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    59 views183 pages

    Engineering For Sustainable Development - Delivering On The Sustainable Development Goals - UNESCO Digital Library

    Uploaded by

    Mohamad Alashmawy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Engineering for Sustainable Development Flincrace usharez a nt athe Unies atoneceucananl Goamntoansouts Digestion 7 asceceFoneno) TED Fane SS nes ss nent onal ere er Engng Eoveston (CEE uncer Usvect, uadan Deve, evng ioddsa Rana sro omenal Oragenatuang Suey chang iat Seng 00H PROT ‘Thsgun cso eae a Deen sce unsere amb.ton sree 3.69 CCBYSA 1G) lene frp oeatiecomeanscrg cst! so bebourd by thetermschuseof the UNESOD Open Bass epostory andthe rseiton fatal rough his pushes aoscr ney nenpmesanctany conan nme eenensce unEsco corceag eles sats ofan county teton.c8 arate oret ‘eaumortsy oenveengine ce maton isForserorbeunaarae “Theidessard psione reed nthe pubcaion arin othe they arerorraumal owe of UNESCO ane co nosconmethe gan Graph desgrsbcadatra ore WIESCOMUGlaanjer Prado VAESCO ord eEE Engineering for Sustainable Development $ Delivering on the Sustainable Development Goals Engineering the SDGs The report highlights the crucial role of engineering in achieving each of the 17 SD6s. It shows how equal opportunities for all is key to ensuring an inclusive and gender balanced profession that can better respond to the shortage of engineers for implementing the SD6s. It provides a snapshot of the engineering innovations that are shaping our world, especially emerging technologies such as big data and Al, which are crucial for addressing the pressing challenges facing humankind and the planet. tt analyses the transformation of engineering education and Itis essential ‘that more young people, capacity-building atthe dawn of the Fourth irls \ Industral Revolution that will enable engineers to especially QITIS, tackle the challenges ahead. It highlights the global : | effort needed to address the specific regional cami disparities, while summarizing the trends of i ‘ engineering across the itferent regions ofthe word, NENGINE LING By presenting case studies and approaches, as asa career well as possible solutions, the report reveals why ns engineering is crucial for sustainable development and why the role of engineers is vital in addressing basic human needs such asalleviating poverty, supplying clean water and energy, responding to natural disasters, constructing resilient infrastructure, and bridging the development divide, among many other actions, leaving no one behind. It ishoped that the report will serve as a reference for governments, engineering organizations, academia and educational institutions, and industry to forge global partnerships and catalyse collaboration in engineering so as to deliver on the SDGs. Engineering for Sustainable Development Table of Contents Foreword Director-General of UNESCO 4 ENGINEERING INNOVATIONS Foreword AND THE SUSTAINABLE Chinese Academy of Eng DEVELOPMENT GOALS 56 and Tsinghua University 7 3.1 Engineering innovations to combat COVID-19 and improve human heatth Acknowledgements 9 2.2. Water engineering for sustainable : development er Introduction 10 3.2.1, Clean water and human health 6 3.22 Hydrology forthe ss 8 33 Climate change-actimateemersency 79 34 Engineering: a crucial tool for disaster 1 Fisk reduction 85 e 2.5 Developing sustainable and resilient ENGINEERING A MORE energy systems 20 SUSTAINABLE WORLD 16 3.6 Mining engineering for the future 95, 2:7 Engineering and big data 100 2.8 Engineering and Artificial Intelligence 106 3.9 Engineering for smart cities un 2. EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES. FORALL 40 2.1 Diversity and inclusion in engineering 43 22 Women in engineering aa 2.3 Youngengineers and their role 51 4, ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND CAPACITY-BUILDING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 118 4a 42 Engineering education for the future yaa Lifelong learning in engineering: an imperative to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals 129 Engineers’ continuing professional development 136 5. REGIONAL TRENDS IN ENGINEERING 142 5.1 Majorinterregional trends 144 5.2 Europe and North America asl 5.3 Asia andthe Pacific 159 5.4 Latin America and the Caribbean 166 55 Africa 1m 5.6 Arab States 180 Acronyms 185 Table of Contents | © Engineering for Sustainable Development Foreword Director-General of UNESCO EEnginesring lays a vital rle in addressing besic human nad byimpreving our quality of life and creating opportunites orsustaineble grout on lace, national, regional and lobal level. Crucially, it also contributes to UNESCO'S ‘two Global rarities: afca and Gender Equality Engineering has major potential, but we need to make even better use oft, especially by including girls and women, Governments eround the world have ¢ resporsiality to provide ‘opaorturitis for al and to attract young people ta conelder engineering as a vocetion and 2 profession. These career choices depend on access 10 quality cuiculain STEM subjects, suidance and mentorship, access to valuable information and ‘communication, and government support and scholarships. ‘Addressing sustainable development within the challenges, cof imate change, population grouth and urbanization ill require innovative enginearing and technology-based solutions. Engineering capacity and competence-bulding ctvities ere critical to ensuring that theres an adequate number of engineers capable and ready to workon these global challenges. This is particulary important in africa where the per capita numberof engineering professionals is lowerthan inotherregions ofthe world. n Swaziland for example, there isone engineering graduete for more than 170,000 people, compared tothe United Kingdom where theres one engineering reduste for 1,100 people, Addressing this knowledge gap isvital and one ofthe key challenges facing engineering. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals were conceived to raise awareness of the different aspects of sustainability, outlining specific targets that comprises plan of ection ecrossa brosd range of social, envizonmental nd technological issues from poverty reduction, health forall infrastructure development, sducation, gendar equality to the sustrinable use of cceans, energy and water and sanitation. ll 17 Goalscan be related to engineering and every one requires engineering to echieve its goal Thisrepart, erginearing fr Sustainable Development: Dali on the Sustainable Development Goals, presents the dif fislds of engineering where engineers can contribute towards realizing the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs, In providing examples cofinnovations and actions, es well es recommendations, this report shows the relevance of the engineering profession Inrespondingto the sustainability challenge, and how inclusive and equitable education can bring about new perspectives and thus respond to the shortage ofengineers one ofthe principal impediments to economic growth. atthe dawn ofthe Fourth Industral Revolution this report highlights the current technological advancesin Actificial Inteligance, big data and the Internet of things that are changing the way ws live and interact with our physical, biological and cigital space, These transformations can be seen in every field of engineering, profoundly acting Industral systems, production and governance. This report was finalized and published during the global CCOVID-19 pandemic, Far from diminishing the relevance of global engineering this crisis hes amplified the need for global cooperation to create solutions that address the oot causes, ofervonicand emerging environmental sues. The global community has responded to the pandemic mith urgency and efficiency, butt isis inthe process to take resources vay from efforts to address other pressing issues, such asclimete change, environmental degradation, and access to clean water and energy. In addition, the current pandemic has placed further strain on engineering education. To tain our best engineersto taclle these global challanges, we nesd young pecpleto study ‘mathematics and science from an early age. However, pandemic hes ed to the closure of educational institutions for 1S billin leerners woridwide - more than 2088 ofthe world’s school population - with dre consequences for their education. In the face ofthis educational catastrophe, UNESCO has, together withthe Global Education Coalition, worked towards encuring the continuity oflesring, patculartyin science, Engineering has aluays been part of UNESCO. It wasthe Intention cf the founder in November 1645 that thes’ in UNESCO rafers ta science and technology, Indeed, UNESCO was established atthe Institution ofivil Engineersin London, one f the oldest enginearing institutionsin the world. Over the years, UNESCO's engineering programme has been developing engineering education through its human and intitutional capacty-building projects, particularly in frca, and thas fought against the under representation of women in engineering to bridge knowledge gap and promote intercultural cooperation through itssupportte international engineering organizations and NGOs. In 1968, UNESCO particiaated in the cretion ofthe ‘World Federation of engineering Organizations (FEO) that has 2 ooe a the highest levels of government and intarational policy. In recent yeas, important initiatives such as World Engineering Day and UNESCO fica Engineering Weekhavebeen establched to celeorate the achievements of engineers and their contributions to sustainability end a better quality off forall. Engineering for Sustainable Development Delivering on the “Sustainable Develaomant Goaisis an important milestone in the standard-setting work of UNESCO and | nish toextend my gratitude to the UNESCO team behind this report end to our partners, the World Federation of Engineering Organizations, the Chinese Academy of engineering (CAE), Tsinghue Unhersty, and the Intemational Centre of Engineering Education (ICEE] for realizing this important publication, which perfectly embodies the sprit of cooperetion in ourshered vision for sustainable wort. tetey Arey Ms Audrey Azoulay Director-General of UNESCO Foreword | © Foreword Foreword | © Chinese Academy of Engineering and Tsinghua University Engineering, sclence and technology function asthe engine cof economic development, and provide an inexhaustible source forthe progress of human cilization, Engineering has central role in the UN 2080 Agenda for sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations in 2015, which set forth 17 Sustainabls Development Goals (SDGs) that constitute a global action plan for addressing development problems Engineering underpins all the 17 SDGs and plays en instrumental roe in sustainable develonment, We believe that the publication ofthe 2020 UNESCO Engineering Report, Engineering for Sustainable Develooment: Delivering on the Sustainable Development Goals will contribute to sustainable development {and the glabal development ofengineering forthe future Engineering's experiencing e moment of profound transformation andis facing immense challenges. s a disciplng, itis expending reply Beyond the creation of arefact-based solutions to permaate econcmic, ecalagical and sacal systems, This olution is taking place within broader context which the timeframe for new discoveries, new technologies, new materials and new products is becoming increasingly short Meanwhile, the challenges fecing engineering, including those encepsulated in the SDGs, are becoming ever more complex and often require ‘mult-disciptinary, cross-country and intr-cultural solutions. Such transboundary solutions have played an invaluable role inthe prevention and control ofthe COVID-19 pandemic. The realization ofthe $DGs depends on innovationin engineering education, Fostering alarge contingent of engineering talent with 2 creativity mindset will nacessitate the development of sustainability and creativity oriented engineering education. Every branch ofengineering education must shoulder the responsibility to make sustainability a core competency in order ‘to cultivate a generation of future engineers focused on innovation, and creativity wth an ethical mindset. We must develop engineering professions and aezitlesta line with sustalnebilty and innovation. Qurshared goal must be to wanve the ides of sustainability into each and every aspect of engineering activity ‘and to make responsible engineering 8 common fith among engineasing enterprises and engineering orfessionals ‘The realization ofthe Sos depends on strengthening global Partnerships in engineering. At present however, resources for engineering, science end technology end engineering education are not equitably clistributed. Developing countries end regionsin particular, are lacking qualified engineers end) engineering resources, We therefore urge the global engineering community toworketa extablsh a more equitable, inclusive, developmental and mutually beneficial word forall by working closely with government, industry and acederia; by empowering engineering capecty-bullding in disadvantaged regions; and by tackling global challenges through joint efforts, The International Centre for Engineering Education (CEE) was co-founded ty the Chinese Acedemy of Engineering end Tsinghus Universityin 2016 under the auspices of UNESCO. The mission ofthe ICEE sto support the realization ofthe UN SDGs through coordinated effortsin engineering especially engineering sducation, across world, This mission is encapsulated in the preparation, organlzation and compilation ofthis report The CEE expects to work closely and in int cooperation with its internstional counterparts in the intenationel engineering community and engineering education to full is contribution ‘tothe realization ofthe UN Sustainable Development Goss We hope that this 2020 UNESCO Engineering Report vill help st academia articulate the value of engineering, inspire ideas teimprove and innovate engineering, and help achieve ‘olders from goverment, industry and the fll potential ofengineering to benefitthe sustainable development of humankind and planet Earth BA, ghey hou si Honorary Chairman ofthe Governing Board Chinese Acsdemy of Engineering Co-chair Advisory Board of ICEE Acknowledgements | © Acknowledgements Tenyeersafteritslandmarkpubliction and the fist Engineering, Report of sind, the engineering community came together ance ‘more to shed light onthe pioneering work of enginges whore fining 2 new vision for engineering st atime when a global pandemic has further broughttotheforethe faut ines ofinaqualtes arcund the weld, chiafameng them, the glaring scent technologie and gta dice bemamen counting whichis persculry detent to youth, This second Enginaeing Reporte thus timely minder of the crucial roe played by engineers andthe enginesring profession in responding decisively to the pressing challenges and new requirements raised bythe 020 Agenda for Sustainable Development Thenksto UNESCO'scose parnershipwith the Chinese Acsdemy cf Engineering CAE), Tsinghua Universty and Word Federation of Engineering Organizations FEO), his second Engineering Report willbeceme reference on how engineering candalveron the Sustzinable Development Goss UNESCO greatly acowedges their enthusiastic patonage and valuable suppotin therealzation| ofthisimportantpublicaton without which this report would not have been possible, Special hanks go tothe international Centre for Engineering Education (CEE) and thelrteam of exper, ixiachong, Zhou Ji, Zhu Gaofeng, Qiu Yong, Deng win, Wu Qidi, Gong Ke, ‘angi, uan 5 wu Guolal, Wang Sunyu, Kang Jincheng, laa ‘Wefang Xu Uhul Fan yan, Tian Qi Lis Wi, Ju, Li Manil,Zhong Zhou, Xe Zheping, vauFan for their workon this repo from ts inception, UNESCO aso acknovadges with gratitude uetangkfor Inssponsoship ofthis report aswell asthe insitutions esearchers, profssionas and individual certs representing evan/rgion ofthe ward for ther xneriseand valuable contributions. “Theconcention developmentand production ofthe report ‘was steered by numberof preeminent expertsin thefild of engineering The members ofthe Advisory Board, co-calred by Zhou end Taig Durei and the members ofthe Steering Commies providednvaluable counsel insights andvision thet aid the ‘eundstion ofthe rer, forwhich UNESCO seminertly arate Immense gradtudels.ecended sa the authors wha trough ther eoerience,knouledge ard expertise have gen prominenceto the workofenghnearsand he ie role the playin ealiing the Sustainable Development Goals Gong ke, Marene Kanga, Dawn zoned, Renetta Tul ohinesh Radhlelshnan, Jennifer 1 DeBoer, Shankar iishnan, Ratio Magra, ove Vir, Toms Sancho, ri Mishra, WilLogan, Yin Chen, Toshio Koike, Abou Amn, Cae Marine Huger, Darl Damluk ScichioYasukawa, Sérgotsperncinha, Jean-Eudes Mencomibe Jirgen retschmann, Suckers Koushik, LiPan, George Liu, Paclo Rec, Jianping Wu Aleya Bandycpadhyay, ‘Anette Kolmos, Sama Chalrabert Alfredo Soot, Nelson Bakr, El Haugerud, ian sh, ide Plade,Philppe Fypeen, Jorge Emilio Abramian, José Francisco Séez, Carles Mineiro Aes, Yasin bBrjmohan, Getan van Stam, Martin Manuhwa and Zainab Garash. UNESCO also acknowledges with gratitude theindividual authors and co-editor forthe pon. contifutions, namely, 2emard ‘Arad lana Aranda, Hossein Aciznour, Madeline Balaar, Vegi Dignum Sami Domisch, Anna Fllander, Rob Goodies, Ashiey Hudesso, Andrew Johnston, Chistopher Joseph Paul Jit, Noah Keiser Andrew David Lamb, Simone Daniele Langhans llanda Lete, Madimir pez Basso, Mariela Machado, Tory Majors, David Donald, hane McHugh, Michelle Mycoo,Frencas FusoNerii Max Tegmar, Even Thomas Ricardo Vinuess and Serantuyaa Zandaryas “The UNESCO editovl team wasled by SharilaNai-Bedouelle, ‘Assistant Drector General for Netural Sciences, ho button the grounduork prepared by Gretchen Kalo end Flava Schlegel, focme esstant Director-General for Natural Sdences and who ‘es supzorted by Peggy Otonteng. Rowen Sgeroney, Christine Iskandsr, Angelos Zaid Haidar, Natalia Tolochko ErestoFemandez end Shehbsz Khan All aspects ofthe production ofthe reper. ‘were fcltated and supported by an Denison and Matin Wichenden, ‘end the graphic desian workofAbracedbre andthe contributors of thephotographs ae also acknowledged. Special thanks areertonded teal Mezoyer forherprecaushalpin the design and layout ofthe report ancito Cathy Len who oversaw thesfiatve completion othe repottwith aplomb thanks toher precise attention to every deta, The inal word of thant is reserved forthe formidable taskforce whomaster.llyguded the report throughourltedavelooment. UNESCO acinowadgesits dep appreciation forthe unaring support provided bythe stewardship of Gong Keand Ws exertional ‘team of Marlene Kenge, osé Vere, Jecques de Méreuiland Théo ‘laud from the World Federation of Engineering Oresizationsfor ‘theirpatiert guidance, valuable crtiques and expert knowledge, and forchammgioning the cause ofthe engineering profession UNESCO particularly wishes tocomey itsimmense gatitude to Gang Kewho led theteam af experts acrastimezon, proved guidancein the development ofthisinitiave, and ‘whose support for UNESCO's werkinthefield of engineering has been instrumental in bringing his publication ttn, Finally, UNESCO wishes to acknowledge the many thousands of engineersand the engineering community fortheirworkevery dayin advancing sentficand engineering eperise,andforthelr commitmentandsense of dutyin resgondingto the 2080 Agenda {er Sustsinable Development which srefectedinthisrepor. Introduction Engineering to accelerate delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals Engineering to accelerate delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals | Anew engineering report Enginesring is about thelnowledge and prectice of saving problems. For thousands of years, engineering asbot profession and e discipline has evolved with the development cof humanity. Engineering has helped solve our dally problems and our production needs by applying scientific knowledge, technicel methods, design and management principles indeed engineering, with ts range of sub-

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