———— Motion in One Dimension It us Study of motion of objecke Withad taking ‘atp account the factor which cause te motion. x (east) Motion- A bocky ss seid +o be in motion if It changes ats position with time. Motion Ja cluays relotive to the observer. Rest - Tg a body cloes not change its position with dame jwith yespect to ids surroundings then it ZK sailol to be at vest. Rectilineas Motion - : It is a motion in which a particle “Y pont mows body is moving ong a straight Line Point maw Object or Peuticle ; Th the size of a body 4a negtigiole in Comp- prep 40 G4s range of motion then the body is said “Pe point mars object oY a particleFrame of Referunce - Tt us a system ois three mutually perpendicular axes (X,Yand Z axis) attached to an observer having, a clock with him, with respect +o which the obsewer Can describe position, clisplacament ,accelrration etc. of a moving object. The point ojy mtersection of ther axed wa origin , which beer ab a yepouna point or the bosition of the obsewer. I4 frame Js not mention, then ground Ls taken ar Q yeftrence frame: 411 One dimensional Motion- ae only one Coorolinate changes unth time, then it is ° P Colled one oclimensional motion. <---> a Example— orion ob A Cor on & Straight road, motion of a freely falling body. ete. 25 Two climensional Motion- Ip onty two coorclinakes Changers with dime then dt is Catlud +0 olimensional motion: Example~ An insect Crawling over the fleor, motion 06 A Corn on civculan tury ete.3) Three climensional MotHon - Tp A thre Coordinates changes with dime, then it 4A PGe1%2) Callus! three olimensional motion. Example - A flying bird, vanolom motion ok qe molecule etc. Distance ond Displieement - Distanca - Total Lengtn of path covered by the particle 43 Coed the clistance Dis ent - Tt 48 the minimum cistance beturen two Positions of the object and ts cliveeton is from inihal to fined position of the object. A Dictonee = 0A +AB Distance = 271y Displaumat = 0B DiAplacament = 0 ° eo int Hod fined Nete- Ci) Distanca is a scalar while izplacement id vector. Gi) Distance depends on pay while olisplacement does rot depends on path ,it only ckpends on initial and Final position. (i) Distance Jb alu pesitve or zero tohile the oisplacement may be +e, -Vve or zero. Gv) Distance 2 [Disblcement|Displacement in terms of Pesition vector- Let a body Ls clisplaced y from AC % 94, >Z,) 40 B (%2 545 972) AC 1 Then ats ctisplacement 4s given ee by vector AG 1 zat + y+ zak = Yo = xal + ya} + fait me + Vp =T > Y. = 47% He = Gaedt +G-wyt +z dk \¥al = [ea Gat +e) Speecl and Veloaty - Spend - Tt Js the rote of clidtance coved! with Hme It us yveloted to catanee ond it is @ Scalar. The Speecl of the object can be zero or positive but never negative. Average Spezcl- Tt Lb dined as the vedio of the total olistance travelled by the object to the total hme taken = as aaa It & particle travels distances S15 Sa, Sa, ete with Speeds Vir Vr9oVa,-.. then Avevoge Speed Vay = SitSa t Sat: ::: 35 Hear &—— Instantaneous Speed ~ TH 4s the Speed of @ particle at a particular instant of dime. Tt At approaches to zero then average spect pecomes instantaneous spead. = Lim As = os v Btoo Bt or Velocity - TRe vote of change of oliaplrcement with ime is collect velocity. It is a vector quantity. It can be Positive, negative oy zeyo- Average Velocity - It is clypined as the vatio of Uidplacement +d the dime token by the body, Instantaneous Velocity - or Tt Ja veloaty of a Partie ot a parhadar instant t+ duime. VY = Um tm 6 che Ato at Note- (i) Magnitude of Instartomeous velocity id tre | instantaneous speed | Gi) Vohen & Particle moves with constant velocity 5 | its average velocity , its instantaneous velocity L and Itc speed all are equal. |Relodive Velocity - When two objects A and B&B ant moving with different veloc Hes, then the velocity ob one object with respect 4D anothey object 4s Colles) relotive Velocity. — — = Ve Vae = Va-Ve : ard | Van = Va-Va a & Here Vas Js the velative velocity of object A wrt B and Vea id te relative veloc +y ob eae Bwrt A CQ) Ih both the ebjects ane moving in same dlrection A——wr Va Vas = VA- Ve Be——— Va Gi) Tf the tuo objects are moving in opposite alivection Me Git) Ik the two objects ane moving at any angle & Vee = | Va + Ve'= 2VaVeCos® | Note: Similevdy Relative accelercction of A with Yeapet to B da (ne = an ar Also Aan = — AanRelative Velocity of Rain — Th valn ts falling vertically with a velocity Ve and an obseuer Us moving horizon with velocity Ve then the velocity of rain with yespect to obseuer will be and = at m ° tant x8) So in order +o Save himsels trom wetting person Should hold umbrella at angle © with verticle. > = —Nn Ve Vow tn Vim = Vat CVE) Note - <> — . ' > _" ¥, Drechon - Rm = chon ERAN Va t+ (“Vm > adong, an Vin Ve ee fo Val Tan = Va = Va - Vin Note - 25577 Roin Veteal B 9 oma@le aa Br aT Man Br Va (Hh) S&F Direct Bl Hovice Shear -onfer) (o0rg 3) Uneecus ane &’ aay &T>Swimming into the yey - A wan Can swim with velocity Vig UG: ad is the vetoed. of man wrt. Still water. Th water is also flowing with velocity Va then th, Velocity of man yelotive to ground A Va = Van + Ve QQ) Ip te swiming 4a in the Uirection of flow of water thin ( Downstream ) 5 7 Vine ——, (ii) If the Suiming 4s obpositte oUirection to tre How of water. than ( Upstream) - — Map Garcaaeal (iii) For Shortest Path Th man wants 4o cross the river such that his "olisblacement showd be minimum” ten it means thot he wants JO Yeach just opposite point across the ynver Man Should start suwiming at an anye 8 with the perpendicular to the flow of river. oeeee ‘ sp that its vesultont velocity = Vaart Va is im the clivection of ee aa. T yeach ot B sing = Va ov) Sin8 = BE d = i eee me taken VaaCosé , Vine Vine Sind = Ve or (iv) For Minimum Time — To Cross the rivey in minimum time te Velocity along Ab (VmCo$@) should be maximum. It is posible if G20,e Swimming should Start perpendicular to water cunruent. ' ' a Due to ebect of river &<— aritt—> « veouty Le. Wis olisblacement wil) not be mmimum but dime taken to Cross the nver will be minimum, a) ae Tn time tmin Swimmer travels A hatante Be along the river with Speeol oh river VR “+ Be = tminVA = diva hon Distance travelled along river flow = atriyt of man = trinVa JNote - Rain-Man Problems ZT River - Boat Problems FH formula Vim = Va-Vin OT Von = Ve-Va 4 Use 52% Triangle onnen & atte Diagram BF A Colewation arf h 1 Question Easy Pr wrest) Acceleration - The vects of change otf velocity with time 44 Catked accelerction. It 48 a vector quantity. Lts direction ig same as thet of change in velocity (Not of the velocity). Average Acceleration— TH At olefined o& the yato of total change in velou ty to the total time taken: Qav = Av = Y-Vi At hot) Tnstartanenus Acceleration - Ip At approaches zero, the average acceleration becomes the Imdtantanzcouws accelrotion - es lm 2 - av = g¥ bt70 At oat at Note - Acceleration can be pasitive, negative oY Ter. positive acceluration means velocity ‘increasing with time, Zeyo acceleration means velocity 4d uniform and negative acceliration means Velocity is decreasing with Hyme- ELEquations of Kinemates - Firat Equation- Tk porwecle moves with a Constank acceleraton BW then by oleginition @ = av or dv = Bolt Lat at Starting peink (+20) inital velodty is 7 and oat A'me t its final velocity ia Vi then- > Ss a t V aay € v= fates =) fav = a fer a 2 _ 2 : 4 V — = ee val eae Oy, Vie ane ov tn scalar. form Seemd Equation - ee : So By alagini Hor ob velecity Vv = le ov ae = U +at or as = (P4+et) ot Ler ct time & ,chuplacement is S ten s t fae = [@+atyar oO oe B= Ut + dae* 2 sn omThird Equation - We Know that Vvrutat or +t (4) a by substituting the value oh t in eq S=ut + Los we u(ve4) + da (xeuy 2 aq o = 2 a or 2aS = 2uv -2u>4+v~4 U> - 2uv oy vy? = ur42a8 Im vector form V2 2ur42Be Distemee travelled by the body inn’ second - Sn = Sn - Say Sn = un + tan® — uln-1) ~ha(nay On selving we gck Sn = U +2 (2n-1) In vector form os e+ Z (an-1)se ee Venice Motion Under Gravis = Ib aiy resistance 44 negligible and a bedy js treely moving along verb'cle Line near the earth surface jaan an acceleration acts clownwarsl which ds 9-8 m/s, AJ Th @ body is aropped fromm seme hed (uco)- In thin Case, UFO > A= 493 thon equations of mohon art- Gg) ve gt i). & gx ii) VP = 2gh liv) fe = 2 (2n-) 2) Th a bedy Js projected vertic Upworel — Taking inital position as origin and alivection of motion i-t. vertically up) o% poritive Y axis: v=o ot maximum hel at teT und A= -G then equahins of raotion Ane - oz u-gt or Ul)ee Gi) he ut-gt™ oy Wimax = ut -4gt* > hmax = (g1)T “433 or hmax = agt Ci) ve = u® -2gh oy 0 = U-2ghmax a Note- (i) After attaining maximum helt bocly fun and tome back at gqroune- Ui) Time token during ‘up flignt and olown flight Ar equal: Gi) Time for one sie T= W/_ anol Total time of flight = 2T = 2u/g Gv) At each equot height from grounal speed of body will be Same eth. going up ov Coming alown-Position - Time graphs fpr moving object Important Points | | Slope of S-t graph = Velocity 620° So Veo | Porticle is at rest - he Sl Ss) O=lomstant so V=Conttant,aco | Particle is moving with Uniform velocity . 3 + | SA 6 is increasing so V Is increasing | and @ is positive. | Particle ja moving with increasing velocity ome positive accelerction. | 6 it Slope = as ev st @ is olecreasmg so v is decreasing | ee s4 ° i. and a 4s negative. Perticle ia mowing with ekereasing Velocity an retardation. “Wynen 6 38 Constant and -ve So V 4a also -ve anol censtant ,a = 0 Poxticle returns towards the peint | Ob vepeuunce (negahve olisblacement. tVelocity -Time graphs por accelrratect MoHon ° + vi ° a Important Peints Slope of V-t graph = acceleration 920° so A=0 4 V = Constant Particle ik moving with Const. Velocity @ =Cevst. So A = Const. anol V ad increasing uniformly with Hme Porticle wd moving ustt uni form acceleroki on - © is increasing So a4 imeveasing Panticle 44 moving with increasing | acceleration and increasing velocity. Slope = av 2a ° 6 8 >96 ond Constant so accelrrotom 4s negative but Constent. Ponticle is moving with negahive Constant acceleration with +ve initial veloaty. 6 <90 but cost So Q ud +V¥e anol Conbtomt - Ponticle Zs moving with +ve Constant acceluation with tve imibel velocity: VzuUutatGRAPHS Tmporstard Points - CG) Slope of aplacement- time graph aves Velocity. As vec a6 ) Slope of velocity time graph gives acceluction . As a 1 ui av ot (1) Area Under Velodity- Aime. groph gives cliaplacament. As Aas = Vat S= vxt * Distance = Toted /rea * Displacement = (+ve Area) —(-ve Area) OV) Prrea under accelroction. time graph gives change in velocity: a As dvs adt AV = axt Change in Velocity (Av) eo