i g a Physics UNIT-1 TOPICS : UNITS & DIMENSIONS, ERROR ANALYSIS, VECTORS, KINEMATICS IN ONE AND TWO DIMENSIONS UNITS AND DIMENSIONS. Physical quantities : Physical quantities are building blocks of physics in terms of which the laws of physies are expressed. These quantities are measurable and represented by a number, followed by a unit ‘© Physical quantities are divided into two types > Fundamental quantities : These quantities are those which cannot de defined in terms of any other ‘physical quantity. Those physical quantities which do not depend on any other quantity are called fundamental quantities. These quantities are also called base quantities. Examples : Length, mass, time, ete, > Derived quantities : These quantities are those whose defining operations (formulae) are based on fundamental quantities. The physical quantities which are derived from fundamental quantities and which depend on themare called derived quantities. Derived quantities are obtained by diving or multiplying {wo or more fundamental quantities. Examples : Speed, velocity, density, force, work, power, etc. Unit : A unit is a dimension (size) chosen as standard to measure a physical quantity. In other words, it is the reference standard used to measure a physical quantity. For measuring of a physical quantity a definite ‘magnitude of quantity is taken as standard and the name is given to this standard is called untt. (© Measure of a physical quantity = Numerical value size of unit = N xU > NxU = constant. That is, NU, = N,U, , this means, on increasing the size of unit, its numerical value decreases and vice-versa, ‘L metey = 100 centimeter = constant Small Latge Lage Small number “unit number unit © Units are divided into two types > Fundamental units : The units which cannot be derived from any other units are called fundamental units. In other words, the units of fundamental quantities are called fundamental units. Examples : Unit of length - meter, unit of mass - kilogram, unit of time - second, ete, > Derived units : The units which can be derived from the fundamental units are called derived units, In other words, the units of derived quantities are called derived units. Examples : Unit of speed/velocity - m/s, unit of momentum - kq m/s, unit of force - Newton, et. ‘System of units : Iti a system based on a certain set of fundamental units from which all derived units are obtained by simple multiplication or division without introducing numerical factors. © Some older systems of unit are Caen Physical Quantity er bod Tength Time gram (@) centimeter (cm) second (3) pound ib} foot (ft) second (5) Kilogram (ka) meter (m) second (s) > The FPS, system is also called British system, The C.G.S, system is also called Gaussian system, ‘The MKS. system is also called Metric system, © International system of units (S.1. system) : In 1960, "General conference of weights and measures” Introduced new system of units which was based on seven basic units and two supplementary units. This system can be considered as the advanced version of M.K.S. system. In M.K.S. system, units of mass, length and time was considered as basic units which where not sufficient to obtain units of many physical quantities like temperature, electric current, etc. S.], system is a complete system which can express units of all physical quantities in terms of fundamental unitsUSO ‘Seven fundamental units of S.I. System 1 ‘Mass ‘Kilogram (ka) : eS, ran ; a en : | ft | Ses ° ) Shor | Ses plementary uae © Plane angle in radians (circular system) aes vad 7 radian = 180° 1 radian = 180°/x = 57.3° © You can use a formula to find radian from degrees or vice-versa which is given by, ‘B_-D] Where, Ris angle n radian, D is angle in degrees © 1 radian is the angle subtended by an are of length equal to the radius, of the centre of the circle. = Some commonly used units/conversion factors © Mass: Lkg = 1000 q Iquintal = 100kg 1 tonne = 1000 kg 1 pound = 0.454 kg 1 carat= 200mg 1 slug = 14.57 kg. Lamu = 1.66 x10 kg © Length: 1m=100cm=1000mm —1km=1000m 1 fermi = 10 m 10%m Tmicron = 10-¢m 1 X-ray Unit (XU) = 10" m 3048 m= 12inch 1inch=254cm 1 yard = 3 {t= 0.9144 m 1 mile = 1.609 km 4 nautical mile = 1.852 km light year = 9.46 x 10! m= 6.3 x10* A.U. 1 parsee = 3.08 x 10 m = 3.26 light years 1 Astronomical Unit (A.U,) = 1.496 x10"™m © Time : 1 minute = 605 Lhour = 60 min 86400 s Lshake= 10s 1 lunar month = 27.3 days 1 solar year = 365.25 days Area : 1 Hectare © Volume +1 litre Prefixes for powers of 10 10" decid) 10: deca (da) 10# cent (¢) 102 hecto th) i 10" mil (m) 10° alo () i 10* micro (x) 10° mega (M) ; 10* nano tn) 10° siga (G) j 10" peo (p) 10# tera (7) i 10" femto 10 peta (P) 3 108 ato (a) 10 exa () } 10" zepto (2) 10" ‘ella (2) i 10% yocto (y) 10% yotta (Y) qPhysics Dimensions ofa physical quantity: They are the powers (or exponents) fo which the fundamental quantities must bo rased to represent the gen physical quant. They indicate how a physical quantitys related through its defining equation, to the fundamental quantities. © The basic quantities are represented as Mass = M ; lenath = L ; time = T ; temperature = K ; Electric current = A ; Mole= mol. (© Now a days, candela isnot used in the dimensions as it is energy per unt area per sec it can be converted in terms of M, L and T. (© Supplementaryunits are also not taken in the dimensions. (© A physical quantity may have a number of nits but their mensions would be same. For example the units of velocity are cm s*, ms“, km hr, but the dimensional formula is always M°L 'T*, {© Dimensions do not depend on the system of units or the unt ofa physical quantity (© Real numbers and ratio of quantity uith same units are dimensionless. All rigonometic and logarithmic functions are dimensionless. Example: 1, 2, 3/4, 2.5, me logx, sin, cos6 are dimensionless. Relative density, strain and refractive index are dimensionless, {© Dimensionless quantity mayhave unt. For example, plane angle and sold anglehave units but they do not have dimensions. But physical quantities with no units are always dimensionless. Dimensional formula (or dimensional equation) Dimension formula = [M* L*T*x‘] Where a,b, c,d ate the dimensions of M, L, T, x respectively Dimensional formula of @ physical quantity tells us about the (2) the fundamental units on which the ghen quantity depends (2) the nature of dependence. Length/distance/isplacement Mette Time/Time period Meet Area wer Volume wer Speed/veocity * wet acceleration/retardation 7 wLT! Force/ctionalforce/ Newion (9) J ML'T* wweight/normal reaction/ orkgms* tension/thrust/tuowant force. Momentumn/mpulse p= mv kgmst | ML'T Work, energy WeFxS | JouleorNm | MLTS Power Paw — | Wattocds*} Miler Universal gravitational G=Frimm, | Nmiagh | METS constant Bctrie current - Ampereta) | MPL*TAY Electric potential/ V-We | 4/CorVot | MLT*A? potential difference hectic resistance R-VA ohm ay | MILT © Example: In the formula, N= [sa] . D is caled diffusion coefficient, n, and n, is number cof molecules per unit volume along lengths x, and x, and N is number of molecules passing through per unit area per unit time. Find dimensions or dimensional formula of D. Solution : Dimensions on left = Dimensions on the right or IN) pies or Lert pt or DieE Toe emerUSO ALL © Applications of dimensional equations > Derivation of formula, > Checking the correctness of various formula or equation. > Conversion of one system of units in to another. © Example : Time period (1 of osclation ofa simple pendulum depends on the lenath (L) of the pendulum and acceleration due to gravity (@). Derive a formula for T using dimensional formula, Solution : Let T Least count of meter scale or ruler used by us is 1 mm. > Least count of vernier calipers is usually 0.1 mm. value of 1 parton main scale > Another formula for least count of vernier call er formula for east count of veer callpers = “EU Parone > Least count of screw gauge and spherometer is usually 0.01 mm. > Least count of watch or clock is usually 1 sec. Precision : Precision tells us to what resolution or limit the quantity is measured. The precision of a measurement is determined by the least count of a measuring instrument. The smaller i the east count larger isthe precession cf the measurement. © The accuracy in measurement may depend on several factors, including the limit or the resolution of the ‘measuring instrument. For example, suppose the true value of a certain length is near 3.678 em. In one experiment, using a measuring instrument of resolution 0.1 cm, the measured value is found to be 3.5 cm, while in another experiment using a measuring device of greater resolution, say 0.01 em, the length is determined to be 3.38 cm. The first measurement has more accuracy (because it is closer to the true value) but less precision (is resolution is only 0.1 cm), while the second measurement is less accurate bbut more precise. Thus, every measurement Is approximate due to errors in measurement, © Limit ofprecsion(LO.P) of a measuring deviceis 5 ofthe smalest division of measurement ofthe device. i 1 3 LOR, = £5 (least count) i > For meter rod, least count = 1mm ; LO.P. = = 0.5 mm ] > For verniercallipers, least count = 0.1 mm ; L.O.P. = + 0,05 mm g » For screw gauge, least count = 0.01 mm ; L.O.P. = + 0.005 mm > Suppose measured value of length using meter scale is 63.7 em, then tue value lies in the range 53.7 em + 0.5 mm or 53.7 cm + 0.05 cm, That is true value is between 53.65 om to 53.75 cm. 5USO Types of errors : In general, the errors in measurement can be broadly cassified as a) systematic erors and (b) random error. © Systematic errors : The systematic ertors are those errors that tend to bein one direction, either postive Cr negative. Some of the sources of systematic errors are : > Instrumental errors that arise from the errors due to imperfect design or calibration of the measuring instrument, zero errorin the instrument, etc, For example, the temperature grackations ofa themometer ray be inadequately calibrated (t may read 104 °C at the balling point of water at STP whereas it should read 100 ‘C); in a vernier calipers the zero mark of vemier scale may not coincide with the zero mark of the main scale, or simply an ondinary meter scale may be worn off at one end. > Imperfection in experimental technique or procedure. To determine the temperature of a human body, a thermometer placed under the armpit will aluays give a temperature lower than the actual value ofthe body temperature. Other extemal conditions (such as changes in temperature, humidity, \wind velocity, et) during the experiment may systematically affect the measurement. > Personal errors that arise due to an indvual's bas, lack of proper setting ofthe apparatus orindial's carelessness in taking observations without observing proper precautions, etc. For example, if you, by habit, alvays hold your head a bit too far to the right while reading the positon of a needle on the scale, you will introduce an error due to. parallax. > Systematic errors can be minimised by improving experimental techniques, selecting better instruments and removing personal bias as far as possible. For a given set-up, these errors may be estimated to a cerlain extent and the necessary corrections may be applied to the readings. © Random errors : The random errors are those errors, which occur fregulariy and hence are random ‘with respeetto sgn and size. These can arise due to random and unpredictable fluctuations in experimental conditions (e.g. unpredictable fluctuations in temperature, voltage supply, mechanical vibrations of experimental setups, etc), personal (unbiased) errors by the observer taking readings, ete. For example, \when the same person repeats the same observation, itis very kely that he may get different readings every time © Least count error : The least count error isthe error associated with the resolution of the instrument. Least count error belongs to the category of random errors but within a limited size; it occurs with both systematic and random errs Example : Verner calipers has least count of 0.1 mm, thus least count error in measurement for vernier caliper is 450.1 mm) = + 0.05 mm > Using instruments of higher precision, improving experimental techniques, etc, we can reduce the least count err. Repeating the observations several times and taking the athmetic mean of ll the observations, the mean value would be very close to the true value of the measured quantity. © Gross errors : These errors arise on account of shear carelessness of the observer. For example, reading an instrument without setting it properly; taking observations wrongly without caring for sources of errors and precautions ; reading and using wrong values of observation in calculations, etc > Gross errors can be minimised only when observer is sincere and alert © Constant errors : When the result of a series of observations are in error by the same amount, the error is called constant error. Absolute error, relative error and percentage error : Let n values are obtained to measure a given Quantity. Let a,, ay ay...) a, be the values obtained for the given measurement, The arithmetic mean of those values is faken as the best possible value of the quantity under the given conditions of measurement: This is considered as true value © Truc value, a= 257827847 {Absolute error: The magnitude ofthe ciferene between the ine value of the quantity and the indivi measurement value is called the absolute error of the measurement. Ths is denoted by 1Aal ba, =B-a, 5 ayaa, 5 6ay=a-ay 5 719,28~ay ‘The aa caluated above may be posve in certain cass and negative in some other cases. Bt absolute error |Aal will always be positive,1 Physics @ The arithmetic mean of all the absolute errors is taken as the final or mean absolute error of the value of the physical quantity a, It is represented by a. _ Slaal aa +121 +1 aa ei n 2 © If we do a single measurement, the value we get may be in the range, a:+/a.This implies that any measurement of the physical quantity a is likely to lie between ata ot al The elatv enoristhe aio ofthe meanabsohite enor, fa tothe mean vase, @ ofthe quantity measured a Relative error = ‘© When the telative error is expressed in percent, itis called the percentage error. ia Percentage error = “2100 © Example : We measure the period of osclation ofa simple pendulum. In successive measurements, the readings tum out to be 2.63 5, 2.56 s, 2.42 s, 2.71 s and 2.80 s. Caltuate the absolite errors, relative error or percentage enor Solution : The arithmetic mean of the period of oscllation of the pendulum, 2.63 + 2.56 +2.42 + 2.714 2.80 _13.12 nr (As the periods are measured to a resolution of 0.01 s, all times are to the second decimal; i Is proper to put this mean period ako to the second decimal) = 2.62 s The errors (AT) in the measurements are AT, = 262 s- 2.635 =~ 0.015; AT, = 2625-2565 = +0065; AT, = 262 - 2.425 = + 0.208; AT, = 2628-2712 =-0.098; AT, = 2.62 s- 2.80 5=- 018s p_laTI+ la I+ laT + 1ATI +147, 0.01 + 0.06 + 0.20 +0.09+0.18 0.54 Le Sg ‘That means, the period of oscillation of the simple pendulum is (2.62 + 0.11) s Le. it lies between (2.62 + 0.11) s and (2.62 ~ 0.11) s or between 2.73 s and 2.51 s. fa _ 0.11 Relative error = 7 epee 042 B10 01 ercentage error = 2100 = 211.100 4.2% P a 2.62 Combination of errors © Ifx =a +b, then the maximum possible absolute error in measurements of x Is, Ax = Aa + Ab, @ Ifx =~, then the maximum possible absolute error in measurements of x is, Ax = Aa + Ab. © If x= a>, then the maximum possible relative eror is, AY. 42., ab then the maximum possible relative eror is, A* 42 , Ab ex 6 16x = the the mani pose ree enor i, © Example : If x=2-6", then the maximum possible relative error i Ax _ 388.5 Ab , pac x a b cUSO ALL © Example : The temperatures of two bodies measured by a thermometer are t, = 20 °C + 0.5 °C and t, = 50 °C + 05 C. Calculate the temperature difference and the maximum possible error. Solution : Here, true value of t, = 50 °C and error in t,, At, = 0.5 °C; true value of t, = 20 °C and error in t,, At, = 0.5 °C. We have to find the difference of two temperatures i.e Difference of the true values = 50 °C - 20 C = 30°C Maximum possible error, At = At, + At, = 0.5 °C + 0.5 °C =1°C Remember, absolute errors are alvays added when two or more measurements are in the addition or subtraction form.) Significant figures : The number of digits whose values are known with certainty plus the first uncertain dit are known as significant figures, For instance, a person's height is measuted to be 1.78 m, with the measurement error being in the third decimal place. All three digits are known with certainty, so that the ‘number contains three significant figures. If a zero is given as the last digit to the right of the decimal point, the zero is presumed to be significant. Thus, the number 1.780 m contains four significant figures. © Rules to find significant figures : > Allthe non-zero dlghts are significant, For example, if the number or measured value is 4536, it has 4 significant figures as all the digits involved are non-zero digits. > All the zeros between two non-zero digits are significant, no matter where the decimal point is, if decimal point is present in the number. For example, in the number 1003, there are 4 significant figures as there are two non-zero digits and the two zer0s are also significant as they ate present between two non-zero numbers. Similarly, in the number, 120.007, there are 6 significant figures. > If the number is less than 1, the zerofs) on the right of decimal point but to the left of the first non-zero digit are not significant. For example, in the number, 0.002358, two zeros on the right of decimal point but to the left of the first non-zero digit 2 are not significant. > The terminal or trailing zero(s) in @ number without a decimal point are not significant. For example, considera distance of 1500 m. This number contains only two significant figures, the one and the five. ‘The zerosimmediately to the eft ofthe unexpressed decimal point are not counted as significant figures. > The trailing zero(s) in a number with a decimal point are significant. For example, in the number 4.600, there are four significant figures, the number 0.00750 has three significant figures, © ‘Scientific notation is particularly convenient from the point of view of significant figures. Suppose itis known that a certain distance is fifteen hundred meters, with all the four digits in it are known with certainty J... it has four significant figures. Writing the number as 1500 m presents a problem because it implies that only two significant figures are known. If you write it as 1500.0 m, it has five significant figures. So Yyou can write it in the scientific notation of 1.500 x 10% m, it has the advantage of indicating that the distance is known to four significant figures. © In the scientific form lke 6.023 x 10, there are 4 significant figures ; powers of ten (.e..23) are never taken in the significant figures. © A choice of change of different units does not change the number of significant digits or figures in a ‘measurement. For example, the length 2.308 cm has four significant figures. But in different units, the same value can be wnitten as 0.02308 m or 23.08 mm or 23080 ym. © Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures > Addition or subtraction : In addition or subtraction, the final result should retain as many decimal places as are there in the number with the least decimal places Example : While adding the numbers 457.34, 334.7 and 2,603, the final result should contain only lone significant figures after the decimal places. This is because among the three given numbers, the ‘number 334.7 contains only one significant figure after the decimal place which is least in this case. > Multiplication or division : In multiplication or division, the final reut should retain as many significant, figures as are there in the original number with the least significant figures. Example : In the product of two numbers 3.568 and 6.52, the final result should contain only three significant figures. This is because among the two given numbers, the number 6.52 contains only three significant figure which is least in this case.i g a Physics Ae cag off the uncertain digits © The preceding digits raised by 1 ifthe insignificant digit to be dropped is more than 5, andis left unchanged if the later is less than 5, Example : If a number 3.646 is to be rounded off to three significant figures, then it becomes 3.65, while the number 3.643 becomes 3.64, © IF the insignificant digit is 5, then > If the preceding digit is even, the insignificant digit is simply dropped > If itis odd, the preceding digit is raised by 1. Example : If 2 number 3.645 is to be rounded off to three significant figures, then it becomes 3.64, hile the number 3.655 becomes 3.66. © Example : Each side of a cube is measured to be 6.13 m. What are the total surface area and the volume Of the cube to appropriate significant figures ? Solution : Surface area = 6a? = 6 x (6.13 = 225.4614 m? Now, this number should be rounded off to 3 significant figures as the measured length 6.13 consists of 3 significant figures, Surface area = 225.4614 m* = 225,461 m?= 225.46 m?= 225.5 m? = 226 m? Volume = a? = (6.13) = 230.346397 m* ‘Again, this number should be rounded off to 3 significant figures for the same reason. = Volume = 230.346397 m’ = 230.3464 m! = 230.346 m? = 230.35 m? = 230.4 m? = 230 m* VEcToRS Scalar and vector quantities © Scalar quantities : The physical quantities which are defined by their magnitudes only are called ‘scalar quantities. Examples : Mass, volume, density, time, distance, pressure, work, energy, power, temperature, electric charge, electric current, etc. © Vector quantities : The physical quantities which are defined by their magnitudes as well as direction, are called vector quantities and follow vector law of alzebra. Examples : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, linear momentum, impulse, torque, angular momentum, electric field intensity, etc. Representation of a vector : A vector is represented by an arrow or a ray whose length is proportional to Its magnitude and arrowhead shows its direction. = Ta Head The adpining figure shows a vector PQ, where P's its initial potnt or origin and ¥ sts final point or terminal point or terminus, The magnitude ofthe vector | -—————P represented by | PQ lor simply PQ. A vector Types of vector © Like vectors : Vectors having same directions are called like vectors. The may have different or equal ‘magnitudes. © Unlike vectors : Vectors having opposite directions are called unlike vectors, The may have different fr equal magnitudes. © Equal vector : Two vectors are said to be equal if they have equal magnitude and same direction and should represent same physical quantities If vector a= 6, then, | a } | ; direction of a = direction of b. > All equal vectors are like vectors but all like vectors are not equal © Negative of a vector : Negative of a given vector is a vector having direction just opposite to the given vector and but having magnitude equal to the given vector. Negative of a vector a is represented by -a | | Unie vectors Negative of a vector ‘© Null vector : A vector whose intial point and final point are same is called a null vector or zero vector. ‘A null vector has zero magnitude with no particular direction, Basically, itis point in space, Itis represented as 0. 9USO ALLEM © Collinear vectors or parallel vectors : The vectors acting along same straight line or long the parallel straight lines are called collinear vectors. They may be like or unlike vectors Le, they may have same direction or opposite direction. © Coplanar vectors : Vectors that li vectors. > Two vectors are always coplanar as two vectors or lines always make a plane, --—__E_»--_ +g. wn. in the same plane or parallel to the same plane are called coplanar CColtinear or parallel vectors Coplanar vectors © Coinitial vectors : Vectors having same initial point are called coinitial vectors. © Coterminous vectors : Vectors having same final point or terminal point are called coterminous vectors. » a Cotta vectors CCoterminous vectors @ Reciprocal of a vector : A vector having the same direction as that of a given vector a but magnitude equal to the reciprocal ofthe gluen vector is called reciprocal of vector a. It represented as a™ W1ai=a,then! at 1= 1 a © Unit vector : A vector whose magnitude is unlly (.e., one) is called a uit vector. I is represented as 8 pronounced asa cap) and a | = 1 > Unit vectors along positive x, and z axes are represented as i,j, respectiely. Thus, unit vector along negative x, y and z axes are -1,-j,- > Significance of unit vector : unit vector represents the direction of a given vector. > Formula for unit vector a in the direction of a given vector @ is | a | = 2 - - ial - > Let a is the unit vector in the direction of a vector . Then a vector in the direction of & having magnitude Kewl be ka = = Multiplication of vectors by real numbers (scalars) : (2) [Commutative law for muitipieaton) _ [Associative law for multiplication} 13 + mb (Distributive law for multipication} m= Triangular law for vector addition : If two vectors are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in same order Le old head fo tal then third sde ofthe rangle taken n opposite order represents the vector sum or resultant of the two vectors. © Since, in this procedure of vector addition, vectors are arranged hhead to tail, this graphical method is called the head-to-tail method, z |Parallelogram law of vector addition If two vectors are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point Le., joined at there tails, then, the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that point represents the vector addition or resultant of the two vectors. wath © Magnitude of the resultant vector is given by, 1 ¢ |= a" +b? +2abeosé bsino oe @ tana Pd Where, «ts resultant angle, the angle between ¢ and a > When 0 = 0% & and 6 are in same direction, | Z| is maximum, 1 | =a + > When @ = 180°, a and b are in opposite direction, | ¢ | is minimum, | ¢ | = a-b > When @= 90, 15,16 leva? ab > When} 1= 16 l=ated, 16 [na® ra? + Blayayeos6 = V2a? + Za cos8 = y2a"(1 + e086) = [202 x2cos 3) 2acos( 3) > When | a Bi=lcl=adey. ra fa? +a? + Biafa)eosd ~ V2a" + 2a? cosd ~ (2a"U1 + cod) Squaring both sides, we get, 2%(1+0080) of 1=2l+c0s8) or cos8=—) or @ = 120° © Vector addition obeys commutative law ie, 2+b=6 +3 © Vector addition also obeys the associative law Le., a +(6 +c)= (a+b) +e © If we add two equal and opposite vectors, resultant vector has zero magnitude i.., itis a null vector, 4 + (4) =0. Since the magnitude of a null vector is zero, its direction cannot be specified. © | throe vectors of equal magnitudes make an angle of 120° with each other then thelr resultant vector will be a null vector ie., € =O or 1é 1 =0 © If there are n vectors of equal magnitudes each make an angle of 52° resultant vector will be zero oF null vector Subtraction of two vectors : Subtraction of vectors can be defined in terms of addition of vectors. We define the difference of two vectors a and b asthe sum of two vectors @ and~B i.e, aba th) vith the other, then their Vectors | Ange between themUSO = Polygon law of vector addition if more than two vectors are represented by the sides of a polygon taken in same order j.., joined head g < to tail, then last side of the polygon which closes or completes the polgon taken in opposte order represents the vector sum or resultant of the given vectors. _ From figure, R ced R v = Position vector : A position vector represents a position or a point in space. It always starts from the origin i... its initial point is at origin and it ends on the given point Le., its final point is at the given point or postion. In P the ghen figure, postion vector of P is OP and position vector of Q is OO From triangular law of vector addition, OG = OP + PO or PQ=0Q-OP «= Position vector of Q — Position vector of P = Position vector of head ~ Postion vector of tall Q Similarly, QB = OB-OG = Postion vector of P - Position vector of Q © Position vector (P) of a point (P) on the line joining two points A and B having position vectors @ and 6 respectively which divides the line 0 * x in the retio m : n is given by, sae | sven by Am Poon B men z v > Position vector (P)) of the mid point of the line joining two points A and B having position vectors a and 5 respectively is given by, patb 2 - a > Position vector (B) of the centroid of a triangle whose vertices A, B, C have positon vectors 3.6, respectively is given by, —_asbee 3 = ~~ Rectangular components of a vector (resolving components of a vector) Let us consider a vector & having magnitude a that makes an angle 0 with the x axis. Then, we can resoke {tin two components, one along x axis and other along y axis From the fig, x component = a c0s0 ; y component = a sin. From the fig), x component = a sin8 ; y ¥ component = 2 cos, 5 Representation of a vector in terms of i & tts components along x,y. direction § Q i Let us consider a vector 3 having >: : components x y.and 7 in x direction. yO! a i divection and i z direction respectively. Then, it is represented as, anxi+yj+zk ; magnitude of 3, 1a 1 - (Royo Scalar product or dot product of two vectors Scalar product of two vectors 8 and 6 is given by, 3-5=abeos0 Where, @ is the angle between a and 6 © a6 is a scalar quantity, ea a(bcos 6) .cos0)b .The factor (bcosé) is the component of 6 in the direction of a. Similarly, {@ cost) isthe component of 6 in the direction of &. Thus, the scalar product of two vectors i equal to the product of the magnitude of first vector and the component of the second vector in the direction Of the first vector and vice-versa, 121 Physics © Examples of scalar product that are used in physics : > Work, W > Power, P=F-0, where F is the force and w is displacement. Properties of scalar product ‘The scalar product is commutative Le. where F is the force and § is displacement. When 6 = 180°, scalar product a -b = abcos180° Magne | 3.5 | of a scalar product is maxim when @ = O° or 180° and is equal 1 ab. The magnitude of a scalar products minimum at @ = 90° and it Is equal to © When @ = 90°, scalar product 4.5 - abcos90°- 0, That is scalar product of two perpendicular vectors iszero. . . © When 0 = 0%, scalar product . . ea -0;if 270; b#0, then, aid. 0 *; B-B=b?, Similarly, fi-1=15 j-}= © Finding the scalar product of two given vector: @ aa Let and 6 be the two given vectors Let S=nityita& and Bexgit ys tzek Ma +e te ¢ Finding the angle between the two given vectors : Let 4=xi+y,j+2,k and B= x,i+ y,i+2h then, 3.8 =X +902 Hee ye tyy, 422, Bg ene IN i+ 2) and 6 6i-3}+ 2k We know that 3-6=abcos® or cos! @ Example : Find a-b when Solution : 3-6 = (2(6) +(2\-3) + (-1)2) = 12- 6-264 6 © Example : Find the angle between the vectors Solution : 4-6 = (10) +(-1)(-1) + VC) a? Ea? = Vivd V2 s b= Yea oa = VII - V2 at BR? © Example : Find the work done by the force1+2}+8 acting on a particle, if t gets displaced from A (2, 1, 1) to point B (3, 2, 4). Solution : Force = i+] +2k or 6 = 60° b Now, cosa => Displacement, AB =8 =(3i+2)+4k) ~(2i+j+&)=(+}+3k) Work done = F.§ = (+2)+8)-(+]+38) = (M1) + QI) + (V3) = 1+ 2 +3 = 6 units 13USO 14 ALL! © Example : Find the value of C’so that the two vectors 21+3)—i and ~4i-3}~Ck are perpendicular to each other Solution: Let a=2i+3}-k and ~3]+Ck.. Since, a and b are perpendicular to each other, therefore, 3 or (143) f).-ai-3}+ci or (24-4) + (3)(-3) + F1) (C) = 0 or -8-9=C or C=-17 Cross product or vector product of two vectors Vector product of two vectors and 6 which are inclined to each other at an angle 0 is defined as a vector with a magnitude ‘absino! and a direction perpendicular to the plane containing vectors a and B. © Magnitude, G1 =absind. In vector form, ax6 =absinon. Where, A is a unit vector | plane containing @ and 6. © Direction of 6 1s given by right hand thumb rule. To find <6 , curl the fingers of your right hand from to 6, Then, the direction of the thumb represents the direction of axb. Similarly, to find 6a, curl the fingers of your right hand from 6 to © Examples of scalar product that are used in physics : > Torque, 72F Angular momentum, =F Where r is the distance from the origin/axis of rotation and p is the linear momentum. Properties of vector product © The vector product is not commutative ie, axbebxa. axb=-bxa > Angle between axb and bxa is 180°. © The vector product is distrbutive Le., S(O +GJ-Axbraxe : Brexd-bxdsexd © When 0 = 0°, vector product ab =absin0> = © When 0 = 180°, vector produet b= absin180" =0. © When 0 = 90°, vector product 136k absin90°= ab © Magnitude | a6 | of a vector product is maximum when = 90° and i is equal to ‘ab’. The magnitude of a vector product is minimum at @ = 0° or @ = 180° and it is equal to ‘0. © If axb=0, then, either &=0 or B-0; if AF0; be, then, ab. > The vector product of two parallel vectors is a null vector kexk=0) CY ARO UAE mot1 weep Physics © The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides 3 and 6 is | axb | © The area of a triangle with adjacent sides & and 6 is 3 1 axbt @ Finding the vector product of two given vectors Let a and 6 be the wo given vectors. Let a=xi+yi+ak and B-xi+y,) +28 ij & . - a Then, axb=|x, yy m| = Wite—2vall em — 22m) +Omve —Ma I Ike vem it4y-2) - 1X3) f(OK-1) - N3I}+ RAO) — (149) = —71 +3} ae KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION Motion : Ain objects said to be in motion if it changes its position with time. Rest : An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with time. Rest & motion are relative terms : An object which is at rest can also be in motion simultaneously. For ‘example, the passengers of a moving bus are at rest with respec to each other but they are in motion with, respect to a stationary objects like electvic pole, trees, a person standing on the road side. Rectilinear motion : If particle moves ina straight line, its motion is cad rectilinear motion or ane dimensional motion, ‘Two dimensional motion : The motion ofa particle ina plane is called two dimensional motion. Examples: Motion of a particle on a circular path, motion of a partice on a parabolic path (projectile motion), Three dimensional motion : The motion of a particle in space is called three dimensional motion. Examples: Motion of a fying bird, motion of a football swinging in ai. Distance : The length of the actual path between initial and final positions of a particle Is called distance ‘covered by the partile. (Path 1 in figure shown represents distance), © Distance is a scalar quantity Path 1 © Distance depends on the path © Itnover decreases with time. © Distance is aivays taken positive Path 2 © Unit :C.G.S. system -centimeter (em) ; $1. system - metre (tn). Displacement : The shortest distance between the inital position and the final position of the paiticle is called displacement. It isthe change in the position of the particle. (Path 2 in figure shown represents displacement). Displacement = x,~ x Where, x,» final position ; x,» inital position © Displacement isa vector quantity, its direction is always taken from initial position to final postion, ‘© Displacement depends only on initial position and final position, does not ‘Si convertion depend on path, fo displacement © Displacement of a particle in motion can be positive, negative or even zero, © Unit :C.G.S. system - centimeter (em) ; SI. system - metre (mn) Distance is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of displacement. ‘© Whenever a particle changes its direction or follows a curved path, distance is always greater than the magnitude of displacement. © Distance is exactly equal to displacement : ( when it follows a straight path without changing its direction, (i) when tisin uniform motion, 15USO ALL Speed : The cistance travelled by a particle per unit time is called speed, Distance] [Speed = ime Speed is scalar quantity. _@ Speed depends on the path. @ [1 km/ Speed gives no idea about the direction of motion of the object. ‘Speed can never be negative; in motion, itis taken positive; at rest, itis zero. Unit :C.G.S. system - centimeter/second (cm/s); $1 system - metre/second (m/s) Uniform speed : An object is said to be moving with @ uniform speed, fit covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. That i, magnitude of speed is constant. Non uniform speed : An objects said to be moving with a variable speed if it covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time. That is, magnitude of speed is variable. © Average Speed : When an object is moving with a variable speed, then the average speed ofthe object is thought tobe that constant speed with which the object covers the same distance in a given time interval as it does while moving with variable speed during the same time interval, © Average speed is the ratio ofthe total distance travelled by the object to the total time taken, Total distance traveled [Averece speed = al time taken © Instantaneous speed : The speed of the body at any instant of time is called instantaneous speed. © Speedometer of the vehicle measures ts instantaneous speed © In uniform motion of a partide, the Instantaneous speed is equal to its. * + average speed. Velocity : The rate of change of displacement is called velocity. - © Velocity sa vector quantity, Sign convention Velocity can be negative, positive or zero. for velocity . © ‘The direction of average velocity is same as that of the total displacement. © Faverage velocity for a journey is positive, it may have a negative instantaneous velocity at some point of time during the joumey and vice-versa Unit : c.q.s.syster -centimeter/second (cm/s); S.1. system - metre/second (m/s). Instantaneous velocity : [tis the velocity at some particular instant of time. Average velocity : Its the ratio of total displacement to the total time taken. \Average velocity Total time taken. © Uniform velocity : A particles said to have uniform velocity, ifthe magnitude as well as the direction of its velocity remains constant. Itis possible only when the particles mows in straight ine without changing its direetion. © Non-tmiform velocity : A partie is sad to have non-uniform velocity, if ether of magnitude or direction of its velocty changes (or both changes). © In uniform motion ofa particle, the instantaneous velocity is equal to its average velocity. Average speed is alvays greater than or equal to the magnitude of average velocity. © Whenever a particle changests direction or follows a curved path, average speed is alvays greater than the magnitude of average velocity (© Average speed is exactly equal to average velocity when it follows a straight path without changing its direction. If body covers distances x,, xy. Xy--~ with speeds v, Vp ¥y--* respectively in same direction then average speed/average velocity of body is given by,1 Physics © Case of half journey : If body covers equal distances with different speeds i.e, x, = x, = x (et) Gaye abody travels with speeds vv. the body is given by, during ime intervals 5, —~ respectively then the average speed of wih Hah Fah hthth+- © IFthe two given time intervals are same Le.,1, = t, then, Latest _(eudt [ious ome Et aL 2 Uniform motion : Ifthe velocity (NOT the speed! of a particle in motion is constant, then its motion is said to bbe uniform motion. y, © Inuniform motion, the magnitude of velocity s constant and its direction is also constant, © In uniform motion, a particle covers equal distances in equa interval of time in a particular direction. © Uniform motion always takes place in straight lin. © Only one equation of motion isused in uniform motion which is, ‘Non-uniform motion : Ifthe velocity of a particle in motion isnot constant, then its motion ks sald tobe uniform motion. © Anop-uniform motion occurs when either the magnitude of velocity changes or its direction changes or both, change. (© Motion of a partide along a curved path fs always a non-uniform motion, © IFpartice changes its direction during the journey, its motion is always non-uniform, Relative velocity Relative velocity of an object A with respect to another object B, when both are in motion is the time rate at which object A changes its position with respect to object B Position of object A and B are given as Xa = Kon + Vet and X= Xoy + Ugt Xe Xa = Mow Nag) + Vy-Mylt OF X= Xq + Vp Valt =Ye-Ya If 0, and 0g be the respective velocities of object A and B then relative velocity of A wert. Bis ‘Similarly, relative velocity of B w.rt. A. 17USO 18 ALL! ‘Special cases When the two objects move with equal velocities, he Wy=% or nM = 0 It means the two objects stay at constant distance apart during the whole joumey. In this case, the position-time graphs of two objects are parallel straight lines. (© When the two objects move with unequal velocities, > When v, > vpand Bis ahead of A, then vj—v, is negative. This shows that the separation between two ‘moving objects will go on decreasing with time. After some time, the two moving objects will meet and then the relative distance between the objects will increase with time > When vg > v, and B is ahead of A, then Vg —v, is positive, This shows that the separation between two moving objects will go on increasing with time. (© When two trains A and B move with same velocity vbut in opposite in direction ‘The relative velocity of train A watt. train B an = Va — 9p = uti) —v(-i) = 2v0i) Relative velocity of train Bw.rt. A om n= ¥(-9)—vl) = 20-4) Thus, when two trains cross each other in opposite directions, then each trains appears too move very fast (2. double the actual speed) relative to the other. © ‘The bodies moving in directions inclined to each other 5 40 Relative velocity of A w.ttB Tag The relative of A with respect to B is given by the diagonal OR ¥ ofthe paralllogram OPRQ as shown in fig) ° The magnitude ofthe relative velocity vq given by aa? van = (eh +08 + Biv con180—6) = Yok rvh —2v,vq e080 Leta be the angle made by vas with vy then vpsin(i80-6) ___vasiné fan a= (x vgcos(180—6) Va —v_ cos ox ate [wean Va —¥p 0088 Za gives the direction ofthe relative velocty with Ua « Special cases (© When both the bodies are moving along parallel straight lines in the same direction ‘Then the angle between them is 0 = 0° [AA —Bugvgcod = YR +E 20yv5 = lem vel” = (va ve) ‘Thus magnitude of relative velocity of A with respect to B is equal the difference between the magnitude of Individual velocities, © When two bodies are moving along parallel straight lines in the opposite direction ic. vas = (A +05 —Buqurgc0s1B0° = Yoh +08 + 2v,vq = Wa tua =(va +¥) ‘Thus magnitude of relative velocity of body A wrt body Bis equals to the sum of the magnitudes of two velocities, y cos 0" 1) 180° i i iPhysics ‘© When two bodies move in opposite directions, the magnitude of relative velocity of one with respect to the other is equal to the sum of the magnitudes of two velocities. Relative velocity of rain w.r.t. the moving man. ‘A man walking west with velocity @,, represented by OA\ Let the rain be falling vertically downwards with velocity ¢., represented by OB as shown in fig. The relative velocity of rain wir. man Ya ~°, represented by diagonal OD of rectangle OBDC. = (FFE =2iu,, 00590" - (ee 1 0s the angle which ¥,, makes with the vertical direction then Oy, wall be Here angle @ is from vertical towards west and is written as 8, west of vertical © In the above case if the man wants to protect himself from the rain, he should hold his umbrella in the direction of relative velocity of rain wart. mani the umbrella should be hold making an angle of tan! Za) west of vertical © Case 1 Ifabody A is moving on a moving body B, the velodty of body A relative to ground isthe vector sum of the two velocities For example : If @ boy is running with relative speed ¥, on a train running with velocity Vrelative to aground, the speed of the boy relative to ground # willbe Ifthe boy is running on the trainin the direction of motion of train, then B= Vy +8 Ifthe boy is running on the train in the direction opposite to the motion of train © Case 2 > Suppose a train having length £ is crossing a bridge of length L with constant speed v. Then the time taken by the train to cross the bridge will be Ltsk EE v 7 T t > Suppose the train is accelerating with acceleration ‘a! when it crosses a bridge. Itenters the bridge with speed u, Then it wll eave the bridge with speed v, Thus; byusing =v? =u? + Zax vt uP = Dax vate Dale +1) or v= lu + Zale + LIM, 19USO ALL = River problems (© Minimum distance approach, d = width of river, v, = velocity of river, v,, = velocity of swimmer ‘The swimmer should suim in a direction such that resultant 9 of jm and J, is along AB which is the shortest path © Minimum time of approach a vn 6088 time of crossing the river t = t= yy when c0s0 = +1 = cos Vie, 0= 0° tan Vertical component of resitant velocity s maximum = © To cross the river in shortest time man should swim perpendicular to direction of flow. Man wall reach C instead of B x ve wong ONT Acceleration : The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. Itis a vector quantity. lis direction is same as that of change in velocity and NOT of the velocity. Its NOT the rate of change of speed. For example, when a body moving with constant speed along a circular path, there is no change in its speed but there is a change in velocity as its direction is changing continuously at every point. Thus, there must be some acceleration of the body. © A change in velocity occurs when () only its direction changes, e.g. uniform circular motion, (i only its magnitude changes. e.g a ball dropped froma certain height under gravity (i) both magnitude as well as direction changes, ¢.g. a projectile motion. In all these cases, there MUST be some acceleration present in the motion, © Whenever velocity and acceleration are in same direction, the velocity of a pparticle increases, Such motion is called accelerated motion. Such an acceleration for numericals is usually taken ‘positive acceleration’. © Whenever velocity and acceleration are in opposite direction, the velocity of a particle decreases. Such ‘motion is called retarded motion. Such an acceleration for numericals is usually taken ‘negative acceleration’ and also called ‘retardation’ or ‘deceleration’. RBC=x — thentan@ Sign convention for acceleration, 20Physics = Non-uniform motion with constant acceleration (uniformly accelerated motion) : Its a motion in ‘which acceleration is constant in both magnitude as wel as direction. © tis non-uniform motion. Equations of motion fora uniformly accelerated motion are = sutshat qv aut (EEE (0) Yoeage St (v=usat fh) subs zat (iy =ut+ 2as ty) ( = ac) oes = Where, u = initial velocity; v= final velocity ; s = distance travelled ; t = time taken, © Distance travelled in nth second (.e., in a particular second) is given by, Sey= w+ Zale 1 Graphs in motion : Usually distance-time, éisplacement-time, speed-time, velocitytime, acceleration-time ‘graphs are used in understanding motion. © Distance-time graph : Here, distance is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis. iY 1 ! i= tT A body at rest A body in Abody in uniformly (6 = constant) uniform motion accelerated motion w= 0) Gavxt) (e-ute Lat) > Distance-time graph is always positive, it is always increasing NEVER decreasing. © Displacement-time graph : Here, displacement is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis. > Displacement-time graph can be positive or negative, it can be increasing or decreasing. = constant A body at rest A body in A body in uniformiy (= constant) uniform motion ‘accelerated motion v=o) bvxt) Lie (erutsdar) © Speed-time graph : Here, speed is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis. > Speed-time graph is always positive, it can be increasing or decreasing, t ! ! ws constant wat T —_ rs body at rest body in Abody in urifomiy i w=) uniform mation Dcederated moson j (v= conan) evra 21USO ALL © Velocity-time graph : Here, velocityis taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis, > Velocity-time graph can be positive or negative, it can be increasing or decreasing. 1 t = > ‘body a est A body in ‘body in uniformly w=) uniform motion ‘sccelerated motion {v= conan wou a Significance of graphs in motion : ericulr } © Slope of a graph = tand=POPEEESSE =P see adjoining araph) ‘© ‘More the value of 0, more wil be the value of slope LA © Slope of dstanceime graph gives speed, Slope of displacement-time Le araph gives veloety. K = in the adjoining s+ graph, slope of A is more than slope of B, thus, V, > Vy x © From the +1 graph shown below, we can find the value of v 1 \. re io © In the following graphs, graph 1 represents accelerated motion Le. vinereasing with time. Graph 2 represents retarded motion ie., v decreasing with time. LZ 7 i Graph 1 Greph 2 3 (vinewasng with time (decreasing with tne) i ‘scceleated motion retarded motion q © Slope of speed-time graph or velocity-time graph gives acceleration, © In the adjoining vt graph, slope of 1 is more than slope of 2, thus, a, > ay. ‘© From the vt graph shown below, we can find the value of a 1 1) i i [a-P-¥2— | 4 ; buat g i i 221 Physics © Total area under the speed-time graph or velocity-time always gives total distance travelled by the bedy during a given time interval We can also find displacement using a velocity-time graph which is as shown below: | VA A\ Distance travelled = A, + A, + A, Yo = Displacement = A,—A, + a no Aa ty ‘Distance travelled = A, + Ae Free Fall (motion under gravity) : Til 1600 AD, the teachings of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) had held that heavier objects fall faster than ighter ones. The Italian physicist Galileo Galilei gave the present day ideas of falling objects. Now itis an established fact that, in the absence of air resistance, all objects dropped near the Earth’s surface fall with the same constant acceleration under the influence of the Earth's gravity. © Free fallis the motion of an object subject only to the influence of gravity. An object i in freefall as soon as itis dropped from rest, thrown downward or thrown upward, © A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of gravity alone, regardless of its initial ‘motion. Itincludes rising as well as falling motion, ‘© Acceleration due to gravity : The constant acceleration of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to gravity. © The acceleration due to gravity isthe acceleration of an object in freefall that results from the influence of Earth's gravity. Its magnitude is denoted with the letter g Equations of motion of freely falling body ‘There are two main assumptions in free fl © Acceleration due to gravity (gs constant throughout the motion andit acts vertically downwards. © Air resistance is negligible. © Case 1 : An object thrown vertically upward and it returns after some time (see fig). Let us consider an object thrown vertically upward with an intial velocity, the acceleration due to gravity iis acting vertically downward on it, Let after a time interval t, it achieves an height h and final velocity v Initial velocity = + u ; acceleration, a = ~g ; distance travelled, s= +h From first equation of motion, we have, v= u+ at or v= (su) +(-gt or veu-gt (1) From second equation of motion, wehave, s=ut+ at? or shaGutsZeg? or h=ut-Sat? From third equation of motion, we have, v? = u? + 2as or v= (+uF + 2-g)(+h) or v=u?-2gh —— (3) > Time taken to reach maximum height At maximum height, v = 0 From eq (1), we get,0=u-gt or u=gt or |t | > Total time of journey : ‘Since g is constant throughout the motion, time taken to reach maximum height from the ground is equal to time taken to reach ground from the maximum height. That is, total time (1) of joumey, Tam = 28 or a a ¢ 23USO 24 ALL! > Maximum height achieved by the object : Let the maximum height achieved be H. At maximum height, v= 0 From eq.(3), we get, ()F=uP- 2a) or u?=2gH or A= we 2g © Case 2 : An objects thrown vertcaly downward froma certain height H (se fig.) Let us consider an object thrown vertically downward with an initial velocity u, the acceleration due to gravity gis acting vertically downward on it. Let after atime interval, it falls through a distance y and achiewes a final velocity v Initial velocity, u =~ ; acceleration, a = —g; distance travelled, s =~ y ; final velocity From first equation of motion, we have, v = oF =u +g or -v=-u-at or -v=-u+gi) or veusgt —() > Hore, the total distance covered, s = 2H = Et ] 2 hile, the fll lphacement se, at From second equation of motion, wehave, s = t+ al! ute Bean or tat? (etot) or yeusdar—e9 From third equation of motion, we have, v'= ut + 2as or VF=GuF+2tals) or = ut + 2ay — (3) © Velocity at ground : When the object reaches the ground, y ME = uP + 2as or (a? = CUP + 2a) or aut 2gH or y= Ju + 2gH © Time taken to reach the ground : When the object reaches the ground, y = ~H, then, from second equation of motion, HH, then, from third equation of motion, eutba or atu ge scutelat on tt-cut-dae or H=ut+ Zt, Thisisa quate equation that canbe solved by factorsation or using quadrate form 1 For umericals, we can assume acceleration due to graily as +9 for dovmward while-¢ for upward motion © If an object is dropped from certain height, ts inital veloty is taken zero i.., u = O. In such case the 98.(1)(2)(8) wil be reduced to, I 2 lv=st : Pvt = Day > Velocity at ground : When patticle reaches the ground, y = H, then, ve 2gH or y= J2gH © Time taken to reach the ground : When particle reaches the ground, y =H, then, [oH H=4at ori i g Physics @ Case 3 : An object thrown up from a certain height H or dropped from a rising balloon/helicopter. Let us consider an object thrown vertically upward (see fig.) from a certain height H with an initial velocity u, the acceleration due to gravity gis acting vertically downward on it. Also, if an object is dropped from a hot air balloon or a helicopter which is rising up into the atmosphere, the case will remain the same. This is because the initial velocity of a body dropped from a moving object is equal to the velocity of the moving object. In both cases, the abject rises fist, reaches a maximum height, then It moves downvvards and finally reaches the ground. Let after a time interval t, it moves a distance y and achieves a final velocity v. Initial velocity = + u ; acoeleration, a = ~g ; distance travelled, s = y ; final velocity = v. From first equation of motion, we have, ve usat (ru) + alt or veu-gt —() > Inthe eq (1), fv comes postive, it means that object is moving upwards. If v comes negative, stmeans that objects moving downwards. From second equation of motion, we have, aut batt =Gurt+ Lege saute ga or y=(sult+ 5-a}t Lie or y=ut-ot?—— (2) > Inthe eq,2), ify comes postive, it means that object is above the intial point. fy comes negative, it means that object is below the inital point. From thd equation of motion, we have, ! = uP + 20s or (VF = (4uF + 2--@)y) or veut-2gy —— (3) @ Velocity at ground : When particle reaches the ground, y = aut 4 2as or a = Cul + 2¢-gK-H) or aw+ 20H or v= furs 2g © Time taken to reach the ground : When particle reaches the ground, y = ~H, then, from second equation of motion, HH, then, from thitd equation of motion, Lye s-ut+lat® or 4 2 stout =toun- Lae orH ate dat This isa quadratic equation that can be solved by factorisation or using quadratic formula, KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS Circular motion : When a paiticle moves along a circular path, its motion is called citeular motion. © A circular motion is always a non-uniform motion i.c., accelerated motion because the direction of velocity change continuously. ¥ © Velocity of a partide in circular motion is always tangential to the circular path (see adjoining fig.) .e., velocity and radius are always 1 to each other. © Angular displacement (0) : The angle described by particle ‘moving along a circular path is called angular displacement (see adjoining fia). > SL unit of angular displacement is radian, radian = 180° 1 radian = 180'/n = 57.3.USO ALL '@ Angular velocity (a) : The rate of change of angular displacement is called angular velocity. > Formula fore: Jo ~5| > S.L. unit of @ : radian per second of rad s* > Relation between angular velocity and linear speed : (= radius of circular path) © Angular acceleration (a) : The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration. > Formula for a: a > S.L unit of a: radian/(second?? or rad s*. > Relation between angular acceleration & linear acceleration : ¢¢ Uniform circular motion : Motion of a particle along the citeumference ofa circle with a constant speed is called uniform circular motion. > In uniform circular motion, linear speed, v = constant ; angular velocity, @ = constant ; angular acceleration, « = 0 =| (T = time period of 1 revolution) > Here, linear speed can also be found by formula, > Ao. aniorsy acaba ung, = © Uniform circular motion is always an accelerated motion. It has a racially inward acceleration called centripetal acceleration. > Formula for centripetal acceleration > Centripetal force (a) and velocity x) are always perpendicular to each other. © Centripetal force : I isthe racially inard force that Is required to move an object along a circular path atl > Formula for centripetal force: |F =ma, =" = mre’ > Centripetal foree is always supplied by a real force, the nature of which depends on the situation. While turing a motoreyele on a horizontal circular path, friction provides the necessary centripetal force. The electron moves in a circle around nucleus due to centripetal force provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between positive nucleus and negative electron. > While whirling a stone tied with a string, the tension in the string provides the centripetal force. Earth revolves round the Sun due to the centripetal force provided by the gravitational force between the Earth and the Sun. © Non-uniform circular motion : Motion of a particle along the circumference of a circle with a variable Speeds ead nonuniform cleuar motion. ‘Non-uniform circular motion with constant angular acceleration : Equations of motion for a the above motion are (.+0,) SFE] Ome =F of + 208 Oo Wo Where, « = initial angular velocity ; ©, > Angular Displacement in the nth second (i.e., in a par r, tat (i) 0 1 : te Far tio! final angular velocity ; @ = distance travelled ;t = time taken. lar second) is given by, 8,9 =o +4a(@n-1) © Angular speed, «= 2an, where, nis number of revolutions per second or the frequency of revolution. Ac, rg spn, =?" wher, is tn for one etn ine pedo pr 2aN If 2 particle is making N revolution per minute (denoted as rpm), angular speed, © = “Zo i j i 3 3 i i 26anus Physics Projectile motion : When a particle is allowed to move in two dimensions under the influence of gravity ‘only, the motion is called projectile motion. © A projectile motion is also a freefall. ‘There are two main assumptions in projectile motion © Acceleration due to gravity (is constant throughout the motion and it acts vertically downwards. © Airresistance is negligible. _Lawof independence of direction : According to it, in a two or three dimensional motion, the motion of a particle in x direction is independent of its motion in y and z direction. Similarly, the motion of a particke in \ydirection is independent ofits motion in x and zdrection (i the motion ofa particle inzdiection is independent ‘ofits motion in x and y direction Case 1 : When an object (projectile) is thrown at an angle 6 froma certain height and it reaches again the same height (or an object thrown from ground.and again reaches the ground, aso called ‘ground to ground projection). Let an object is thrown with initial velocity u (called velocity of projection) at an angle @ with the horizontal (called angle of projection). Let the horizontal direction is taken X'direction'and the vertical direction is taken 'y’ direction Motion along horizontal direction (direction) : ucos0 sa, = 0. ‘As a, = 0, this means, motion along x. direction isa uniform motion. xauxt or x= (ucos6)xt —--(1) Motion along vertical direction (direction) + weusne,a=-g ‘This means, motion along ydirection is a non-uniform motion with constant acceleration i.e, it is a uniformly accelerated motion. From first equation of motion, we have, v, =u, +at or v, = (usin 6) + (git or v, = (usin 8) ~ gt —~ 2) Now, displacement along y direction, le =(usinoe +2 gyt itpayt or y=(usina +S-ant or y=(usinot-Za? — 6) x ucos® Using (3) 8 (4), we get, From eq.(1), a or y=xtand-| v (usinol 6) eos Bu costo © This s equation of parabola, Us, the path oF trajectory of a prokectile s parabolic. From the third equation of motion, v2 =u? +2a,y or vt = (u sind)? +2¢-aly or vt = utsinto = 2ay -~ (6) © Time taken to reach maximum height : ‘At maximum height, v,= 0 0 = (usin) at [using ec\(2}) sind 27USO 28 ALL! © Total time of flight Tam (Time for upward motion is equal to time for downward motion as q is constant.) [> _ 2usind| or @ Maximum height reached by the object : At the highest point y = h and v, = 0. © (OF = utsin®a — 2gh [using e9,(6)) vsin®9| @ Horizontal range covered by the object : Its the distance covered by the object in horizontal direction during the complete fight. Here, x =R;t=T x = (u cos0) xt for Maximum height, |b 2usind _2u*sindeose _ er sin20) a @ or R=(ucosé) xT =(ucos@)« Some important points > Horizontal component of velocity (x) is constant throughout the journey > Vartcal component of velocity () is variable, it decreases during the upward motion while it increases during the doumward mation. Af maximum height, v, «Ol.e., at maximum height, only the horizontal component of velocity is present. » Equation of trajectory can also be written as, yextano{1 > Every height is achieved twice except the maximum height (see fig). 1 2 Using eq.(3), we get, h =(usind)t or gt? - 2fusinolt + 2h = 0 Let t,t, are the roots of the above equation, then, tty Buse 2h 5 til="J (Using concepts of quadratic equations) > Resuitant velocty of particle at any instant, v= Jv¥=v ; resultant angle, « = tan > Displacement of the object from the point of projection, 5 = yi? =¥ > For a given velocity, there are two angles of projection for which the horizontal range is same, they are 0 and 90 - Oi.e., they are complementary angles (see fig.). As the angle of projection increases from 0° to 45°, the range Increases, further increasing the angle from 45° to 90° decreases the range again, > From the figure, you can see that maximum range occurs at = 45°. Also, you can understand i using the formula, v?sin20 a For maximum value of R, sin28 should be maximum, Maximum value of sin2@ = 1. or 26 =90" or @ = 45° R= 15% 30°45° 60°75"1 Physics > When range is maximum i.e., @ = 45°, then, the maximum height achieved is aiven by, wsn?ase at R HAS" AF, We know that Raa, ths, we get, = Re > We sense weight when something, such as the floor or chair, exerts a contact force on us, But if vse, our chair, and the floor all are accelerating toward Earth together like free fll then no contact forces are exerted on us. Thus, our apparent weight is zero and we experience weightlessness. Apparent weight of an object in projectile motion is also zero as it is a freely falling body. ‘Case 2 : When an objec (projectiles throum froma certain height in the horizontal rection Let an object is thrown horizontal with velocty from a certain height (se fig). Let the horizontal direction is taken \X' direction’ and the vertical direction is taken 'y direction, Motion along horizontal direction wed (x direction) = u=usa=0. ‘Asa, =, thismeans, motion along x direction isa uniform ‘motion. xeuxt xt) ‘Motion along vertical direction (y direction) : w= 05a,=-gs vy, =—¥, ; displacement = ‘This means, motion along y direction is a non motion with constant acceleration i.e, it is a uniformly accelerated motion, From first equation of motion, we have, v, =u, + at ory) = (0) + Galt at —~ (2) Now, displacement along y direction, voutedat or Go)=(orsd ai? From 9.0), Using (3) & (4), we get, 1 (xy y 3(%) —6 © This is equation of parabola, thus, the path or trajectory of a projectile is parabolic. From the third equation of motion, vf =u? +2ay or (Cv)? = (OF +2¢-a)-) or v= 2ay ~~ (6) @ Velocity at ground = When the object reaches the ground, y =—h, then, from third equation of motion, uz +2ay or Cu = (OF +2-<)Eh)USO 30 © Time taken to reach the ground : When the object reaches the ground, y =~ h, then, from second ‘equation of motion, Chi=(0t+ Zea oh =fat? or Case 3 : When an object (projectile) throu fom a cera height at an angle in ypward rection Let an object is thrown with velocity u from a certain height h at an angle @ in upward direction see fg.) Let the horizontal direction is taken ‘x direction’ and the vertical direction is taken 'y direction, Motion along horizontal direction (direction) : u, =u c0s8 5a, = 0. ‘Asa, = 0, thismeans, motion alongyx direction isa uniform motion. xeuxt (ucos0)xt —-(1) Motion along vertical direction (y direction) : w= usn®sa=-g; This means, motion along y direction is a non-uniform motion with constant acceleration i.e, itis a uniformly accelerated motion, From first equation of motion, we have, v, (ry, = (u sin6) - gt — (2) © Intheeq.(2), sf veomes postive, it means that object is moving upwards, IFv comes negative, it means that object is moving downwards. u tat or y= (usind) + Fait Now, displacement along y direction, y= or y=(usind+ Seo or y= (usin6)t- © Intheeq.(3), fy comes postive, it means that objectis above the initial point. fy comes negative, it means that object is below the initial point. From the third equation of motion, v, =u? +2ay ory, or vj = ulsin®0 ~ 2a -—~ (4) © Velocity at ground : When the object reaches the ground, y =-h and, Pe2ay or by) = (OF +2baI¢h) = 29h or v, = (2G Now, v= Jv, +v,? = yu? +2gh © Time taken to reach the ground : When the object reaches the ground, y equation of motion, (u sind? +2 then, from third equat h, then, from second lle ~tusinone de yautezat or -h=(usinot+ 5-ait or h=-tusinot +a? This is a quadratic equation that can be solved by factorisation or using quadratic formula to find time tPhysics All EXERCISE UNIT-1 TOPICS : UNITS & DIMENSIONS, ERROR ANALYSIS, VECTORS, KINEMATICS IN ONE AND TWO DIMENSIONS 6. UNITS & DIMENSIONS. ‘The equation of a wave is given by Y=Asin of —1) where @ isthe anguar velocity and v is the linear velocity. The dimension of k is (QLt (2T @T aT? ‘The time dependence of a physical quantity P is given by P = P, e*, where a isa constant and t fs ime. The constant (1)dimensionless (2) has dimensions T* (3) has dimensions of P (4) has dimensions T? “Match list with list Hand select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists List I (tem) List Il (Units of length) ‘A. Distance between 1. Micron earth and stars B. Inter atomicdistance 2. Angstrom ina solid C, Size of nucleus 3. Light year D. Wavelength of 4, Fermi infrared laser 5, Kilometre Cols A BC D am 5 4 21 Q 3 2 41 @ 5 2 4 3 @ 3 4 12 ‘Which of the following functions of A and B may be performedif A and B possess diferent dimensions A oR A force Fis given by F = at + bt, where t i time. ‘The dimension of a andb are (1) (ML T9} and [M LT] (2) [MLT4] and [MLT=) (3) ML] and [ML T=] (4) (MLT and (ML) QA+B @)A-B_ (A)none Match the following {@) Angular momentum (1) M2 L? T# (© Torque @MTs (6) Gravitational constant (3) ML? T# (@ Tension @MiLt @) @-2, 4-1 2) t@)~4, (6) -3 8) (@)-3, 1 (4) b)~ 2, (a) 1 1. 8. 10. 1. 12. 13. 14. Dimension of relative density is (1) kg mr (ML @)dimensionless (a MeL-® ‘The dimensions of universal gravitational constant Gare @MLT4y Query BML Ty @ MeL T4 The equation of state of some gases can be expressed as {P+3p](U-O1=RT, where Pi the pressure, V is the volume, T is the absolute temperature and a, b and R are constants, The dimensions of ‘ais. (1) IML? T?} @MLTy em a4 Dimension of electrical resistance is (MTA (IML2T A @MET#A4 (@) MLL TA) ‘The velocity v of a particle at time t Is given by b veat+ 7p: wherea, band care constants. The dimensions of a, b and c are respectively (Q) LT, Land T (2)12, T and LT2 @)LT2, LT and L (@)L, LT and T2 Which of the following system of units isnot based ‘on units of mass, length and time alone asi (MKS (FPS (a)ccs Which ofthe folowing does not have the dimensions of force ? (1) Mass x acceleration (2) Pressure (3) Weight (4) Rate of change of momentum ‘Auunitless quantity (1) does not exist (2) always has a nonzero dimension (3) never has a nonzero dimension (4) may have a nonzero dimension 31USO 22. ‘The unitof force in the English measurement system ERRORS IN MEASUREMENTS &tt 15. The heat generated in circuit is dependent upon 1s >> . The Slunt of forceisthe Newton, which the resistance, current and time for which the ‘uments flown. Ifthe eror in measuring the above few Shunt, are as 1%, 2% and 1% the maximum error in ae ee ee measuring heat will be Oy Oar Br wr (2% 23% —B)6% 4) 1% | 23. Momentum is defined as the product of mass and 16. A student measured the diameter of a wire using velocity. The SI unit for momentum is? a screw gauge with least count 0.001 cm and listed 1 om the measurements. The correct measurement is~ aw “Y se (1) 5.3 em (2) 5.32 om im im @) 5.320 em (@) 5.3200 em as @ a 17. A wire has a mass (0.3 + 0.003) g, radius | 24, Therumber 1.00430has____ significant gure. (0.5 + 0.005) em and length (6 + 0.06) em. The a2 23 a5 (ae ‘maximum percentage error in the measurement | 95. The correct answer (teported to the proper number ofits density is of significant figures to the following is : aa @e2 3 @a 63%325— 18. A quantity is represented by X = M* L? TS, The @ 20 (2)20.475 percentage error in measurement of M, L and T ©)20.48, @205 are a%, f)% and 7% respectively. The percentage | 26. One side of a cube measures 1.55 m. The volume error in X would be ofthis cube is om’ (1) (aa + pb + 7) % —(2)(aa- pb + 10) % (1) 2.40 x10" (23.72 x10° @)(@a~Pb- 7% (4) None of these @)2.40 372 27. The length of the side of a cube (in em) having a volume of 44.4 Lis (875 35.4 (3)6.66 4} 66.6 28. Inan object, beginning at res, is moving ata speed cof 700 m/s after 2.75 min, its rate of acceleration 19. Anexperiment measutes quantities a, band c, and Xs calculated from X = ab?/c'. Ifthe percentage error in a, band ¢ are +1%, +3% and +2% respectively, the percentage error in X will be ~ (1) 13% 47% —B) #49 4) 41% Ain m/s") is (Assume that the rate of 20. What is the fractional error in g calculated from ‘acceleration is constant.) (1) 1.6108 (2)255 @) 193 (42a 29. The correct result (indicating the proper number of significant figures) ofthe following adkltionis, i Te anf °? Given that fractional errors in T and fare +x and -ty respectively, 12 x+y @x-y as j @)rx+y ()2x-y ga i 21. Theexteral and interal radius ofa hollow steer pee ; are measured to be (4.23 0.01) cm and ais (2133 i (G.89 4. 0.01)am. The thickness of the wall ofthe 13.38 (a) 13.382 : binder is = (0,002843412.80184) 2 30, 00032 —— i (1) (0.34 + 0.02em —(2)(0.17 + 0.02em : NAT Zbioe 19188 Honian (0) 113.73635 (2)113.736 : 11374 (1a eto! i 3231. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 38. 39. i i i 1 i i i i “The correct result of the molecular mass calculation. forH,SO,is__. 4 15,9994 + 32.006 + 2 «1.0079 (1) 98.08 (2)98.019 3) 98.074 (4) 98.838 ‘The volume of a regular cylinder is V = x4h, Using the value 3.14116 for the constant x, the volume (cm?) of a cylinder of radius 2.34 cm and height 19.91 cm expressed to the correct number of significant figures is, (a) 342.49471 (2)342.495, 3)342.49 (342 ‘There are. significant figures in the answer to the following computation (29.2-20.0)1.79«10*) 1.39 aa 2 @3 wa ‘There should be significant figures in the answer tothe following computation, (10.07 +7.395) 25 a (2 @3 (aa significant figures should be retained in ‘the result ofthe following calculation. (21.13-2.6)x104 103.05 + 16.910" aa (2 @3 ma ‘The output ofa plants 4335 pounds of ball bearing per week (five days). If each ball bearing weighs 0.0113 g, how many ball bearing does the plant make ina single day ? (1) 3.84 10° (2)7.67 x10" (3) 867 (4)3.48 x10" ‘The density of mercury is 13.6 g/m’, The density ‘of mercury is ka/m’. (1) 1.36 x10? (2)1.36 x10" @) 1.36 x 108 (4) 1.36 x10 ‘The quality 1.0 mg/em?is the same as 1,0 x_ kg/m’, @y10* 10? 10% (a 107 ‘One edge of a cube is measured and found to be 13 cm, The volume of the cube in m*is___. (22 x109 (2)2.2.x10* 22 (4) 2.2 «108 40. a. a2. 43. 44. 45. 46. Physics Which one of the following is the true about the liter ? (1) It is the SI base unit for volume. (2) itis equvalent to a cube decimeter. (2) Its lightly smaller than a quar. (@) It contains 10° cubic centrimeters. Of the objects below, jis the most dense. (L)an object with a volume of 2.5 Land a mass of 12.5 kg (@han object wth a volume of 139 mL and a mass of 93g (@) an object with a volume of 0.00212 m? and a mass of 4.22 x 10*mg. (4) an object with a volume of 3.91 x 10 nm? and a mass of 7.93 x10" ng Which of the following liquids has the greatest densty? (1) 13 cm? with a mass of 23g (2) 3.5 cm? with a mass of 10g (3) 0.022 cm? with a mass of 0.10. (4) 54 cm? with a mass of 45g VECTORS A force vector applied on a mass is represented as F = 61-8} + 10K newion and the mass accelerates with 1 m/s. What willbe the mas ofthe body ? () 10V2 kg (2 2V10 kg 8) 10 ig @) 20 kg The magnitudes of vectors A, B and C are respectively 12, 5 and 13 units and A+B =, then the angle between A and B is Mo eas BF WZ ‘The sum of magnitudes of two forces acting at a point is 16N. If the resultant force is SN and its direction is perpendicular to smaller force, then the forces are (1) 6N and 10N (2) 8N and 8N (3) 4N and 12N (4) 2N and 14N Thevector B= af +a}+3k and O= al -2)-K ae perpendicario each other. The postive vive of ais a3 @1 (4) zero 33 (2USO 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 34 1 .Q=PQ, then angle between P and Q is Mo 307A? (a) 60" Which of the following vector identities is false ? @) BeQ-G8 233-88 ORE8E = MBS BE H fi=ai+bj 1s perpendicular to the vector (74), then the value of a and b may be 1,0 @-2,0 14 3,0 OBB ‘The vector B is directed vertically upwards and the vector @ points towards south, then Bx willbe (1) in west (2)in cast (@)2er0 @vertcally downwards ‘The angle between vectors (AxB) and (BA) is (rnd @ Fred @) Fred (A)z0r0 A ene fh cre rmoeciar New meine te wore statement in te following a) RB-BR @ AB-BA (8) AxB-BxA AB a “The unit vector parallel to the resitant ofthe wectors z i+ 3}+68 and B i+3}-8i is (0) Het 6-2) @ Heats oi 2) +6) + 2h) os dcive-20 A vector A points vertically upward and B points towards north. The vector product Ax is (1) null vector (2) along west (3) along east (4) vertically downward Which ofthe folowing sets of concurrent forces may be in equilibrium ? (1) F, = 3N, F, = 5N, Fy = 1N (2) F, = 3N, F, = 5N, F,= 9N @)F, = 3N, F, = 5N, F,= 6N (4) F, = 3N, Fy = SN, Fy =15N 56. 87. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. (90° Ifthe angle between the vectors A and B is 0, the value of the product (Bx A).A is equal to (2)120° 0 (4) 60" (1) BAY cose (2)Batsind @) BAP sine coso (@)zer0 ‘Square of the resultant of two forces of equal ‘magnitude is equal to three times their product. The angle between them is, mo as 3) 60 Electro mative force (EMF) is (1) scalar (2) vector (3) neither scalar nor vector (4) none of these How many minimum number of coplanar vectors having different magnitudes can be added to give zero resultant m2 83 4 ‘The unit vector along j +] is (4) 90° as z Three forces P, Q and R are acting at a point ina plane. The angle between P and Q, G and B are 150° and 120° respectively. Then for Ok Bij) Oy w equibrium, forces P,Q and R are inthe ratio Q)1:2:3 1:2: V3 @)3:2:1 (@ V3 22:1 ‘The resultant of two vectors B and Q is Rif @ is doubled then the new resultant vector perpendicular to B Then magnitude of Fis 2g? op ee a8 whe The resultant of A and Bis R, .On reversing the cache B tutrenitant bacomian Thar RE+RE Is (1) A* + BP (G3) 2A? + BY (2).A2— BE (4) 218° - BA 3 i i 1 i i i i iALLEN 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. ‘We say that the displacement of a particle isa vector ‘quantity. Qut best jusifiction for this assertions (1) displacement can be specified by a magnitude anda direction (2) operating with displacement according to the rules for manipulating vectors leads to results in agreement with experiments () adisplacement is obviously not a scalar (4) displacement can be speetied by three numbers ‘The vectors &,B and are related by ‘Which diagram below illutrates this relationship ? a A vector of magnitude 3 Cannot be added to a vector of magnitude 4 so that the magnitude of the resultant is (zero (2)1 @3 as ‘A vector of magnitude 20 is added to a vector of magnitude 25, The magnitude of this sum might be (Zero 3 BIZ a7 Avectors § of magnitude 6 and another vector T have a sum of magnitude 12. The vector T (1) must have @ magnitude of at least 6 but no morethan 18 (2) may have a magnitude of 20 (@) cannot have a magnitude greater than 12 (4) must be perpendicular to & The vector ~A is (1) greater than A in magnitude @) lessthan A in magnitude (3) in the same direction as A (@)in the direction opposite to A, n. 72. 73. 74. 15. Physics ‘The vector V, in the diagram is equal to U-V, (WY +V, BY -H (2), c05 8 ABP ~A®.B? then (1) Aand B must be parallel and in the same cirection (2) Aand Brust be parallel and in opposite rections (8) either A or B must be zero (@) None of above is true If|A+B)=A+ Band neither A nor B vanish, then (0) A and Bare paralel and in the same direction (2) A and B are paalelandin oppost directions (3) the angle between A and B is 45° (@)the angle between A and B is 60° If |A-B| = A+ Band neither A nor B vanish, then (1) A and B are parallel and in the same direction (2) A and B are parallel and in opposite directions {@)the angle between A and B 18 45° (4) the angle between A and Bis 60° Four vectors (A,B,¢,D)all have the same ‘magniturle, The angle @ between adjacent vectors is 45°as shown. The correct vector equation isUSO 76. 71. 78. 79. 81. 82. 36 Vectors A and Bi le in the xy plane. We can desiuce that A=B if (0) Ag + AZ -BE +B QA +A-B.+8, (JA, = B, and A, = B, A/a B/B, [Avector has magnitude of 12, When stall at the origin it es between the postive xaxisand the negative y axis and makes an angle of 30° with the axis, ts yeomponentis (6/¥3 2-63 3)6 (6 Ifthe xcomponent ofa vectors A in the xy plane, is half as large as the magnitude of the vector, the tangent of the angle between the vector and the x axis is vB (3) V3/2 1 A= (6m (Sj then 4A has magnitude v2 (43/2 (10m — 20m —3)30m_— (440m. ‘A vector has a component of 10 m in the +x direction, a component of 10 min the +y direction. anda component of § min the +2 direction. The ‘magnitude of this veetor is (zero (2) 15m 20m (425m Let? = (2.00mi + (6.00mi) -(8.00)% ‘The magnitude of is (1) 5.00 m 8) 7.00 m (25.57 m (47.42 m Inthe diagram, A has magnitude 12m and B has ‘magnitude 8m, The x component of A +B isabout (1) 5.5m @12m 14m (7.6m 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. ‘Aceriain vector in the xy plane hasan x component cof Amand a y component of 10m. Itisthen rotated {in the xy plane soits'x’ component is doubled. Its new 'y component isabout (20m 7.2m B)5.0m 445m Vectors A and Beach have magnitude L. When drawn with thetr tails at the same point, the angle between them is 30°. The value of A.B is (zo (3) VBL?/2 (4) 21" Let A =(2m}i +(6m)j—(3m)k and B= (amji+@2m)j +m Then A.B= A) mii + 12m} -BmIk (2) (L2m)i -(14m)j —(20m)k ©) 23m? 17m? Two vectors have magnitudes of 10m and 15m. ‘Theangle between them when they are drawn with theirtalls atthe same point is 65". The component Cf the longer vector along the line ofthe shorter is 0 @42 63 14m Let $= (Imi +(2m)j + (2m) and =(3mii +(4m\j+(4m)k. The angle between these two vectors is given by (leas (11/20) (2) cos"! (19/20) (G)cos 11/Y369) (A) cost 19//369) ‘Two vectors lie with their tails at the same point. ‘When the angle between them is increased by 20° their scalar product has the same magnitude but changes from positive to negative. The original angle between them was ao (2)60°()70" (4) 80" If the magnitude of the sum of two vectors is less than the magnitude of either vector, then (1) the scalar product of the vectors must be negative (2) the scala product of the vectorsmust be postive (8) the vectors must be parallel and in opposite directions (4) the vectors must be parallel and in the same direction z a 008 NCE dAi i i 1 i i i i ALLEN a1. 92. 93. 94. 95. If the magnitude of the sum of the two vectors is greater than the magnitude of either vector, then (1) the scalar product of the vectors must be negative (2) the scalar product of the vectors must be postive (@) the vectors must be parallel and in opposite direction (4) None of the above Vectors A and B each have magnitude L. When drawn with ther tails atthe same point, the angle between them is 60°. The magnitude of the vector product Asc is a Le2 (L? (@) VBL? /2 (4) 21" “Two vectors le with thetr tall atthe same point ‘When the angle betwen them sincreased by 20° ‘the magnitude of their vector product doubles. The original angle between them was about Mo (2) 18° (3) 25° (a)as° “Two vectors have magnitudes of 10m and 15m. “The angle between them when they are dauun with ‘heir tals tthe same point is 65°. The component ‘ofthe longer vectors along the line perpendicular to the shorter vector, in the plane of the vectors, is Mo (242m (363m (414m ‘Two vectors (3m) —(2m)j 8 (mii + (Bm)] ~2mdK define a plane. It is the plane of the triangle with both tails at one vertex and each head at one of the other vertices. Which of the following vectors is perpendicular to the plane ? (1) (Ami + (6m + 13mpk (2) (-Armyi + (6myj + 13m) 8) mii —(6mij + 30k (A) (Ami +(6m)j -(13m)K Let R =SxT and 6 + 90°, where 6 is the angle between § and when they are dram wth their tal at the same polnt. Which ofthe folowing Is NOT true? 4) [Rl =[S}tisino @ R-S=0 QR 5-7-0 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. Physics The value of 4-(jxf) is (Ze = +1 B13 The value of K(k iis (zo +1 Bt ws MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE ‘A person travels along a straight road for the first haf time with a velocity v, and the second halftime ‘with a velocity v,. Then the mean velodity y Isgiven by ay atte a a v= Jan v= A scooter going due cast at 10 m = tums right through an angle of 90>. I the speed ofthe scooter remains unchanged in taking this turn, the change In the velocity of the scooter is (1) 20.0 m 51 in south-westem direction (Q)ze10 (3) 10.0 m sin south-east direction (4) 14.14 ms1 in south-westem direction ‘A particle is moving eastward with a velocity of 5 m/s In 10s, the velocity changes to ‘5 m/s northward. The average acceleration in this, time is ()zer0 sa mtionnntem @) 2 m/s? towards north-east a dove towards north-west ‘A body starts from rest s moving under a constant acceleration up to 20 sec. Hit moves S, distance in first 10sec. and S, stance in next 10sec, then S, will be equal to Ms, 28, 3s, yas, Ifa body starts from rest and travels 120em in the 6* second then what is the acceleration ? (1) 0.20 m/s? (2) 0.027 m/s? (9) 0.218 m/s (4) 0.003 m/s* 37USO 103. A car moving with a velocity of 10 m/s can be stopped by the application of a constant force F in 1a distance of 20m. If the velocity of the car is 30 m/s. It can be stopped by this force in 0 2m (220m (3) 60m (4) 180m 104, Initially a body is at rest, If its acceleration is ‘5 ms*then the distance travelled in the 18*seond (1) 86.6 m @875m @)88m (4) 89m 105. A body is thrown vertically upwards from the top A of a tower, It reaches the ground in 4, seconds, Ift thrown vertically downwards from ‘Avwith the same speed it reaches the ground in ty seconds, If itis allowed to fall freely from A, then the time it takes to reach the ground is given by htt 2 ty at f 106. A body falls freely from rest. It covers as much distance in the lst second of its motion as covered {nthe first three second, The body has fallen fora time of (3 Ss B75} 9s 107. The water drops fall at regular intervals froma tap 5 mabowe the ground, The third drops leaving the tap tthe instant the fist drop touches the ground, Hour far above the ground isthe second drop at that instant? (1) 1.25 m (2) 2.50 m (3)3.75 m_(4)4,00m 108. A man is sipping on a frictionless indined plane & bag falls down from the same height. Then the speed of both is related as ()Vp> Vp QV, % (4) Data is insufficient A partie of mass 3 kg, moves under the force of 4] +8)+10K NI the paid starts from rest and ‘was at origin initially. Is new co-ordinates after 3 second is @)@, 8,10) 2) (6, 12, 15) e245 8675) A body is projected upuards with a velocity u. It ‘passes through acettain point above the ground after 4, second, The time after which the body passes through the same point during the retum journey is e-8 2h 4) a(t @ aw uf @ 3-4) A body dropped from the top of the tower covers distance Txinthe las second of journey, where xis the distance covered in first second. How much time does it take to reach the ground ? (1) 3s (2) 4s (3) 5s (4) 6s Drops of water falls from the roof of a building 9m. high at regular intervals of time, the first drop teaching the ground at the same instant fourth drop starts to fall. What are the distances of the second and third drops from the roof (1) 6 mand 2m (2)6mand3m (3) 4 mand 1m (4) 4 mand 2m ‘Two balls are thrown simultaneously, (A) vertically upwards with a speed of 20 m/s from the ground and (B) vertically downwards from a height of 40 m ‘with the same speed and along the same line of motion. {At which point the balls wil colide (ake g = 10 m/sec (1) 15 m above from the ground (2) 15 m below from the top of the tower (3) 20 m above from the ground (4) 20 m below fromt the top ofthe tower ‘A body s dropped from the top of a tower covers ae 3G (@ Ae) 1 ctesanet ne tncdoftoa The ‘time of fall is (2s (4s @<1s (@>5s 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. ‘A body isreleased from the top of an incined plane of inclination 8). reaches the bottom with velocity (@. If keeping the length same the angle of indination is doubled, what will be the velocity of the body on reaching the ground. ay (ew 8) [2cosoy'# v (4) [2sine}"* w AA disc in which several grooves are cut along the chore drawn froma point A’, isarrangedin a vertical ‘Plane, several particles starts skipping from’A’ along the grooves simultaneously. Assuming friction and. resistance negligible, the time taken in reaching the exige of disc will be nN (1) Maximum in groove AB (2) Maximum in groove ADK 5 (3) Same in all groove @ (4) According to the heights of B, C, D, E, F ‘A body stdes on an incined plane. I height of incined plane ish’ and length is "and angle of inclination {s 6 then timeis taken for traveling from upper point tolower pa & E a @ (2) @ coun sno 2 1 > 8 Sno a Two carsaremovingin the same directions withthe same speed of 30 kan/hr. They are separated by 5 km, What is the speed of ear moving in the opposite direction if it meets the two cars at an Interval of 4 minute (0) 45 kane (2) 60 kine (8) 105 knv/tr (a) None ‘Atrain movesin north direction with aspeed of 54 km/hr. anda monkey running on the roof ofthe train, against its motion witha veloctyof 18 km/ bn. with respect to the train then the velocity of ‘monkey as chsenedtyaman staneing onthe ground (1) 5 ms*due south (2) 25 ms due south (8) 10 ms? due south (4) 10 ms due north i i i 1 i i i 1ALLEN 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. ‘Two trains each of length 50 m. are running with ‘constant speeds on parallel tracks, While moving in same direction one over takes the other in 40 seconds and while moving in opposite direction ‘one crosses the other in 20 seconds. The speeds of trains will be (1) 2.25 ms# and 2.75 ms* (2) 2.15 ms? and 2,85 ms (8) 3.75 ms? and 1,25 ms (4) 4.25 mst and 0.75 ms ‘Two bodies are moving with the constant speeds. ‘When moving towards each other in each second they come doser by a distance of 8m. Ifthey moves in same direction, then in each 10 seconds they ‘come closer bya distance of 4m. Their speeds are ()4ms!,4.4mst — (2)4.2 ms", 3.8 mst (3)4ms",0.5 mst (4) 4 ms, 3.6 ms? ‘A man Is walking on a road with a velocity 3 km/hr. Suddnly rain stats faling, The velocity of rainis 10 km/hrin vertical downward direction. the relative velocity of the rain with respect to man is (1) 3 kmvhr JF kor 8) J109 kn/ae @) 13 kar ‘Aman standing on a toad has tohold his umbrella, ‘at 30° with the verticle to keep the rain away. He throws the umbrella and starts running at 10 kmn/ hr then he finds that rain drops are hitting his head vertically, then speed of rain drops with respect to ‘moving man (0) 20 tan. 2105 bon/ 10 @) V3 km/hr. (4) 10 km/hr. ‘Aman sualkingataspeed 3m/ ran crops are falling vertically wth a speed 3 m/s (0 What is the velocity of rain drop with respect to the man ? (i Atwhat angle from vertical, the man should hold bis umbrella ? (1) 2.42 m/s, 30° in forward direction (2) 4.24 m/s, 45° in backward direction (3) 1.24 m/s, 60° in forward direction (4) None of these 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. Physics A boat man can row with a speed of 10 km./ht. in stilwater Thethver flow steady at S km/hr andthe swath ofthe nvr is 2h, Hf the boat man cross the ‘Fiver with reference to minimum distance of approach then time elapsed in rowing the boat will be 23 2 0 75° hour @ Fpphow 32 52 FH hour (9 hour ‘A boat covers certain distance between two spots ona river taking‘, time, going down stream and ‘ty time going upstream, what time willbe taken by the boat to cover the same distance instil water Qe ttt igh Oire Oba 2 ‘A particle moving ina straight line covers half the distance with speed of 3/s. The otherhal of the distance s covered in two equal time intervals wth speed of 4.5 m/s and 7.5 m/s respectively, The average speed ofthe particle during this motion is (1)4.0.m/s 25.0m/s @)55m/s (4sm/s ‘body covers one-third ofthe distance witha velocity 4 the second one-third ofthe distance witha velocity \, and the fst one thi ofthe dtance wth a elesty vy, The average velocity s a vite tvs uv ors 2) viva +ua¥s +¥a¥; ey eH ‘Acar accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 2 1m/$*for some time. Then, it retards at a constant rate of 4 m/s? and comes to rest. If it remains in motion for 3 second the maximum speed attained by the cars (W2m/s (23m )4m/s (ems ‘Aston is dropped from the top of a tower of height hs, After 1 second another stone is dropped from the balcony 20 m below the top. Both reach the bottom simuilancously. What is the value of h ? take g = 10 ms* (1) 3125 m 8)31.25m (2312.5 m (4) 25.31 m. AlUSO 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 42 PROJECTILE MOTION ‘An aeroplane fling at a constant speed releases a bomb. As the bomb moves away from the aeroplane, it will (1) always be vertically below the aeroplane only if the aeroplane was fying horizontally alwaysbe vertically below the aeroplane only it the aeroplane was fying at an angle of 45°to the horizontal always be vertically below the aeroplane gradually fall behind the aeroplane if the aeroplane was flying horizanaly ‘A pattde's projected such that the horizontal range and vertical height are the same. Then the angle of projection is Q 8 «) (eam @tar{Z) exe ayaa ‘Two bodies are projected at angles @ and (90 - 6) to the horizontal with the same speed. The ratio of their timesof flight is (sino: 1 (2)cos 8: 1 @)sin@ cose (@)cos 6: sino In Q.156, the ratio of the horizontal ranges is. ated (2)sin 0: cos 0 @) sin*@ :cos 0 (@)sin*: costo In Q.156, the ratio ofthe maximum vertical height is. ated (2)sin 0; cos 8 @)sin?o costo 1.3 A partide, with an initial velocity vin a plane, is subjected to a constant acceleration in the same plane. Then, in general, the path of the particle would be () Acircle @A straight ine @) A parabola (@Abyperbola ‘One stone is projected horizontally from a 20m height cif with an initial speed of 10 ms?, A second stone fs simultaneously dropped from that cif. Which of the followingis true? (1) Both strike the ground with the same velocity. (2) The ball with initial speed 10 m s" reaches the round first () Both the bells hit the ground atthe same time. (4) One cannot say without knowing the height of the building. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. ALL! In the case of a projectile fired at an angle equally {ndined to the horizontal and vertical with velocity u, the horizontal range is w Qa, O35 a (a6 A stone is thrown obliquely It retums to ground describing @ parabolic path. Which of the following ‘remains constant? (1) speed of the ball (2) kinetic energy of the ball (3) vertical component of velocity (4) horizontal component of velocity ‘A point mass is projected, making an acute angle with the horizontal. If angle between velocity of profection @ and acceleration @ is 8, then @ is @ given by (1) 90°<@< 180° (2) = 90" Geo Mor<0<90 IER isthe range for an angle of projection of 15° with the horizontal, then the other angle of projection for which the range Ris (75 eo" as? (ay 30" A projectile throum with a velocity vat an angle @ hhasa range R on the surface of earth, For same v and 0, its ange on the surface of moon willbe ()36R R36 RVG (aOR ‘Two stones are projected from the same point wth same speed making angles 45° + Oand 45°- 0 with the horizontal respectively. If 0 < 45%, then the Dorzontal ranges ofthe two stones avin the ratio of (1:1) @1:2 Biss waa Asione is projected with an intial velocity at some angle withthe horizontal. & smal piece separates from the stone before the stone reaches its ‘maximum height. Then this piece wi (Q) fly ide by side with the parent stone along a parabolic path (2) ly horizontally initially and wil trace a different parabolic path (@)fall vertically down (@ fly horizontally A ballis projected with kinetic enengy K at an angle of 45°to the horizontal. Atthe highest point during its fight, its kinetic energy willbe Mk Ak/i2 BK (4) zeroi z i i i 1 i i i i All 169. 170. im. 472. 173. 174. 175. Fo behave ponanioinemoqpoatnge 30°, 45%, 55° and 65° with the horizontal. The horizontal range willbe largest forthe one projected at an angle of (30° a5? ES? a) OS® ‘A hunter takes an aim at a monkey sting on a tee and fires a bullet. Just when the bullet leaves the barrel ofthe gun, itso happens that the monkey begins to fal freely. The built wall (1) Go above the monkey (2)Gobelow the monkey (@) May or may not hit the monkey. Itwilldepends upon the velocity ofthe bullet (4) Hit the monkey. Ifthe range of a projectile fs R, then its K.E. is ‘maximum after covering (from start) a distance equal to R R 3R OF QR By wy Two projectiles P and Q are thrown with the same spead butatangle of 40° and 50°with the horizontal Range of P willbe (1 equalto that of Q (2) greater than than of (@)less than that of Q (4) 3/7 times that of ©. alr resistance and air buoyancy are tobe ignored, ‘then which ofthe folowing factors determines the time of fight of the projectile ? (initial velocity {@ horizontal component of intial velocity (9) vertical component of initial velocity (@ horizontal component of acceleration ‘Two projectiles are thrown with the same intial selocityat angles a and (90 — a) with the horizontal ‘The maximum heights attained by them are hand h, hh, respectively. Then j,i equal to (sinta — Q)eos?a (B)tan?a (4) 1 An oblique projectile has the smallest speed on its ‘trajectory when (1) tis at the highest point (2) tis atthe point of projection (2) ithitthe ground (@)Ithit between highest point and point of projection 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. Physics An object falls from the window of a railway carria moving horizontally with a uniform velocity. observed bya person in the carriage, the path follows by the object is (1) helical (2) parabolic @)straight (4) circular Two balls are projected from the same point directions at 30° and 60° with the horizontal. Both the balls attain the same height. The ratio of their velocity of projection is () V3.2 3:3 B35 (4) J321 ‘A glass marble projected horizontally from the top cof a table falls at a distance x from the edge of the table. If his height ofthe table, then the velocity of Projection is anf ole Baxh In the case of an oblique projectile, the velocity Is. perpendicular to acceleration (once only (2)twice @)thrice (@) four times ‘Two projectiles thrown from the same point at angles 60° and 30° with the horizontal attain the same height. The ratio of their initial velocities is Max+h 4 a. 2 OB WR ‘Two bodies are projected at angle @ and (90 ~ 6) ‘with the horizontal atthe same speed. The ratio of their maximum heights is ie. (2)1:tane @)tane: 1 (@tanto: 1 ‘A body is projected at an angle of 30° with the horizontal with momentum p. At ts highest point, the momentumis & B 8, oat Mp (2) 2 8) 2° a Be Iwas calculated that a shell when fired from a gun with a certain velocity and at an angle of elevation Sx 3g tad should strike a given target. In actual practice, was found that a hill just prevented the trajectory. A what angle of elevation should gun be fired to hit the target ? Lk, Qae™ Sra 43USO 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. ‘A body is projected at an angle 6 to the hovizontal with kinetic eneray E, Neglecting air friction, the kinetic energy of the body at the topmost point of the path will be (1) Zero @)Ecos@ (B)Ecos*o (4). ‘A bodys projected at 30° angle with the horizontal with velocity 30 ms, What is the angle with the horizontal after 1.6 $? (Take g = 10m s®) a) 0 30° (604) 90 body of mass 1 kgs thrown with a velocity of 10 ms? at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. Its momentum at the highest point is (1) 2 kg ms* (2)3 kg ms* @)4 kg mst @)5 kg ms ‘A ball rolls off the top of stairway horizontally with a velocity of 4.5 ms", Each step is 0.2 mhigh and 0.8m wide. If gis 10 ms, then the ball wil strike the nth step where n is equal to Mo @10 Bil @i2 ‘A monkey can jump a mximum horizontal distance ‘of 20 m, Then the velocity of the monkey is () 10 ms? (2)14 ms? 8) 20.ms* (@) 24 ms fa body A of mass M is thrown with velocity uat ‘an angle of 30°to the horizontal and another boy B of the same masss thrown with the same speed af an angle of 60°to the horizontal, the ratio of horizontal range of A to B wil be iss Qa @1: 8 @ VB 1 An aeroplane moving horizontally with a speed of 180 km/hr. drops a food packet while flying at a height of 490m. The horzintal range of the packet ® (1) 180m (2)980m (3)500m = (4)670m ‘Three particles A, Band C are projected from the same point with the same initial speeds making angles 30°, 45° and 60° respectively with the horizontal. Which of the following statements is correct ? (1) A, Band C have unequal ranges (2) Ranges of A and C are equal and less than that of B (3) Ranges of A and C are equal and greater than that of B (4) A, Band C have equal ranges 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. ALL! ‘A plane is flying horizontally at 98 ms-*and releases an object which reaches the ground in 10 s. The angle made by it while hitting the ground is (55° 45° B60") 75" A boy aims at a bird from a point at a horizontal distance of 100m. The gun can impart a velodly of ‘500 ms“to the bullet. At what height above the bird ‘must he aitn his qun in order to hit (q = 10 ms-® (1) 20 cm (2)40.cm (3)50em (4) 100em ‘A body is projected at such an angle that the horizontal ranges three times the greatest height. ‘The angle of projection is (25° sar B)az gy 5a" Range of a projectile is R, when the angle of projection s 30°, Then, the value ofthe other angle Of projection for the same range, is (45° 60" 3)50" 4) 40" A patticle is projected with velocity ‘u! makes an angle @ watt, horizontal. Now it breaks in two Identical parts at highest point of trajectory. One ppart retraces its path, then velocity of other partis (1) 3ucosd (2) 2ucos6 (3)ucoso (du ‘Two projectiles of same mass and with same velocity are thrown at an angle 60° and 30° with the horizontal, then which quantity will remain same (2) time of fight (2) range of projectile (3) max height acquired (4) all of them For angles of projection of a projectile at angles (45° - 0) and (45° + 6), the horizontal ranges described by the projectile are in the ratio of Mist @2:3° B12 weed A shel is fired vertically upwards with a velocity v, from the deck ofa ship traveling at a speed of v, Apperson on the shore observes the motion of the shell as parabola. Its horizontal range is given by 1 2M » 2 a ¢ ¢ @ 2vive ive @ @ @ @ ‘The range ofa projectile when fired at 75° with the horizontal is 0.5 km. what willbe its range when fired at 45° with same speed (05 km. (2) 1.0 km. (3) 1.5 km. (4)2.0 km.201. 202. 203. 204, 205. 206. 207. ‘The speed at the maximum height of a projectile s 8 times of its inital speed 'y of projection. Its range on the horizontal plane Bu? we Sut 835 wt @ What isthe ratio of PLE, wart. ground and K.E. at the top most point of the projectile motion (4) cote (cos (2)sin’9 (8) tan" Thee projectile A, B and C are throw rom the same point in the same plane. Their trajectories are shown in the figure. Then which of the following statement is true (1) The time of flight is the same for all the three (2) The launch speed is greatest for particle C (3) The horizontal velocity component isqreatest for pattide C () All of the above A partide Is projected with a velocity v, so that its range on a horizontal plane is twice the greatest height attained. If gis acceleration due to gravity, then Its range is av 4g avi av ge Qer Ose ‘A particles fired with velocity u making angle @ with, the horizontal. What is the change in velocity when 4? © Sg itis at the highest point ? (1) ucos 0 Qu @)usino (4) (u.c0s0 - uy ‘The ceiling of a hall is 40m high. For maximum horizontal distance, the angle at which the ball can be thrown with a speed of 56ms* without hitting the ceiling ofthe halls, (25 30° B45" fg) 60" A ball is thrown at different angles with the same speed u. and from the same point and it has the same range in both the case. If y, and y, be the heights attained inthe two cases, then y, + Yp= 2 2 a 2 a ot at wt ag 2) @ og ag @ 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214, Physics CIRCULAR MOTION ‘A car moving on a horizontal road may be thrown cout of the road in taking a tum (2) by the gravitional force (2) due to lack of proper centripetal force {@) due to rolling friction between the tyres and the Road (4) due to reaction of the road ‘A cyelist taking tum bends inwards while a car ‘passenger taking same turn is thrown outwards. The reason is (1) car is heavier than cycle (2) car has four wheels while cyde has only two (8) difference in the speed of the two (4) cyclist has to counteract the centrifugal force while in the case of car only the passenger is thrown by this force ‘A particle of massm is executing a uniform motion, along a circular path of radius r If the magnitude of its linear momentum isP, the radial force acting con the particle wil be a a Sometimes acar overtums while tuming ata cure In such a case (1) the inner wheels leave the ground first (2) the outer wheels leave the ground firs. (@) both the inner and the outer wheels leave the ground simultaneously. (@) either of the wheels can leave the ground firs. Cream gets separated out of mille when it is chured, itis due to (1) gravitational force (2) centripetal force @) centrifugal force (4) frictional force ‘Acaris moving on a circular path and takes a tum. FR, and R, be the reactions on the inner and outer ‘wheels respectively then aR, R, ‘Acar moving with speed 30 m/s on a circular path Of radius 500 m, Its speed is increasing atthe rate cof 2m/st. The acceleration of the car is (1) 9.8 myst 218 mse 8) 2nvs* (2.7 st