- sink At tower temperature Ta . (Contents of refrigerator) ("2 Working — The usorking substance takes heat Qr trom & sink (Content of vefrigerator) at Lower tempered, has a net amount of work clone W on it by an externa) agent (usually Compressor City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 [21www.sccsikar.com (>< SCIENCE Proc CAREER COACHING es of refrigerators) ond gives out a Larger amount of heat Q, 40 a& hot body at temperature T) (usuablly atmosphere), Thus it Lranspers heat from a Gold to a hot body at the expense of mechanical enmgy Supplied 4o it by an external agent. The Cold Body Js Hus Cooled move and more. The. performance of G refrigerator is expressed by means of “Coefficient of performance” PB. Tt is aupined a> the yotto of the heat extracted from the Gold body 4o the work needed do transfer ib Jo the hot body. | Coesfcient of Performance (B) = ee A pertect vefri Js one which fronsfers heat from Coll to hot body without doing work, te. Wo So that @,=@, and B = co i Qi = T For Carnot refrigerator > @ -2 So that Relation between 1 & PB p=l-7 n City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No, 8003024131, 9309068859 [22SCIENCE) Pets ER COACHING eeu Second Law of Thermodynamics - Second Law of Hwamodynamics tells us in what Conditions heat can be Converted into useful work. Essential Conditions to udilize heat for useful work — CU) A device Catlecl engine with a working substance is exmential . Gi) The Ine must work in a yeversible Uc process. Gii) The engine must operctte between two tempercturer- Tt will absorb heat from a hot body (Source), Convert Q@ part of it into useful work and reject te rest do & Cold body (Sink) + Clausius statement — T+ is impossible for @ Selh-acting mache to bremafer heat from a Colder becly 40 a hotter bocly without the aid of an extemal agency. Kelvin's Statement — An engine Cannot work if the source and sink ane at Me same tempenrcetrr, because work done by the engine caill result Inte Cooling Hie source and heating the sSusmoundings mose and more. Kelvin- Plank's stetement — T+ Js impossible for an engine that extracts heat ome fully utilises into work withort producing any omer effect . In other words 1loo% Conversion of heat into work Js lmpossible. www.sccsikar.com City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 [23www.sccsikar.com }SCIENCE) j |CAREER COACHING Casnot cersigned an ideal ine which 44 free from ath the cefects of a preheat engine. I+ Cannot be reabised in actual prachce. Connot Cycle - As the Carnot engine loorks, the Working Substance Uundergors a cycle Known as Cosnot cycle» The. Cannot cycle Consist of four operations i Ad Tsothumeal Expansion A> & The. Capbinder Containing idea) gab as working Substance 14 allowed to expand slowly at aq Covbtert tempercdtee Ty + Wr = @ (Heat absorbed) Vv: Wi = Si Pav \ ov W1 = ART, Loge (x2) City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) _ Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 [24www.sccsikar.com Prtowon cy ese 2:) Adiabatic Expansion B—->c The cylinder is then placed on & nonconducting Stand and the gas is cblowed +o expand adiaboHeably HLL the temperature folls from T, 40 Tr. 3) Tsothmal Compression C— D The cylinder is placed on the sink and the gas is Compressed at Constant stemperoduxe Ta . Wa =-@z (Heat released > Me Wa = - Sf Pav v3 or Wa = ~ Rta bege(iL) Na, or Ws = MRT2 Soge 4) Adiabatic Compression D—>A Finally the cylinder |s again placeel on a Nnon-Cordlucting stand and +he compression is Contnued So that gas returns Jo its initial Stage: vi . =- my Trawedting Stand Way Mig Pav Al 2s Wa = wai (B-T) >] Ww ti -h) City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No, 8003024131, 9309068859 |25www.sccsikar.com SCIENCE) Pets ER COACHING eeu Total Work done in Count cycle Wo= Wi + Wa + (Wa) + (Wa) or W = W.-W: [Mt Wa = Wa J Ww = MRT Loge (¥z) — MRT boge (YE) w = MR(T-Te) Aage (¥2) As B t0C and D 40 A ane adiabatic paths So thot Me = Ma vi Va Efficiency of Carnet Engine 1) = ~~ 1 y= WiowWs = &- Ge Wy QW * EER -ED] & 2-8) Hence effidency of heat engme Apends only on temperatwu of Source and sink and ts Independent of att other factors. ® The eHiciency of Q couennt engine iA never Joo % because it is 100% ony ib the temperature of sink T2 = OK or Ty = 0% Which Ws impossible. Cannot Theorem — No iryeversible engine Can have efficiency greater than Caanot reversible engine bsoxking between same hot and Cold reservoirs. [rome] = #) 2G) | City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No, 8003024131, 9309068859 | 26www.sccsikar.com ¢-«\\SCIENCE| PrTow cc) RPA CAREER COACTING eos Entropy - . T+ 43 4 measure of disorder of molecular motion of @ system - Greater 1s the disorder greater is the entropy. \ = Heat absorbed Change in erchopy AS a As = AS | TH iy mathematcal form of Second T Jou of thermodynamics + * At equilibrium Conditon entropy ia maximum. * Entropy represents enengy unavailable for vm. Wi) For Solids and Liquids (A) When heat given to a substance changes its state ot ConBtant temperature , then Change in entropy AS = 48 = tmb whe +e Sign yehers 40 heat absorption and ve sign for heat evolution. (B) Wohen heat given fo @ substance raises its temperdture from T, Jo Tr » Hen wh Tr Change in enhopy As = fas = [meat 7 a te AS = me Loge (7) City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) | Contact No, 8003024131, 9309068859 [27www.sccsikar.com Gi) Fev a Pertect gas- Change m enthopy for UM moles of a gas - AS = 4 [% Jaye (Te) 4R toge(¥e) | My Stee [o Loge (2) —R Jege(Pa) | oe = [ett + em City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Contact No. 8003024131, 9309068859 (>< SCIENCE Proc CAREER COACHING es