PHYSICS A Highly Simulated Practice Question Paper for CBSE Class XII Examination Time: 3 hrs Max, Marks : 70 General Instructions 1. All questions are compulsory. There are 33 questions in all 2, This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section B. 3, Section A contains ten very short answer questions and four assertion reasoning MCQs of 1 mark each, Section B has two case based questions of 4 marks each, Section C contains nine short answer questions of2 marks each, Section D contains five short answer questions of 3 marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of 5 marks each. 4, There is no overall choice. However internal choice is provided. You have to attempt only one of the choices insuch questions. SECTION-A All questions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, attempt anyone of them. 1. Ife, and p1, are the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space and ¢ and. are the corresponding quantities in the medium, then calculate the index of refraction medium in terms of above parameter. 4 Sol. Velocity of light in vacuum, ¢ = vitor 1 Velocity of light in medium, v= ve hy So, refractive index, p= fy} 2. Draw the graph showing the variation of photoelectric current with intensity of light. Sol, The photoelectric current is directly proportional to the number of photoelectrons emitted per second. This implies that the number of photoelectrons emitted per second is directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation, Hence, raph is shown as 12) Photoelectric ‘current Intensity of ight 1 Scanned with CamScannerells in series as show? he potential difference Is Aand C of the 3. Consider first two c in figure. Find out between the termina! combination. ae ov pete ye nese? pean ta Sol. Fromtne gen ereut cagrams inet Cute gt A 545 10 an) Here, Vac =V(A)~VIC) (A) - Vi8)} + MIB) - YC] HInte-Mp + @-Mh+h) = (5+ 6)-1.1(3+2)=55V 01) 4, An electron is moving parallel to uniform magnetic field 5T with constant velocity 15m/s. Calculate the force acting on electron. Or A silver coil of 100 turns, radius 2107 m carries a current of 1 A. Then, find out the magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of the coil. Sol. The force on electron, F= qvBsin® ney The electron is moving parallel to the magnetic field, so 0=0° 6x10" '9 x15 x5sin0” =0 fara) or Magnetic field due to a circular coil at its centre is given by gaboll _4zx 107 x100 x1 2R 2x2x10° fury =x 107 =314x 107 T ny 5. Find the ratio of the electrostatic force between two point charges of equal charge (q) (a) in air and (b) in a medium of dielectric constant ¢,. Sol. Force between the charge particle (in ait), 1q@ A-t Arty 1? fl) Force in medium, Pe 4ntog (i) 13) Dividng Ea. (0 by Ea (we get j 1@ hy | 7 ting at a point e conductors are meeting a 7 §- FM the figure. What is the value as shown in of current in fifth conductor? Jaa | 5A 3A ! 5A } Or A television of 100 W is used for 2 h, then | what is the value of unit of expense of electricity? ‘Applying Kirchhott's first rule, which means, algebra: sum of the currents meeting at a point in an electrea’ Circuit is always zero, 103)| So, (5A}+(4A)+(-3A)+(-5A)+/ =0 | = J=-18 na! or | Dissipated energy per second, | Sol. poll or W=Pxt Here, P =100W andt=2h So, W=(100x2)W-h 3) Unit of dissipated energy, = Watts hours _ 100 x2 == 1000: 1000 =O2unit a kWh 7. How does photocurrent is produced by solar cells? Or Find out how the magnetic moment (jt) an electron revolving around the nuclevs varies with principal quantum number. | When photon of light (hy > Ep) falls at the GaAs P-n junction, electron-hole pairs are generated ne the junction and move in opposite directions duet? junction field. A photovoltage will be. produced between the top and bottom metal electrodes act”? Positive and negative terminal producing hotocurrent, which is ed externally 'S supplied to load connect | Sol. | Scanned with CamScanner: : Or ‘Magnetic moment of an electron is given by 8, Which electromagnetic radiation has wavelength greater than that of X-rays and smaller than that of visible light? Sol. Wavelength of ultraviolet radiation (¢.1*107%m to 4 x10"? mies in between Xray and visible light. tis shorter than light wave fe.4« 10"7m to 8 x10-7m)and longer than Xray fe. 110M to 310% m} 2} ol 9, Predict the direction of induced current in the condition described by the figure given below. Sol. As the theosttis being sited, the resistance in series to he col decreases and the curent inthe col increases. Hence, magnetic flux through the second coil increases. By Lenz's law, the induced current in the col opposes ths increases in flux Therefore, the induced current must flow in clockwise direction, i.e. along acba. a 10. Why should a nuclear fission precede a nuclear fusion? Or The large angle of scattering of a-particles in Rutherford experiment is possible only due to nucleus. Give reason. Sol. Nuctear fusion are thermonuclear fusions which ‘occurs at very high teriperature of 10°10” K. Such a high temperature can be attained by atomic explosion that involves nuciear fission. Thus, a nuclear fission should precede a nuclear fusion. Also, once a fusion process is initiated, the energy released is enough to Sustain this process. a) or ecparticies in Rutherford's experiment can be scattered through large angles only, if they collide ‘against a positively charged heavy particle such as rucleus. a For question numbers 11, 12, 13 and 14, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below. 11. Sol. 12. (a) Both A and Rare tue and Ris the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) Ais true but Ris false. (a) Ais false and Ris also false. Assertion An electron on p-side of a p-n junction moves to n-side just an instant after diffusion of charge carriers occurs across junction plane. Reason Drifting of charge carriers reduces the concentration gradient across junction plane. (c) Ina pn junction, due to diffusion of electrons, a positive space-charge region on n-side of the junction and a negative space charge region on p-side of the junction is formed. Due to this, an electric field directed from postive charge towards negative charge develops. (Electric feld is from n-side to p-side). Due to this field, an electron on p-side of the junction moves to n-side and a hole on n-side of the junction moves to p-side. This motion of charge carriers due to the electric field is called drift. Thus, a drift current, which is opposite in direction to the diffusion current starts. However,concentration gradient is due to doping of sides. It is not affected by drift of charge carriers. Therefore, Ais true but Ris false Q) Assertion If we have a point source emitting waves uniformly in all directions, the locus of point which have the same amplitude and vibrate in the same phase are spheres. Reason Each point of the wavefront is the source of a secondary disturbance and the wavelets emanating from these points spread out in all directions with the speed of the wave. Scanned with CamScanner+ principle, each point of the Sol. (2) According to Huygens’ principle, e2c wavetront is the source of 2 secondary disturbance and : the wavelets emanating from these point spread ‘out in all directions with the speed of wave. 9 from the wavefront are usually Jets and if we draw a heres, we obtain the new These wavelets eranatin referred to as secondary wave ‘common tangent to all these spi position of the wavefront ata later time. 0, for a point source emitting waves uniformly in all Girections, the locus of points which have the same “mpltude and vibrate in the same phase are spheres and we have a spherical wave Therefore, A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. o) 13. Assertion Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat waves. Reason Water molecules present in any materials readily absorb infrared waves. After absorption, their thermal motion increases, i.e. they heat up and heat their surroundings. Sol. (a) Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat waves. Because water molecules present in any materials jy absorb Inrrane were von oe 02, NHg, also absorb infrareg molecules, € 9: Ct ption, their thermal motion waves). After abso ioveases. ie. they heat up and heat their surroundings. Therelore, A and Rare true and Ris the correct Qy explanation of A. 44, Assertion The property of convergent Jens of converging rays remain same in all media. Reason Property of lens, whether the rays are diverging or converging does not depend on the surrounding medium. Sol. (a) When a convergent lens is placed inside a transparent medium having refractive index creater than that of material of lens, it behaves ag a divergent lens. Hence, property of a lens, whether the rays are converging or diverging depends on the surrounding medium. ‘Therefore, Ais false and Ris also false. 0) SECTION-B Questions 15 and 16 are case study based questions and are compulsory. Attempt any 4 sub parts from each question. Each question carriers 1 mark. Moving Coil Galvanometer 15. Moving coil galvanometer operates on Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) mechanism and was designed by the scientist D'arsonval. Moving coil galvanometers are of two types ( Suspended coil (ii) Pivoted coil type or tangent galvanometer. Its working is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque. This torque tends to rotate the coil about its axis of suspension in such a way that the magnetic flux passin: through the coil is maximum, : Scale § Unitorin radial magnetic feld (0) A moving coil galvanometer is an instrument which (a) is used to measure emf ® is used to measure potential difference (c) is used to measure resistance Scanned with CamScanner(q) is @ deflection instrument which gives a deflection when a current flows through its coil (ii) To make the field radial in a moving coil galvanometer, (a) number of turns of coil is kept small {b) magnet is taken in the form of horse-shoe (c) poles are of very strong magnets (a) poles are cylindrically cut (ii) The deflection in a moving coil galvanometer is (a) directly proportional to torsional constant of spring (0) directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil (0) inversely proportional to the area of the coil (@) inversely proportional to the current in the coil (iv) In a moving coil galvanometer, having a coil of N-turns of area A and carrying current / is placed in a radial field of strength B, The torque acting on the coil is (a) NA? BT (b) NABI? (co) N?ABr (a) NABI (v) To increase the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer, we should decrease (a) strength of magnet (b) torsional constant of spring (c) number of turns in coil (d) area of coil Sol. () (6) A moving coil galvanometer isa sensitive Instrument which is used to measure a deflection when a current flows through its coll QO) (9 (©) Unitorm field is made radial by cutting pole Pieces cylindrically, Q) (i) (0) The deflection in a moving coil galvanometer, = me ‘I or 6c, where Nis number of turns ina coll, Bis magnetic field and Als area of toss-section, 0} () (@) The deflecting torque acting on the coil, "detection * MAB 0) ( (©) Current sensitivity of galvanometer $25, MOA jeer Honco, to Increase (current sensitivity) S,, (torsional Constant of spring) k must be decreased. 1) a-Particle Scattering Experiment 16. In this experiment, H. Geiger and E. Marsden took radioactive source (744 Bi) for a-particles. A collimated beam of a-particles of energy 5.5 MeV was allowed to fall on 2.1 10-'m thick gold foil. The a-particles were observed through a rotatable detector consisting of a zinc sulphide screen & microscope and it was found that a-particles got scattered. These scattered a-particles produced scintillations on the zinc sulphide screen. Observations of this experiment are as follows I. Many of the a-particles pass through the foil without deflection. II. Only about 0.14% of the incident a-particles scattered by more than 1°, IIL. Only about one a-particle in every 8000 @-particles deflected by more than 90°, Based on these observation, they were able to proposed a nuclear model of atom, are called planetary model, in which entire positive charge and most of the mass of atom is concentrated in a small volume called the nucleus with electron revolving around the nucleus as planets revolve around the sun. (i) Rutherford's atomic model can be visualised as (i) Gold foil used in Geiger-Marsden experiment is about 10“ m thick. This ensures (a) gold foil’s gravitational pull is small or possible Scanned with CamScanner(b) gold foil is deflected when et stream is not incident centrally 0 (c) gold foil provides no resistance to passage of a-particles (a) most a-particle will not st 1° scattering during passa gold foil (iii) In Geiger-Marsden experiment, detection of a-particles scattered at a particular angle is done by (a) counting flashes produced by a-particles ona ZnS coated screen (b) counting spots produced on a photographic film (c) using a galvanometer detector (4) using a Geiger-counter (iv) Atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus is obviously from the following observation of Geiger-Marsden experiment (a) most of a-particles pass straight through the gold foil (b) many of a-particles are scattered through the acute angles (c) very large number of a-particles are deflected by large angles (d) None of the above (v) The fact that only a small fraction of the number of incident particles rebound back in Rutherford scattering indicates that (a) number of a-particles undergoing head-on-collision is small (b) mass of the atom is concentrated in a small volume suffer more than \ge through SECTION-C All questions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, 17. How does the mutual inductance ofa pair of coil change when, (i) distance between the coils is increased by two times and (ii) number of turns in the coils is j is by four times? oe Or A straight conductor (rod) of length 0.3 m is rotated about one end at a constant 6280 rad/s in a plane normal to a uniform magnetic field of induction § x10°T, Sol: () attempt anyone, Sol. () As the fux inked with the coil is @ = MI. With he (c) mass of the atom 4s concentrated j, Jarge volume (a) Both (a) and (b) putherford's atom had a positively charge, nd electrons were revolving Outside, | lanetary Model of the atom as, | a] centre a! also called the PI | ion () Om ie gold foils very thn, ican be ass) Oo re particles will suffer Not more than one scattering during their passage through it Therefore, computation of the trajectory ofan particle scattered by a single nucleus is enough. | {ip (@) The scattered a-particles were obsenveg 4 through a rotatable detctor consisting ang | sulphide screen and a microscope. The scatey | ca-particles on striking the screen produced bret light flashes or scintllations. These flashes mays | viewed through a microscope and the distribuion of the number of scattered particles may be studied as a function of angle of scattering, | {v) (@) In Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, te entire positive charge and most of the mass ole "atom are concentrated in the nucleus with the electrons some distance away. It is obvious fon the observation of Geiger Marsden experiment. | that most of the a-particles pass straight thug | the gold foil, a} {¥) (@) in case of head-on-collision, the impact parameter is minimum and the a-particle rebounds back. So, the fact that only a small fraction of the number of incident particles rebound back indicates that the number of ‘-particles undergoing head-on collision is smat This in turn implies that the mass of the atomis concentrated in a small volume. Hence, options (a) and (b) are correct. i Calculate the emf induced between its ends, increase in the distance by two times between" Calls, the magnetic flux inked with the secor) fall decreases. Hence, the mutual inductac®* © two coils will decrease with the increase Separation between them, i (iy Mutual inductance of two coils can be fours’! TMHo Ms Ne Al, Le. M eh Nl so wih, re Se in number of tums by four times: ™! i luctance increases by sixteen times. Scanned with CamScannera — te Or Gwen, B=5x10°T, f=03m ‘asthe 10d is rotated, it traces circle of radius 1 Hoo enoo.e = SE =F (BA) (ob=84 o fen in = 2.(n!2) = frequency of rotation x. a ot = Boi 2 x5 x10" x 6280 x(0.3? 1413x107 V a 0 48, Draw the energy band diagrams of conductors and insulators. Sol. Conduction band Conduction band E,=0 Valence band Yalefce band For metals Conductors a Empty conduction band ale Ovetiapped area le,>3eV| Election ener 6 basa”? Insulators ol 19, Aneutron is absorbed by a § Li nucleus as shown in the reaction below § Lit} n—>} He +} H+Q Calculate the energy released in this reaction, Given, m(§Li)=6.015126 amu m(3He)=4 0026044 amu m(}n)=1.0086654 amu m(}H)=3.016049 amu Sol Hore, Initial masses Final masses m@Li)= 6.018126 amu _ m(gHe) = 4.026044 amu ‘Mign)=1.0086654 amu _m(?H) = 3.016049 amu 7.0186534 amu Total mass =7.0237914 amu Mass defect, Am =Final mass — Initial mass (0237914-7.0186534 (005138amu oy Energy released, Q = Amx931MeV = 0.005138 «931MeV = 4 TaWey 20, Explain the following. (i) Why do magnetic lines form continuous closed loops? (ii) Which direction would a compass needle point to it located on the geomagnetic North or South pole? Sol. () Magnetic ines comes out from North pole and enter into the South pole outside the magnet and travel from South pote to North pole inside the magnet. Hence, magnetic lines forms closed loops as magnetic monopoles do not exist. a (i) At the geomagnetic North or South pole, the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field is zero. Thus, the compass needle, which is free to rotate in a horizontal plane will stay in any direction at the geomagnetic North or South pole al In the electric field shown in figure, the electric field lines on the left have half separation as that between those on the right. If the magnitude of the field at point A is 60 NC™ , calculate the force experienced by a proton placed at point B, Also, find the magnitude of electric field at point B. 21, or A point charge Q is placed at point O as shown in figure. Is the potential difference V, -V, positive, negative or zer0, if Q is (i) positive, (ii) negative? gq, 6 a 8 ‘As given, the separation between electric field lines at point Ais half ofthat at point B. Thorlo, E4=26p = Eg = EA Sol. £- 2 -s0nic : a ‘We know, force on a charge in a electric field, Scanned with CamScanner12 Feoe fy =Bgq = 16x10" xg9e8xt0"N [1] From the dagram the dstance 0A < 08. v4 . aan agspoeme w @ HQ is postive, then Ve ~ Vg iS posite. ( FOis negate, tren’: -Vgis negate. ro) (@ A current is set up in a long copper pipe. Is there magnetic field (a) inside () outside the pipe? (i) A charged particle moves through a region of uniform magnetic field. Is the momentum of the particle affected? Magrete fete wit be zero inside the pipe. [1/2] fo) A Ste magnetic fies exsts outse the pipe. : fia Sol. © @ Yes. as magnetic force deflects the charged parncie continuously from 4s path. so ts momentum changes que to change in 25 Grecton of motion. a) 23. (i) Draw the graph between total number of q-particles scattered at different angles. (a) Name the series of lines in the hydrogen spectrum which lies in the ultraviolet region. or Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion. Sol. @ dotoctod Number of scattorod «panicles OS WM WH IO 12 120 10 180 Sceneng ange 6 in agree} Expenmente! dace points (shown by ects) on ‘Scatterng of a-particies by a thn fol at a Lyra senes tes n uravot epon a hye uy specu a) or pitting of large nucleus into tao g the other hand tusion (0 Fission is the st more smalier ones. 0 the combining of two oF Mote ger Nucl! to form larger one (0) Fission does not normally occur in nature bu fuson occurs in stars such as the sun hy {i Fission requires cnteal mass of the Substance ang high speed neutrons but in fus.0n, igh densty ang ugh tomperature environment are required (0) Intission. energy released is mulion times greater than in chemical reactions, but lower than energ, released by nuclear fusion. ty 24. (i) With reference to photoelectric effect, define threshold wavelength. (i) If the energy of a photon corresponding toa wavelength of 6000 A is 332x10°'° J, then calculate the photon energy fora wavelength of 4000 A. Sol. (i) itis the maxiuwum wavelength of incident light ‘above which no photoemission of photoeiec takes place. Iris gvenas tg = ft ho = where,gy is work potential. ny (@ Aswe know, =e = Exia ® a Ey de ip Here, s000A 42 = 4000 and &y=332 x10 a e200 = x32 «1077 J 15332 x10"? = ie eV =31eV 16x10"? : ne 25. (i) Specify the source through which t Tays used in radiotherapy are used ex! write its frequency range. ‘The frequency of radio waves transmitted by a broadcasting stations 1500 kHz. Determine the wavelength this wave. Sol. () ays are produced in the racoactive cecav facies bs trequency range is 5x10 togxtoHe ptt 500 x 10? m Scanned with CamScannerreed u| | SECTION-D Allquestions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, 26, When two thin lenses of focal lengths f, and f, are kept co-axially and in contact » Prove that their combined focal length fis given by 114 hg $ol. Suppos® Cy, C2 be the optical centres of two thin convex lenses L and Le held co-axially in contact with each other in ar. ‘Suppose f and fy are their respective focal lengths as shown in the figure. oy ty ke Leta point object O be placed on the common Principal axis at a distance OC; =u. The lens L, alone would form its image at J, where Cy!’ =v’. From the 1, 1 Jens formula, — A) A I'would serve as a virtual object for lens Lo, which foams a final image / at distance Col Since, the lenses are thin, therefore for the lens Lp, U=Cal'sCy'=v! 0] Ai tt : i f 44a i ‘rom the lens formula for Lo, UWE i) On adding Eqs. () and (i), we get 1-1:1,1 vu Let the two lenses be replaced by a single lens of focallength f, which forms image / ata distance v of ‘an object at adistanceu from the lens. For ths lens, de yd wav) vou f From Eqs. (i) and (i), we get a 4.1 Th R ao _...rti—‘COCOCCOU;déCsOiCisN _, Change with temperature? i) Why a potentiometer be preferred over a Voltmeter for the measurement of emf of acell ll) attempt anyone. (iii) Figure shows a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two _resistances.The balance point with a standard resistor R=100 is found to be 60 cm, while that with the unknown resistance X is 70 cm. Determine the value of X. > o Seo! Or Ina meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of 33.7 cm from A. Ifa resistance of 12. is connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at 51.9 cm. Determine the values of Rand S. R s e Sol. (i) The resistance of a conductor increases with increase in temperature. (i) Potentiometer is preterred over a voltmeter for ‘measurement of emf of cells because at null Point, it does not draw any current from the cell and thus there is no potential drop due to the internal resistance of the cell. It measures the Potential difference in an open circuit which is equal to the actual emt of the cell a (il) Given, F =100, 1, = 60.cm and fp =70. em Let, ¢, and e9 be the potential drops across A and X, tespectively and / be the current in potentiometer nr) wire, Then, KIIR=X/R_ But, ep! e)= [p/ 1, v bih or (b/ h)-R 70 x-2, > 80 10 = 11.662 ny Scanned with CamScanneror For the first balanced bridge situation, R_ 937 337 0 $s ~100-337 663 When 127 resistance is connected in parallel the equivalent resistance is 128 0124S For the second balanced bridge situation, A S519 51.9 Seq 100-519 48.1 AUI2+8) _ 51.9 ai) 1S 481 Putting the value ot rom Eq, () in Eq. (i), we have, (1248) 33.7 _ 519 12 663 (481 2] On solving, we get with S, § =13.60 From Eq. (i), we get 33.7, 33.7 R= 3° = $63 13.5 = 6.662 ie] 28. Locus of points (wavelets) having same phase of oscillations is a wavefront. Huygens' in his principle stated that each point on the given wavefront is the source ofa secondary disturbance and the ‘wavelets emanating from these points spread out in all directions with the speed of wave. However, when this wavefront transverses through a medium, then velocity gets reduced, which can be where n is represented a5 Vaedium = n the refractive index of the medium. Now, using the above knowledge, specify the behaviour of a plane wavefront when itis incident on a prism and a spherical mirror and justify your answer. Sol. Wen the wavetront is incident on a prism. As, the speed of light waves are less in glass, so the lower Portion of the incoming wavefront (which travels through the greatest thickness of glass prism) will get elayed resulting in a tit in the emerging wavefront Itis as shwon in the figure below Ae a ty plane wavefront is incident ong! paler cael mirror. Then the central part a incident wavefront travels the largest distance bet i Mlection from the concave mirror. Hence, gets layed, as aresult of which the reflected wavetro, spherical which converges at the focal point F. Itis as shown in the figure below foncave ‘mirror of radius A spheric Incident plane wave £ ne Spherical wavetrontofradius 2 yy) 29, An electric field is uniform in the positive X-direction for positive x and uniform with the same magnitude in the negative X-direction for negative x. It is given that E=200iNC™ forx>0 E=-200iNC™ forx<0 A right circular cylinder of length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its centre at the origin and its axis along the X-axis, so that one face is at x = +10 cm while other is atx =-10 cm. (i) What is the net outward flux through each flat face? (ii) What is the net outward flux through the cylinder? (iii) What is the net charge inside the cylinder? Or A network of six identical capacitors, eat of capacitance C is shown in figure. Find the equivalent capacitance betweet the points A and B. A Scanned with CamScannerene sol. Aceording to the question, aright circular cylinder is shown below y ( Onthe let face AS = n(0.05)°(-1) 6) =200 xn x (0005? = 6)=1.57N-m?C Similatly, outward flux through right face, 2 =E-AS = 2001)-[n(0.05}*1) = = 1.57 NMC! Flux through each flat surface is 157 N-m?C~". [144] {i) Again at every point on the curved side of the oyinder ELas. Fluxthrough curved surfaces 43 =E- AS = EAS cos 90"= 0 [- cos 90° = 0} Net outward flux through the cylinder, 57+ 157+0 a (@ By Gauss’s theorem, net charge enclosed by oyliner, = 6 yet = 8.85% 107"? x 3.14 = g=278x10°"C far) or ‘The capacitors can be rearranged as showin below at if +8 c ¢ i 4 ¢ po ¢ ‘The equivalent capacitance is the resultant of parallel combination of two rows in which each row consists of 2C andC in series, Le. As a) ° 8 4 a 30. Sol. Here, 2C and C are in series. So, their equivalent ‘capacitance is 1 a Cy Simiary, Cp =22 a 2c = end == are in parallel. Now = a Explain the formation of depletion layer and potential barrier in a p-n junction with the help of a labelled diagram. “Two processes that take place during the formation of ‘pr junction are diffusion and drift of charge carries. In a n-type semiconductor, the concentration of electrons is more than that of holes. Similarly ina pype semiconductor, the concentration of holes is more than that of electrons. Formation of depletion region ‘during formation of pn junction and due to the concentration gradient across p and n-sides, holes. fuse trom p-side to n-side (p> n)and electrons. diffuse from n-side to p-side (n — p) The diffused charge carriers combine with thelr counterparts in the immediate vicinity of the junction and neutralise each other. ‘Thus, near the junction, positive charge is built on ‘n-side and negative charge on p-side. mM recon nn EO son 7 000 f e000 p sjecee| np joooe jooee H 1 Depienon je aitusioh + ‘gon Hoectision iow ain 0 ret) This sets up potential difference across the junction and an internal electric field E, directed from n-side to psside.The equilibrium js established when the field E, becomes strong enough to stop further diffusion of the majority charge carriers (however, it helps the minofity charge carters to drift across the junction). The region on either side of the junction which becomes. deploted (free) rom the mobile charge carriers is called depletion region or depletion layer, The potential ditference developed across the depletion region is called the potential barrie, [1] Scanned with CamScannerSECTION-E ‘All questions are compulsory. I i iti ance to occur 31. (j) State the condition for reson: r Beta eries L-C-R AC circuit and derive an i frequency. ‘expression for the resonant frequen Daw the plot showing the variation frequency of of the peak current (J,,) with frequ the AC source used. Also, define the quality factor Q of the circuit, (ii) Calculate the impedance of the given AC circuit. i SS ov * 40V 2a (ii) An ideal inductor isin tum put across 220 V, 50Hz and 220V, 100Hz supplies. Will the current flowing through it in the two cases be the same or different? or (i) State the principle of working of a transformer. Cana transformer be used to step up or step down a DC voltage? (ii) Mention the reasons for energy losses in an actual transformer. Specify the two characteristic properties ofthe material suitable formaking core of a transformer. (iii) The power transmission lines need input power at 2300 V toa step down transformer with its primary windings having 4000 turns. What should be the number of turns in the secondary windings in order to get output power at 230V? Sol. () Resonance in series L-C-A circuit When the frequency of the voltage source is near to the natural frequency of the L-C-R circuit, the amplitude of current is maximum. This is called resonance Condition. For resonance, the voltage should be in phase with the current flowing in the circuit. Ampitude of. = X =200 = 90=2xR > R=150 Impedance, Z=/R?+ Xe? [152+ 20? =250 nn) (iil) The current flowing through the inductor will be more in first case because inductive reactance (X; =2:ll is less than that in second case. el Or (A transformer is based on the principle of mutt? induction, i.e. whenever the amount of magnetic" linked with the coil changes an emt is induced int"? Reighbouring coil. This changing flux sets uP & induced emt in the secondary coil, also self induce? emt in primary coil Scanned with CamScannerNo, transformer cannot be used to step up ordoun a DC voltage. 0) (@ Reasons for energy losses in actual transformer (@) Joule heating Energy is lost in resistors of primary and secondary winding as heat, (Rt) is generated. (© Flux leakage Energy is lost due to coupling of Primary and secondary coils not being perfect ie hole of magnetic flux generated in primary cols ‘ot linked with the secondary coi (©) Eddy currents The alternating magnetic fux induces eddy currents in the iron core and causes heating (@) Hysteresis loss This isthe loss of energy due to repeated magnetisation and demagnetisation because of AC init R] Two characteristic properties of the material suitable for making core of a transformer are (2) Low hysteresis loss or high permeability (b) and susceptibility a (i) Given, Vp = 2300 V, Np = 4000 turns and ¥ = 230V We know that, Wj /Vp = Ns /Np = Bip = 280. 4000 = 4001 >No =p «Ne = Zap5 *4000 = 400 tums 32. (i) What is the focal length of a convex lens of focal length 30 cm in contact with a concave lens of focal length 20 cm? Is the system a converging or a diverging lens? Ignore thickness of the lenses. (ii) At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of refracting angle 60°, so that it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.524. Or (i) Define the power of lens. (i) An angular magnification (magnifying Power) of 24 is desired using an objective of focal length 1.25 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5 cm. How will you set up the compound microscope? S01 () Given, focal ength of eonvex lens, f,= 80cm Focal length of concave lens, fy =-20em [112] Using the formula of combination of lenses, 14 454 12-3 > Since. the focal length of combination is negative in nature. So, the combination behaves lke a diverging Jens, ie. as a concave lens. np] (i) Given, angle of prism, A= 60° Refractive index of prism, p = 1524 Let i be the angle of incidence. The angle of incidence at the other surface is equal to the critical angle/c because itjust suffers total intemal retraction. a] For a prism ry + fp = A, here fp = ig : ntic=A > n+41°= 60° = nae rev) ints sin, or sini; = 1524sin 19°= 1524 «0.3256 or iy =sin™" (0.4962) i=29°75) Thus, incident angle should be 29°75". rey or () Power of lens tis the ability to diverge or converge the light rays incident on it. It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length, paid 100 fin) Aincm) Using the formula, The SI unit of power is diopter (0). a) (i) We assume the microscope in common usage, ie. the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision, D=25 cm.4=5 cm .-Angular magnification of the eyepiece, Ql AAs total magnification, m =m xm =-Angular magnification of the objective, m _24 men ied 0] AS real image is formed by the objective, therefore 1M = 2 =~ dory, =—4up, Scanned with CamScanner‘Thus, the object should be held at 1.6 cm infront of the objective ens. Vp =p =-4x(-16)= G4em =-D=-25em]) 4t7om or Separation between the objective and the eyepiece =[U| + |vol=4.17+ 6.4= 10.57cm [2] 33. (i) Deduce the expression for the energy density stored in a charged capacitor. (ii) Show that the effective capacitance C of a series combination, of three capacitors C,,C, and C, is given by ce CyCoC Cy C, #CC, +C5C or Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field. Hence, discuss the conditions of stable and unstable equilibrium. Sol. (i) We know that, charge on capacitor, q = CV = Vaqic -. The instantaneous work done in moving a charge, dW = Vag = c where, q = instantaneous charge, C = instantaneous capacitance and V=instantaneous voltage. +: Total work done in storing charge from 0 to q is given by 2 1 cy? q W= [Sag = Ie 22 This work done Is stored as electrostatic potential energy, so energy density is oy series combination of capacitors, same chars I eneach capacitor for any value of capacitances @in ee eh | a ©) ty Also, potential difference across the combination equal to the algebraic sum of potential diferencs across each capacitor, ie.V =V4 + Vp + V3 f where, V;.Vp,Vq and V are the potential differences ‘acrossCy, Cp, Cy and equivalent capacitor respective q=CH, = weg 0) {trom Eq 6 Y q a c via He Sag ie ao where C is equivalent capacitance! combination] . 1 _CpCa + Cy Cy + Cy Cp c C1C2 Cy ee C,C2 + Cp C3 +030, 0 Or Let at any instant, dipole makes an angle 0 with t® direction of electric field E. Two equal and oppos"® forces + gE and ~ gE act on the two point charges? dipole. Scanned with CamScanner‘hese forces form a couple whose torque (xis given by F xperpendicular distances betiveen forces 2 +=qE x@asin6) la @a)JE sino 2 <= pE sind 12) where, p =q(2a)is electric dipole moment. ithe dipole is rotated through a small angled against» the torque, then small work done is given by dW =700 5 GW =(pE sin@)d0 La] ‘The total work done in rotating the dipole from angle 8, to G,with the direction of electric field E is given by 82 we faw =] pEsingde W = pE [-cosely? = pE [008 0; =c08 65] i This work done is stored in the form of electrostatic potential energy. : Electrostatic potential energy, U = pE [c0s 8; ~ 0s 8] If 8, = 90% and 6, = 0, then U = pé (cos 90°-cos ®) = pE cos@ -peE F008 90°=0} Thisiis the required expression of potential energy of an electric dipole placed in uniform electricfield. [1] For stable equi When, @=0° Minimum potential energy. Umin = > The potential energy of an electric dipole is minimum and dipole attains stable equilibrium, i For unstable equilibrium When, = 180° Potential energy, U = pEcos @ = —pE cos 180° =-pE()= pE Thus, the potential energy is maximum: and in this situation dipole is said to be in unstable equilibrium. ‘Thus, when dipole is parallel to electric field, then itis said to be in stable equilibrium and when dipole is anti-parallel, then itis referred as in unstable equilibrium. a Scanned with CamScanner