EduRev

(/home)
Get Infinity (/Subscription?

utm_medium=website&utm_source=upgrade_btn_hdr&utm_campaign=s

ubscription_link)
3
(/search?s=all)

Chapter Notes - New Kings and Chap

ter…
Kingdoms 106
(https://edure docs
v.in/courses/…

Table of contents Go to Course (htt ps://edur

The Emergence of New Dynasties

Up Next
Administration in the Kingdoms 

Prashastis and Land Grants (https:/

/edurev
.in/stud
Warfare for Wealth
(https://e ytube/
durev.in/ Chapte
A Closer Look: The Cholas studytub r-
e/Chapte Notes-
Frequently Asked Questions r-Notes- T he-
T he- Cha Mughal
Mughal- pt… -
Several major ruling dynasties emerged in different parts of Empire/3 Empire/
f172a47- 3f172a
the subcontinent between the seventh and twelfth 5021- 47-
centuries. 4d84- 5021-
89a4- 4d84-
120f6c1 89a4-
eca00_t) 120f6c
1eca00
_t)
 (https:/
/edurev
.in/stud
(https://e
ytube/
durev.in/
Chapte
studytub
r-
e/Chapte
Notes-
r-Notes-
T he-
T he- Cha
Delhi-
Delhi- pt… Sultans
Sultans/c
/cddbd
ddbd854
854-
-5bdd-
5bdd-
4755-
4755-
b256-
b256-
76a97ee
76a97e
aa65a_t)
eaa65a
_t)

(https:/
/edurev
.in/stud
(https://e ytube/
durev.in/ Chapte
studytub r-
e/Chapte Notes-
The major ruling dynasties in different parts of the r-Notes- Eighte
Eighteen enth-
subcontinent between the seventh and twelfth th- Centur
Cha
centuries Century- y-
Political- pt… Politica
Formatio l-
ns/c7561 Formati
The Emergence of New Dynasties e6f- ons/c7
d37e- 561e6f
By the 7th century, different regions of the subcontinent 42fe- -d37e-
b326- 42fe-
had big landlords and warrior chiefs, who were
4d88c51 b326-
acknowledged as the subordinates or samantas by the 891fe_t) 4d88c5
1891fe
existing kings. _t)
They had to bring gifts for their kings and overloads and
had to be present at their courts and provide military Unlock all Class 7
support. Content
@ ₹99/month
However, as these samantas gained power and wealth they
declared themselves as maha-samanta, maha-
Access to Locked
mandaleshvara (the great lord of a “circle” or region), and so Content

on.
At times, they even asserted their independence from their Personalized Analysis

overlords. Given is the example of Rashtrakutas in the Remove Ads

Deccan, who were subordinates to the Chalukyas of

Buy Now (/Subscription?bund
Karnataka.

Other Options

Download this Doc

Pricing Plans (/S ubscr

Report

Dantidurga: Founder of Rashtrakuta

Empire
 In the mid 8th century, Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief,
Download free
overthrew his Chalukya overlord and performed a ritual
EduRev App
called hiranya-garbha (literally, the golden womb) with the
Track your progress,
help of Brahmanas.  build streaks, highlight
& save important
This ritual was thought to lead to the “rebirth” of the lessons and more!
sacrificer as a Kshatriya, even if he was not one by birth.
In other cases, men from enterprising families used their
military skills to carve out kingdoms like the Kadamba (/android-
download?
Mayurasharman and the GurjaraPratihara Harichandra. t=https%3A%2F%
They were Brahmanas who gave up their traditional 2Fplay.google.com
%2Fstore%2Fapps
professions and took to arms, successfully establishing %2Fdetails%3Fid%
(S 3Dcom.edurev%26
kingdoms in Karnataka and Rajasthan respectively. ca referrer%3Dhttp%
n 253A%252F%252F
Q edurev.in%253Fut
R m_source%253DPa
co ge%2526utm_cam
Try yourself: What is the literal meaning of hiranya-garbha? de paign%253DPage_
) Google_Play_btn_r
t_sd_br%2526utm_
a. Rashtrakutas medium%253Dedu
rev_website)

b. Dantidurga
(https://apps.apple.
com/tt/app/edurev
/id1529835494)
c. Golden womb

d. Golden deer

View Solution
Administration in the Kingdoms 
New kings took up high-sounding titles such as maharaja-
adhiraja (great king, overlord of kings), tribhuvana-
chakravartin (lord of the three worlds), and so on. 

King was given big titles like Maharaja-Adhiraja

The kings shared power with their samantas, and with the
association of peasants, traders and Brahmanas.
Resources were obtained from the producers who were
persuaded to surrender part of what they produced.
These resources were used to finance the king’s
establishment and construct temples and forts.
 Functionaries for collecting revenue were recruited from
influential families.
This was true about the army as well. In many cases, close
relatives of the king held these positions.

Ge t addit ional INR 200 of f

t oday wit h EDUREV200 Avail Offer
coupon.

Prashastis and Land Grants

Prashastis composed by learned Brahmanas, who
occasionally helped in the administration, contain details
that may not be literally true but will tell us how rulers
wanted to depict themselves – as valiant, victorious warriors,
for example.

Kings often rewarded Brahmanas by grants of land, which

were recorded on copper plates. These plates were given
to those who received the land.

A set of copper plates recording a grant of land made by

a ruler 

Unusual for the 12th century was a long Sanskrit poem

containing the history of kings who ruled over Kashmir
composed by an author named Kalhana who was often
critical about rulers and their policies, unlike other writers. 
He used a variety of sources, including inscriptions,
documents, eyewitness accounts, and earlier histories, to
 write his account.

Try yourself: Prashastis tell us how rulers wanted to depict

themselves as

a. leader

b. valiant victorious warriors

c. achiever

d. all of these

View Solution

Warfare for Wealth

For centuries Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta, and Pala's
dynasties fought for control over Kannauj.
The long-drawn conflict is known as a tripartite struggle as
three parties were involved in it.
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni raided the subcontinent almost
every year and looted temples like Somnath, Gujarat,
Mahmud entrusted a scholar named al-Biruni to write an
account of the subcontinent.
 Other kings engaged in warfare were Chauhan, who ruled
over the region around Delhi and Ajmer.
Chauhans were engaged in conflict with Chalukyas of
Gujarat and the Gahadavalas of western UP.
Prithviraj III was a popular Chauhan ruler who def eated
Af g han ruler Ghori in 1191 but lost to him in 1192.

Prithviraj III

Also read: Chapter Notes - The Mug hal Empire

A Closer Look: The Cholas

From Uraiyur to Thanjavur
The Cholas rose to power when Vijayalaya, a member of the
ancient Chola family from Uraiyur, seized control of the Kaveri
delta from the Muttaraiyar, a minor ruling clan who were
under the Pallava kings of Kanchipuram. 
In the mid-ninth century, Vijayalaya established the city of
Thanjavur and built a temple dedicated to goddess
Nishumbhasudini.
Vijayalaya's successors expanded their kingdom by
conquering neighbouring regions, including the territories of
the Pandyan and Pallava dynasties to the south and north. 
Rajaraja I, regarded as the most influential Chola ruler,
ascended the throne in 985 and further extended the
 empire's control over these areas. 
He also restructured the empire's administration. 
Rajaraja's son, Rajendra I, pursued his father's policies,
invading the Ganga valley, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asian
countries, and built a navy for these campaigns.

Best Study Material f or Class 7 Exam

N S M Explore
C… c… a… courses …

(/courses/ (/courses/ (/courses/ (/explore/

27834_NC 2518_Scie 2595_Mat 24/Class-
ERT- nce-for- hematics-- 7)
Textbooks Class-7-- Maths--
-Solutions- VII-- Class-7)
for-Class- CBSE-
7- NCERT-
Complete- Curriculu
Class-7- m-Class-7-
Course- Docs--
170-docs- Videos--
Praveen- Tests)
Kumar-
EduRev)

Splendid Temples and Bronze Sculpture

 The magnificent temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikonda-
cholapuram, constructed by Rajaraja and Rajendra, are
wonders of architecture and sculpture. 
Chola temples often became the focal points of communities
that developed around them. 
These temples served as centres for craft production.
Temples were gifted with land by both rulers and others. 
The output of this land was used to support various specialists
who worked and often lived near the temple, including priests,
garland makers, cooks, cleaners, musicians, and dancers. 
In other words, temples were not only places for worship but
also hubs for economic, social, and cultural activities.
One of the most notable crafts associated with temples was
the creation of bronze statues. 
Chola bronze sculptures are considered among the best in the
world. 
Although most of the statues were of gods, some were also
made of devotees.

Agriculture and Irrigation

The Cholas achieved a lot due to advancements in agriculture.
 
The Kaveri River splits into several smaller channels before
reaching the Bay of Bengal. 
These channels often overflow, leaving fertile soil on their
banks. 
The water from these channels is essential for agriculture,
especially rice cultivation.
 Agriculture had already developed in other parts of Tamil
Nadu, but it was only from the 5th or 6th century that large-
scale cultivation began in this region. 
Forests needed to be cleared in some areas, while land had to
be levelled in others. 
In the delta region, embankments were built to prevent
flooding, and canals were constructed to carry water to the
fields. In many areas, two crops were grown annually.
In many cases, artificial watering of crops was needed. 
Different methods were used for irrigation, such as digging
wells or building large tanks to collect rainwater. 
Irrigation works require planning, organising labour and
resources, maintaining these structures, and deciding how
water will be distributed. Many new rulers and villagers were
actively involved in these activities.

A Chola Dynasty Bronze Sculpture

Download the notes

Chapter Notes - New Download as PDF
King s and King doms

T he Administration of the Empire

The administration was organised through a system of
settlements called ur, which were groups of peasant villages. 
These groups formed larger units known as nadu, which
carried out various administrative tasks such as providing
justice and collecting taxes. 
 Rich peasants held significant influence over the affairs of the
nadu under the oversight of the central Chola government. 
These wealthy landowners were given titles and entrusted
with important state positions.
Brahmanas often received land grants, leading to the
establishment of numerous Brahmana settlements in the
Kaveri valley and other parts of South India. 
Each settlement was governed by an assembly or sabha,
consisting of notable Brahmana landholders. 
These assemblies were highly efficient and their decisions
were documented in inscriptions, often on temple walls. 
In some cases, trader associations called nagarams also had
administrative roles in towns.
Inscriptions from Uttaramerur in Tamil Nadu offer insights
into the organisation of the sabha. 
The sabha had different committees responsible for various
tasks such as maintaining irrigation systems, gardens, and
temples. 
To select committee members, eligible names were written on
palm leaf tickets and placed in a pot. 
A young boy would then draw out the tickets one by one to
determine the members of each committee.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q.1. Which new dynasties emerged after the 7th century in
the subcontinent?

Ans: Many new dynasties emerged after the 7th century like:

 Guijara-Pratiharas
Rashtrakutas
Palas
Cholas
Chahamanas or Chauhan

Q.2. Who collected the revenue?

Ans:  

The functionaries for collecting revenue were generally

recruited from influential families.
Their positions were often hereditary.
This was true about the army as well.
In many cases, close relatives of the king held these positions.

Q.3. Who was Mahmud Ghazni? How did he expand his

kingdom?

 Ans:

One of the best known of such rulers is Sultan Mahmud of

Ghazni, Afghanistan.
He ruled from 997 to 1030 A.D.
He extended control over parts of Central Asia, Iran, and the
north-western part of the subcontinent.
He Raided the subcontinent almost every year—his targets
were wealthy temples including Somnath, Gujarat.
He used most of the wealth to create a splendid capital city at
Ghazni.
 He was interested in finding out more about the people he
conquered.
He entrusted a scholar named al-Biruni to write an account of
the subcontinent.
This Arabic work, known as the Kitab al-Hind, remains an
important source for historians.
He consulted Sanskrit scholars to prepare this account.

Are you preparing for Class 7 exam? Then EduRev is the perfect
solution for all your study needs. With courses, docs, videos and
tests for the complete syllabus. You will get all that you need at one
place. So if you are seriously preparing for Class 7 exam, EduRev
Infinity is your go-to resource for learning anytime, anywhere. So
join Infinity today.

View Plans