vlrsKd;ESifU ,HkMunfcsuf

tvf[m*sfOD;at;vGif (B.Sc)
bmom omoema&;qdkif&m ,HkMunfrIrSmESvkH;om;a&;&mESifh oufqdkifygonf/
vlrsKd ;[lonfrmS ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mjzpfygonf/ rnfonfv h rl sKd ;rqdk rdr,
d MkH unfv&kd m t,l0g'udk
vufcH,HkMunfydkifcGifhrSmvlom;wdkif;\ arG;&myg vlrItcGifhta&;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/
,if;odkY,kHMunfrIudk taMumif;jyKNyD; vlrdsK;[lonf jzpfwnfvm&jcif;r[kwfojzifh
bmom omoemwpfckudk ,kHMunfudk;uG,fjcif;onf xdkyk*¾dKvf\ rdsK;½dk;Zmwdtm; rnfodkYrQ
azmfñTef;Edkifrnf r[kwfyg/ xdkYaMumifh urÇmESifhtESHYwGifvlrsdK;wlbmomjcm;rsm;&Sdovdk?
bmomwlvlrsdK;jcm;rsm;vnf; &Sdaejcif;rSm obm0ed,mr "r®wmwpf&yfyif jzpfygonf/
vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;tm; ¤if;udk;uG,fonfh bmomw&m;udk ar;ppf&mwGif xkdyk*¾dKvf
vwfwavm vufcHxm;aom ,lqcsuftaMumif;udkomvQif odEdkfifygrnf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfonf
,if;odpYk pfcsuaf umuf Ny;D rS tjcm;bmomw&m;wpf&yfukd ajymif;vJ,MHk unfEikd o f nfjh zpfEidk af cs
(Possibility) onf tNrJ & S d a ernf r S m rvG J a ocsmjzpf y gonf / wpf B ud r f w pf c gu
rdrb d momwpfcu k kd ,kMH unfcyYJ gonf[k ajymvmolwpfO;D rSm 'DbmomtwGi;f üyif aowyef
oufwpfqkH;&Sdaernf[k avSeH"g;xpf yHkaoum;csyf rnfodkYrQajymí r&Edkifyg/
omoemwdkYyGifhxGef;&m t&yf'domudk MunfhNyD;awmhvnf; xkdt&yfom;rsm;onf
xkb d mom0if rsm;om jzpf&rnf[k w&m;aoajymír&yg/ Oyrm- rZösrd (tdE, d´ wduk )f a'oü
Ak'¨yGifhcJYaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif Ak'¨bmomxGef;um;aeygonf/ ta&SUtv,fydkif;wGif
c&pf,mefomoem oaE¨wnfcJY ayrJY Oa&mywdkufwGif c&pf,mefbmomudk vlrsm;pk
udk;uG,fvsuf&Sdygonf/ ygvufpwdkif;rSm tpysdK; cJYaom *sL;bmomrSm urÇmtESHYwGif
ysHUESHYvsuf&Sdygonf/ (Oyrm- tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;a[mif; upöif*smrSm *smref-
*sL;jzpfNyD;? vuf&Sd EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD; atmvfb½dkufrSmvnf; *sL;bmom0if jzpfygonf/
xked nf;wl Oa&mywdu k *f sL;rsm;? tmz&duwdu k *f sL;rsm;vnf; &Syd gao;onf/) [dEL´ bmom0if
wdkYrSmtdE´d,wdkufwGifom &Sdonfr[kwfbJ t&yfa'owdkif;rSm &Sdaeygonf/ T.M
w&m;xdkifenf;rSm tar&duwdkufwGif a&yef;pm;aeovdk Oa&mywdkufom;wkdYonfvnf;
[dE´La,m*DBuD;rsm;xHrSm wynfhcHae Muygonf/ urÇmausmf*Dwynm&Sif NAdwdefEdkifiHom;
BEATLES wd k Y o nf ]]r[pf ( &S f ) ½d k * D } }\ taEÅ 0 god u wynf h r sm;jzpf M uygonf /
tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;onfvnf; Edik if t H oD;oD;vlrsKd ; toD;oD;wGif &SMd uygonf/ ESv;Hk om;
ESifh,kHMunf&rnfh bmoma&;ESifh ½kyfydkif;qdkif&mjzpfaom vlrsdK;a&;udk cGJjcm;jrifwwf&ef
tvGet f a&;Bu;D ygonf/
r[mpnfomoemh&dyfomwGif 0dyóempD;jzef;&ef vma&mufMuonfh Oa&my
wdkufom;wdkYrSm Ak'¨bmom\t&dyfudk cdkvIH½kHrQjzifh jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; jzpfrvmEdkifovdk
jref r mEk d i f i H o m;jzpf v m&ef t wG u f y if vH k a vmuf a omtaMumif ; jycsuf r [k w f y g/
jref r mwk d i f ; &if ; om; csif ; ?ucsif p onf h vl r sd K ;pk w d k Y w G i f c&pf , mef bmom0if r sm;
tawmftwefrsm;jym;ojzifh ,if;jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;rsm; t*Fvyd ?f tar&duef jzpfomG ;Ny[ D k
tb,fo h qYkd Ekd ikd yf grnfenf;/ w½kwjf ynfoo Yl r®wEdik if t
H ESHY txl;ojzifh pifcRejf ynfe,fwiG f
w½kwt f rsKd ;om; tpövmrfomoem0ifrsm; oef;&mESichf sND y;D &Syd gonf/ ,if;w½kww f ikd ;f &if;
om;rsm; tpövmrfbmomudk r[mwrefawmfjrwfBu;D oufawmfxif&mS ;&Sad wmfrpl Oftcguyif
,kHMunfudk;uG,f cJYaMumif; ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;tcdkiftrm&Sdygonf/ ,if;w½kwf
rGwpf vf ifrw f t Ykd m; tpövmrf omoemudk ud;k uG,cf o hJ jzifh ]]ukvm;}} rsm;jzpfomG ;Ny[ D q k ykd gu
todÓPfenf;vGe;f &musygrnf/
rdrEd pS o f ufaom bmomt,l0g'udk vufc, H MHk unfjcif;aMumifh rdrEd ikd if EH iS rhf rd v
d rl sKd ;
tay: opömapmifo h ½d akd orIEiS hf cspjf rwfE;kd rIukd rnforYkd Q xdyg;,kwaf vsmah pEdik rf nfr[kwyf g/
vl r sKd ;
odyÜHenf;us ordkif;okawoe? ZD0aA'(Biology) ?rEkóaA'(Anthrology)
owå a A' (Zoology) ? rsd K ;½d k ; AD Z aA' (Genetic) ? a&S ; a[mif ; ok a woeaA'
(Archology) ? ausmufjzpf ½ky<f uif;aA' (Paleontology) ? vlraI A' (Sociology)ponfh
acwf r D y nm&yf r sm;\ tvd k t & vl o m;onf ‘‘Homosapiens’’ qd k o nf h
wpfcw k nf;aomrsKd ;pkrjS zpfMuNy;D bkyH ifrrsKd ;½d;k Bu;D wpfcw
k nf;rS qif;ouf aygufzmG ;vmaMumif;
od&&dS ygonf/
odkYaomf ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m p½dkufvu©Pmwlaom vlYtkyfpk (Human Population
or Groups) wdkYudk ¤if;wdkYtwlaexdkif&m t&yfa'oudk tpGJjyKNyD; yx0DEdkifiHa&;oabm
(Geo- Politic)t&vlrsdK; (Race) [kac:vmMuonf/ odkYaomf,if;vlYtpkta0;(vlrsdK;)
wdrYk mS ‘‘Homosapien’’twGi;f rSomvQif jzpfNy;D oD;jcm;rsKd ;pdwf(Species) rsm;r[kwaf y/
xdaYk Mumifh acwfoyd yHÜ nm&Sirf sm;onf vlrsKd ;a&; 0g'D(Racists)rsm;\ vlrsKd ;Bu;D 0g'(Supreme
Race)udkvnf;aumif;? trsdK;oefY (Pure Race)0g'udkaomf vnf;aumif; vkH;0vufrcH
awmYbJ vlrsKd ;ESiq
hf ikd af omt,ltq ‘‘The Concept of Race’’wGiv f rl sKd ; [lonf odyyHÜ nm
oabmt&r&SdaMumif; ‘‘On the Nonexistance of Human Races’’ udkurÇmodkY
tudk;tum; taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh wifjyvmMuygNyD/
[ Current Anthropology, Vol. 3. p.p 279-281, 1962.
 ‘‘THE MEANINGLESSNESS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPTION OF RACE’’
RACE, SCIENCE, AND HUMAN ITY, PRINCETON, 1963, PP. 1-10, VAN NOSTRAND CO, BRACE.
THE CONCEPT OF RACE, COLLIER BOOKS 1969.]
þodq Yk jkd cif;tm;jzifh vlt Y pkta0;wdw Yk iG f Zmwdyn k *kPrf mewdrYk &St d yf? 0HomEk&u©w d
w&m;rvdt k yf[q k akd ejcif;r[kwyf g/ rdrEd ikd if EH iS v
hf rl sKd ;udk cspjf rwfE;kd &jcif;rSm r&Srd aevdt k yf
aompdw"f mwfjzpfygonf/
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f vlom;tm;vk;H udk 0dnmOfwpfcw k nf;rS aygufzmG ;vmaMumif;
(4;1)ü azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ,if;wpfcw k nf;aom0dnmOfrS tzdEk iS t hf r 'Gpd w Hk Ykd aygufzmG ;vm
onf/ r[m wrefawmfjrwfBuD;&JU Mo0g'awmfrSmvlom;tm;vkH;onf wpfrdwpfzwnf;rS
qif;ouf vmaMumif;? vlom;tm;vk;H onf tdraf xmifpk wpfpw k nf;jzpfaMumif; rde>Yf rufxm;
ygonf/
odaYk omf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefrmS bmompum;ESihf vlt Y aoG;ta&mifwYkd uGjJ ym;jcm;em;
jcif;rSm tv’m[f\edrw d vf u©Pmawmfwpf&yf[k pMu0VmESihf urÇmN*Kd [w f jYkd zpfay:xif&mS ;
vmrIESifh wpfquf wnf;azmfjyxm; jyefygonf/ (30;22? 35;27-28) rdrd\Zmwdcsufa<u
arG;&yfajrudck spjf rwfE;kd &jcif;udk ,HMk unfro I '¨gw&m;\ xuf0ufjzpfonf[k r[mwrefawmf
jrwfBuD;&JU cdkifvHkaom Mo0g'rSmrdefYrSmxm;ygw,f/
,if;uJhodkY vlrsKd;rsm;uGJjym;ae&jcif;rSm wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; od&SdMu&efESifh tv’m[f
a&SUawmfarSmufwiG f wefz;kd t&Sq d ;kH aom vlom;rSm oDv? orm"d? ynmESihf ud, k uf siohf u d m©
]]wuú 0 g}}&S d o l o mjzpf a Mumif ; usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef ( 49;31)rS m azmf j yxm;ygonf /
wrefawmfjrwfBuD;u vljzLonf vlrnf;xufrom/ t&Af[m t&Afr[kwfaomol
xufrjrwf/ vlUwefz;kd udk ud, k u
f siw hf &m;eJY opöm"r®ukd vdu k ef mjcif; [lonfh ]]wuú0g}}w&m;eJY
om wdkif;wmtyfaMumif; rdefYqdkcJhygonf/
wpfzef r[mwrefawmfjrwfBuD;u rdrd\rsKd;½dk;Zmwdudk *kPf,lí ]]igonfudk½dkif&SD?
igonf [m&Sirf ?D igonft&AD}}[k O'gef;usL;cJo h vd?k t&Afxw J iG f igonf tOD;tp? ½It d u kd Af f
onf a&mrwdw Yk iG f tOD;tp? qvfrmefonf yg&Sm;wdw Yk iG t f OD;tp? bDvmvfonf tmz&du
wdkYwGif tOD;tpjzpfonf}} [krdefY>rufum opöm"r®udkw&m;OD;&&SdcJhonfh vlrsKd;rwlonfh
rdr\d t,lwo l l wynfo h m0uBu;D rsm;tm; azmfjyum vlrsKd ;a&;0g'udk tpwk;H apcJyY gonf/
xdkYaMumifh 0HomEk&u©dww&m;rSm rSefuefaomvlom;0g'tjrifESifh ,SOfwGJum
&Sdoifh&Sdtyfaomfvnf; vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;? rkef;wD;a&;? ESdrfhcsa&;ponfh vlrsdK;a&;0g'(Racist
Policy)\ tedXm½krH sm;ESihf yDyjD yifjyif uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ae&ef vkt d yfygonf/ vlrsKd ;jcm;wkt Yd m;
rdrdwdkYESifh aoG;rwl? Zmwfrwl[k r,kHrMunfjzpfum oHo,yGm;&if;u rvdkvm;tyfwJY
vlrsdK;BuD;0g'ay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpfygonf/
tajcjyjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;? yxrwGJ pmrsufESm 104 ü yg&Sdaom
(u) ]]a&S;twDawumvrsm;uyifvQif vlrsKd ;wdaYk &maxG;,SuEf , G jf cif;[laom a,bk,s
taMumif;&if;udk axmufí jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; Zpfjrpft&if;cHvlrsdK;wdkYonf
 avmued,mrw&m; t&om vlrsdK;wdkY ,SufEG,(f Racial Admixture)NyD;vQif
tpOftqufaygufzGm;cJYaMumif; . }} [lonfhtcsufudk wifjycJY bl;ygonf/
odt Yk wGuaf Mumihf vlrsKd ;wkjYd zpfay:xGe;f um;rI\ taMumif;&if;cHe, d mrrSm vlrsKd ;wdYk
a&maxG; ,SuEf , G jf cif;jzpfaMumif; xif&mS ;ygonf/ trsKd ;awGa&m aoG;awGaESmNy;D rS
vlrsdK;awG zGHYNzdK;wdk;wuf vmMu&ygonf/
(c) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ta&;ESifhywfoufí awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\tjrifESifh
cH,lcsuf pmtkyf pmrsufESm 34 wGif ]]vlrsdK;wdkY\ ordkif;tp}} acgif;pOfatmufü
þodkY azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif; aexdkifMuukefaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
onf tm&Swu kd tf v,fyikd ;f uke;f jrifah jrjyefq Y rD S awmifbufoYkd wa&GUa&GU ajymif;a&TU
qif;oufvmMuonf[k orkid ;f okawoDwYkd ,lqMuonf/}}
(*) txufazmfjyyg pmtkypf mrsuEf mS (16) ü 20-7-63 &ufpjGJ zifh awmfveS af &;aumifpD
Ouú|u &cdkifjynf uGefjrLepfygwDodkY jyefMum;csuf acgif;pOfatmufwGif
]]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; aexdkifMuukefaom vlrsKd;ra&G; bmomra&G;?
v,form;? tvkyo f rm;tp&do S nfh vkyo f m;jynfow l pf&yfv;kH \ &d&S if;pJt G iftm;udk
,ckxufydkí pnf;vHk;BuHhcdkif vmatmif tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;EkdifMuygrS wefumus
vdrfhrnf}} [k yg&dSygonf/
(C) 1946 ck E S p f ? Zef e 0g&D v (26)&uf ? a&T w d * H k a pwD tv,f y pö , H zqzv
nDvmcHobifBuD;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u atmufygtwdkif; vlrsKd;[lonfudk
&Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcJhygonf/
]]vlrsKd;qdkonfrSm okc? 'ku© twlcHpm;Muí eD;eD;pyfpyf tusKd;csif;xyfNyD;vQif
ESpyf &dapä'&Snv f sm;pGm wpfrsK;d wpfpm;wnf;[k pdwx f m;&do S w l u
Ykd kd wpfpwk nf;aygif;í
ac:a0:jcif;omjzpfayonf/ trsK;d tEG,u f ;kd uG,o f nfh bmomw&m;? ajymqdo k nfh
bmompum;wkdYudk ta&;xm;&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; pifppfrSmat;twlyltrQ
aumif;wlqdk;buf yl;aygif;vsufaevdkaomtpOftvm qE´ay:wGif 0HomEk
&udw © w&m;onfwnfaeayonf/}}
rsK;d EG,w f ?l aoG;wlrrI sm;udo k mvQif vlrsK;d tjzpf owfrw S &f mwGif pHrxm;tyfaMumif;
udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rS axmufjycJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
(i) rsK;d EG,rf sm;? aoG;rsm;? a&maxG;,SuEf , G Nf y;D rS vlrsK;d rsm; wd;k wufay:xGe;f vm&jcif;
jzpfonft h wGuf rsK;d oefrY sm;udk &SmazGjcif;rSm odyeHÜ nf;us ordik ;f ynm? rEkóaA'?
ZD0aA'? rsK;d ½d;k ADZ ynm? ZD0"gwkaA' ponfh odyyHÜ nm&yfwEYkd iS hf udu k nf rD I r&dES idk af y/
odkYaomf ,if;vkyf&yfudk 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;umv *smrPDjynfü vlrsKd;a&;0g'D
[pfwvmu jyKvyk cf NhJ y;D aemuf tm&D,efaoG;oefY &SmazGa&;vkyif ef;rSm tedXm½Hw k Ykd
ESifh twdNyD;um ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&yHkudkvnf; vlYordkif;\trnf;pufBuD;tjzpf b,faom
 tcgrQ azsmufzsufypfí &Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg/
,cif awmiftmz&duwdu k rf S ]]tmygodu k }f } vlrsK;d cJjG cm;a&;0g'rSmvnf; urÇmjh ynfo h l
wpf&yfvHk;\½HIUcsuefYuGufrIaMumifh ZD0defauRcJhygNyD/
(p) jrefrmhordkif;wGif tmZmenfol&Jaumif;tjzpf ausmfMum;cJhonfh usefppfom;rSm
vlrsK;d csi;f rwlaom rdbESpyf g;rS aygufzmG ;vmol[k orkid ;f wGiw f w d yd yqdx k m;ygonf/
zcrnf;awmf taemf&xm rif;rSmyk*o H m;jzpfygonf[q k o
kd nfw
h ikd af tmifr,fawmfrmS
tdE´d,vlrsKd;ppfppfjzpfonfh yOöuvsmPD rif;orD;BuD; jzpfygonf/
odkYwkdifatmif usefppfom;rif;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkif; *kPf,lavmufonfh jrefrmh
om;aumif;&wemtjzpf jrefrmhorkdif;wGif ,aeYwdkifatmif xif&Sm;vsuf&dSae
ygonf/
(q) ,aeY urÇmo h rkid ;f okawoDEiS hf rEkóaA' yg&*lwo Ykd nf (Indigenous Peoples)
Zpfjrpf&if;cH vlrsKd;[lonfrSm acwfopf,Ofaus;rI odyÜHponfh todÓPfqdkif&m
zHGUNzdK;wdk;wufrIwdkYESifh rxdawGU&ao;onfh a&S;a[mif;ausmufacwf vlom;
,Ofaus;rIü use&f pfco hJ nfh vltY yk pf rk sm;udo
k m ac:qdjk cif;[k wdu k ½f u kd rf zGiq
hf Ekd idk o
f nfh
wd k i f a tmif t"d u tajccH t csuf B uD ; av;csuf a y:wG i f rl w nf N yD ; umrS
(Indigenous)[k owfrw S Ef idk o
f nfukd wifjyxm;ygonf/
,if;wdrYk mS
(1) vltkyfpkwpfpk ra&mufrD t&ifuwnf;uyif &dSonfh vlYtkyfpk
(Pre-Existence)
(2) tjcm;vlYtkyfpk\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIuif;jcif; (Non-Xominance)
(3) ,Ofaus;rIjcm;em;jcif; (Cultural Difference)
(4) Zpfjrpf&if;cHvlrsKd;tjzpf uJGjym;xif&Sm;aom 0daoo vu©PmwdkY &dSjcif;
(Self Identification as Indigenous)
tjiif;ryGm;aom tqdkwpf&yfrSmrl wdkif;&if;om;wdkYtm; vlrsKd;jcm;wdkY 0ifa&muf
odr;f ydu
k cf o
hJ nfh a'owpfcük rl&if;pJaG exdik cf o hJ nfh rlvblw rsK;d tkypf rk S qif;oufvmonfh
rsKd;qufrsm;udk ac:onf[k zGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh Zpfjrpf&if;cH vlrsKd;qdkonfrSm tar&duwdkufrSm vleD (Red Idiam)
rsm;? Mopaw;vs wdkufrS tmabm&*sD;eD;pf (Aborigines) rsm;? ajrmuf0if½dk;pGef;rS
tufpuD;rdk;rsm;? tar&duwdkufrS csKH&dyf cdkvlrsKd;rsm; (Bush Men)? vlyk (Pygmies)
rsm;udk ac:Ny;D tm&Swu kd üf rl ydrk ½kd w
I af xG;Ny;D ajz&Si;f & cufv\
S / tm&Swu kd üf (Indegenous)
qdkonfrSm vlrsKd;pk(Tribe) ESifh vlrsKd;pki,frsm; (Semi-Tribe) rsm;udk a,bl,stm;jzifh
ac:qdjk cif;jzpf\/ (Indigeneous Peoples, A Global Quest for Justice)
od y Ü H q d k i f & mtjrif
(u) ,leufpudktzGJUBuD;u vlrsKd;ESifh vlrsKd;cGJjcm;rII obm0udk avhvm&ef odyÜHynm
&Sif(22)OD;yg0ifonfh tzGJUtpnf;udk pkpnf;ay;cJh&m,if;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;u vlrsKd;a&;
jyóemESihf ZD0aA'qdik &f m ½Iaxmifph mwrf; udk xkwaf 0aMunmcJyh gonf/ ,if;pmwrf;wGif
(1) vlom;wdo Yk nf wpfcwk nf;aom ]][drk pkd yD , D ef}}vlrsK;d pkrS qif;oufaygufzmG ;
vmayonf/
(2) rsK;d ½d;k ADZoabmt& rsK;d wlrsm;omvQif pkaygif;zGUJ pnf;xm;onfh a&maxG;rI
r&SdonfY rsKd;oefY(Pure Race) rsm;[lonfh vlUtEG,f0ifwdkYonf vHk;0
r&Sday/
(3) vlrsK;d tkypf rk sm; cGjJ cm;owfrw S &f mü tajccHonfh ]]pH}}rsm;? rlrsm;rSmrwlnjD cif;?
rwdus ra&&mjcif;wdaYk Mumifh ZD0aA'½Iaxmifrh aS eí jrifjh rwfonfh trsK;d ?
edrfhusonfhtrsKd; [lí owfrSwfí vHk;0r&Edkifay/ tydk'f(6)/
(4) vlrsKd;rsm;onf xif&Sm;ay:vGifonfh t&nftaoG;rsm;jzifh owfrSwfxm;
aom owåavmuom;rsm;jzpfav&m rnfonft h csed u f mvwGirf qdk (vlrsK;d
rsm;onf) jzpfxGef; ay:aygufvlrIESifh rsKd;wHk;wdrfaumrI jzpfpOfBuD;wGif
tusKH;0ifvsuf &Sdayonf/ tydk'f(8)/
(5) rwlnaD om trsK;d rsm;a&m,Suaf ygif;zufjcif;onf vlom;rsK;d EG,w f pf&yfv;kH
twGuf ZD0aA'oabmt& rvdv k m;tyfonfq h ;kd usK;d rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf
[k rnfonft h cgurQ oufaorxlEikd cf yhJ g/ ,if;odt Yk rsK;d rsm;a&maESmjcif;
onf qd;k usK;d rsm;udk rjzpfaponfh tjyif(rwlnaD omvlrsK;d rsm;) aygif;pyfjcif;
onf vlUtEG,w f pf&yfv;kH \ nDnw G rf u
I v
kd nf; taxmuftuljyKEikd yf gonf/
tydk'f(9)/
(6) vlrsKd;rwlonfhtdrfaxmifqufrIudk ydwfyif&mwGif ZD0aA' oabmt&
w&m;rQwrI t&&Sdonf[k rqdkEdkifyg/ tydk'f(9)/
(7) trsK;d om;a&;? bmoma&; omoema&;? yx0Dtaetxm;? bmompmay
(odkYr[kwf) ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m vlYtpkta0;wdkYonf txufazmfjyyg
taMumif;t&mrsm;tm; tajccHí vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d jzpfaejcif;r[kw?f vlrsK;d a&;
qdik &f m oabmw&m;? (vlrsK;d a&; qdik &f mtjrif)rSm ZD0aA' oefaY v;ESio hf m
oufqdkifayonf/ tydk'f(12)/
(8) ZD0aA'qdkif&m awGU&Sdcsufrsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;0g'Drsm; pGJudkifxm;onfh
vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&; 0g'ESifh ajymifajymifwif;wif;yifqefYusifvsuf&Sd\/ vlrsKd;
cGjJ cm;rI oDt&dk rD sm;onf odyq HÜ ikd &f m tajccHrsm;&So d a,mifa,mif [efaqmif
vSnjhf zm;vsuf &So d nfh vlrsK;d a&; 0g'Drsm;\odyq HÜ ikd &f m ynmudk ckw;Hk vkyu f m
vlrsK;d cGjJ cm;rI0g' yef;wdik q f o D Ykd ravsmrf uef tvGo J ;kH pm;jyKum ac:aqmif
oGm;rIwt Ykd m; rEkóaA'ynm&Sirf sm;u wGe;f vSe&f ef BuKd ;yrf;tm;xkwo f ifh
 ygonf/ tydk'f(13)/
(Biological Aspects of Race . . . . . . .‘‘The UNESCO Courier, Paris for April, 1965)
(c) wlnDaomvlrsKd;EG,frsm;udk aoG;wlrsm;[laom a0g[m&t& wifpm;ac:avh&Sdyg
onf/ ,if;toHk;tEIef; rsm;udk vHk;aumuf t"dyÜm,faumufum vlrsKd;rsm; aoG;wl&rnf
[lonft h csujf zifh (at? bD? atbD? td)k rsm;tvdu k f vlrsK;d rsm; aoG;uGMJ uygonf[k qdck sio
f rl sm;
&Sv
d mMuygrnf/
,if;udv k nf; odyeHÜ nf;us taxmuftxm;&SmazG&ef BuKd ;yrf;csurf sm;&Sv d mygonf/
odkYaomf ,aeYwdkif atmif ,if;t,ltqrSm tjiif;ryGm;Edkifonfh odyÜHqdkif&mawGU&Sdcsuf
Scientific Fact wpfck tjzpf owfrSwfí r&ao;ay/
þurÇmavmuBuD;rS vlom;rsm;udk eD;uyfpGm pyf,SufESD;EG,fxm;aom taESmif
tzGJUrSm vlYtoufqufa&;twGuf vlom;rsKd;EG,fwdkif;\ cE¨mudk,f&Sd aoG;aMumrsm;wGif
woGio f iG f vSnyhf wfp;D qif;aeaom aoG;jzpfNy;D ,if;aoG;onfyif vlom;wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D tm;
rdom;pkozG,f? ppfrSefaom pnf;aESmifxm;onfh aESmifBudK;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;vSygonf/
odkYaomfaoG;udk taMumif;jyKí aoG;uGJatmif vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;&Sdaeygonf/
trsK;d omacgif; aqmifBu;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u 'D;'kwo f wif;pm {u'orwGJ eHygwf(41)?
Zlvikd -f 27&uf? 1935? pmrsuEf mS (5-6)wdw Yk iG f trsK;d om;pdwEf iS yhf wfoufí a&;om;&mwGif
]]aoG;wljcif;xuf pdwful;wljcif;? a&S;a[mif;aESmif;acwfwGif 'dk;wlabmifbufjyK
zl;onf rsm;udkrSwfrdjcif;wdkYu trsKd;om;pdwfudk ydkrdkzefwD;avonf/
þqHk;jzwfcsufrSefrrSef ppfaq;&ayrnf/}}
þo½kyft&qdkaomf vlrsKd;wljcif;? bmomwljcif;? t,l0g'wljcif; tp&Sdaom
t*Fgrsm;rSm trsKd;wdkif;wGifvnf;aumif; (odkYr[kwf) vlrsKd;oD;jcm;wdkif;wGifvnf;aumif;
r&Sdrjzpf[laom tajcodkY a&mufavmufatmif vdktyfaomt&mrsm; r[kwfay/ xdkodkY
r[kwfonfrSm &mZ0iftaxmuftxm; rsm;Munfhí od&ygonf/
þtcsufESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,H zqyvnDvmcHobifrS
vlrsKd;pkudk t"dyÜm,fzGifhjyaom rdefYcGef;aumufEIwfcsufwdkY rSefuefaMumif;udk yx0DEdkifiHa&;
(Geo Politics)t& od&ygonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d (135)rsK;d wGif pm&if;yg0ifonf[q k akd om
rsK;d wl? aoG;wl? wpfE, G w f nf;ayguf aoG;&if;om;&if;? aoG;csi;f om;csi;f awmfpyfygonf[k
qdkaom wdkif;&if; om;vlrsKd;tcsKdU onfyifvQif yx0DEdkifiHa&; (Geopolitics)t&
tjcm;EdkifiHwdkY\ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tjzpf vnf; wnf&Sdae ygonf/
Oyrm-w½kwfjynfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHüvnf;&Sdaom vDpl;? 0? vm;[l? *sdef;azm?
&Srf;w½kwf? udk;uefYponfh vlrsKd;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? xdkif;EdkifiHü u&if? vDql;? vm;[l?
tcg? rGef? &Srf;ponfwdkY udkvnf;aumif;? tdEd́,EdkifiHü csif;? em*ponfwdkYudkvnf;aumif;?
b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHü csif;? &cdkif? A&rmBuD;ponfwdkYudkvnf;aumif; tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;\
aus;Zl;opömudkapmifhodaom wdkif;&if;om;tjzpf &SdaeMuonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh aoG;wlcsif;xuf pdwfcsif;wlNyD; at;twl yltrQ? aumif;wlqdk;buf
yl;aygif;vsufaevdkaom tpOftvmqE´ay:wGif 0HomEk&u©dw w&m;wnf;[laom
trsKd;om;a&;pdwfonf wnfrSDae aMumif; xif&Sm;vSayonf/
txufazmfjyyg vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf tzbuf? trdbufrS aqGrsKd;t&if;BuD;awG
jzpfonf[q k akd omfjim;vnf; ¤if;wdYk opömcHaomEdik if jH cm;aeygu wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G f
a&;udk xlaxmif Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/
xdaYk Mumif]h ]trsK;d om;pdwo
f nf tpkvukd af eaom vltaygif;wGif twlwpl w d u f ;l qE´
&Sdí pdwfcsif;wlNyD;vQif twlaevdkonfhpdwf}}[k AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u zGifhqdkcJhonf[k
,HMk unfryd gonf/
½kyu f pkd w
d uf OD;aqmifonfh obm0tpOftvm&So d nfh tm;avsmpf mG ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
aoG;wljcif; xufemrfydkif;qdkif&m pdwf"mwfwlnDjcif;? opömcH&m wlnDjcif;wdkYtay:
tajccHNyD;rSomvQif 0HomEk &u©dww&m;udk wnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfygonf/
3/ Oya'tjrif
(u) 1947 ckEpS ?f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf\ zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya' tcef;
(2)? tydk'f (13)wGif
]]Zmwdra&G;? ud;k uG,&f mbmomra&G;? a,musmf ;rde;f r ra&G;? vlrsK;d ra&G;? Edik if o H m;
[lorQonf EdkifiHawmfw&m;Oya't&mwGif tnDtrQomjzpfonf/ qdkvdk&if;rSm
EdkifiHom;wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD;udk odkYwnf;r[kwf EdkifiHom; vlwef;pm;wpfpm;ESifhwpfpm;udk
wpfzufowf oabmtwdkif; cGJjcm;jcif;rjyK&}}[k yg&Sdygonf/
(c) 1974 ckEpS ?f jynfaxmifpq k &kd ,
S v
f pf or®wjrefrmEdik if aH wmf zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccH
Oya' tcef; 11? tydk'f 147 wGif
]]EdkifiHomwdkif; vlrsKd;? tqifhtwef;? &mxl;? XmeEÅ&? qif;&Jcsrf;om? ,Ofaus;rI?
Zmwd? udk;uG,f&m? bmom? trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;ra&G; Oya't&mwGif cGJjcm;rIr&SdapbJ
wef;wlnDrQrI &Sdap&rnf/}}
,if;yk'frudk&Sif;vif;csufwGif
]] . . . . .arG;zGm;&mZmwd? trsK;d om;? trsK;d orD; ponfu h jGJ ym;jcm;em;rIrsm;onf
obm0jzpf½;kd jzpfpOfrQomjzpfayonf/ rnfoyYkd if uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rI &SMd uapumrl vlom;tjzpf
wlnDpGm arG;zGm;vmcJhMujcif; jzpfívnf;aumif;? vlom;wdkif;ü vlU*kPfodu©m&SdrIudk
todtrSwfjyKjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf Oya't&mwGif cGJjcm;rIr&SdbJ
wef;wlnDrQ&SdaMumif; owfrSwf xm;jcif;jzpfayonf/}}[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/
(*) tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlt
U cGit
hf a&; aMunmpmwrf;
(Universal Declartion of Human Rights)
 (1) ed'gef;ydkif;ü
]]vlom;rdom;pk0if tm;vH;k wd\ Yk arG;&myg *kPo f u
d m© ESihf nDrQNy;D ajymif;vJí
r&aom tcGifhta&;wdkYudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;onf urÇmü vGwfvyfrI?
w&m;rQwrIESifh Nidrf;csrf;rI&&Sda&; twGuf tajccHtcsufyifjzpf\/
(2) vlom;tm;vHk;onf vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh arG;zGm;vmNyD; *kPfodu©mESifh
tcGit hf a&;ydik ;f wGif tm;vH;k wlnMD uonf/ vlom;wGif qifjcifww kH &m;ESihf
todÓPfwdkY&Sdum wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD;udk nDaemif pdwf"mwfjzifh jyKvkyf
aqmif&GufqufqHoifh\/ (yk'fr-1)
(3) vlom;tm;vHk;onf þaMunmpmwrf;yg vGwfvyfcGifh&ydkifcGifhtm;vHk;udk
vlrsK;d ? taoG;ta&mif? vdi?f bmompum;? ud;k uG,o f nfb h mom? Edik if aH &;ESihf
tjcm; cH,lcsuf? vlrsKd;ESifh vlrsKd;a&;Zmwd? ypönf;Opöm? "e? arG;zGm;rIESifh
tjcm;tqift h wef; wdu Yk v kd ukd í f vH;k 0cGjJ cm;rIr&Sb
d J cHpm;ydik cf iG &hf \
dS / (yk'rf -
2)
(4) vlom;wdkif;onf EdkifiHom;wpfOD;tjzpf tcGifhta&;cHpm;cGifh&Sd\/ rnfol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ vlom;wpfOD;\ EdkifiHom;jzpfrIudk wpfzufowf
t"r® w&m;rJhvufvGwf qHk;½HI;atmifjyKydkifcGifh r&Sdovdk? EdkifiHwpfck\
Edik if o
H m;tjzpfrS tjcm;Edik if \ H Edik if H om;tjzpf ajymif;vJc, H v l rkd I udvk nf;
jiif;qdkydwfyifcGifh r&Sday/ (yk'fr-15)
(5) touft&G,fjynfhrDNyD;jzpfonfh rnfonfhtrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rqdk?
vlrsKd;EdkifiHom;? udk;uG,fonfh bmomponfwdkY\ uefYowfabmifcwfrI
r&Sad p&bJ xdr;f jrm;ydik cf iG hf rdom;pk tdraf xmif xlaxmifyikd cf iG hf &Sad p&rnf/
(yk'fr-16)
(C) tjynfjynfqikd &f m Oya' (International Law)
(1) vlwpfa,muf\ EdkifiHom;jzpfrIonf jyifyef;½kyfvu©PmESifh rqdkifay/
Edik if aH wmfEiS hf Edik if o
H m;tjzpfukd ol\w&m;0if tqufrjywf qufo, G rf EI iS hf
om oufqdkif\/ vlwpfOD; tzdkYEdkifiHom;jzpfjcif;\ tajccHtcsufrSm
vGwfvyf aomEdkifiHa&; vlUabmif tzGJUtpnf;wGif xdkoltzGJU0ifwpfOD;
jzpfvmjcif;yifjzpfonf/ þuJhodkYw&m;0if qufoG,frIt& EdkifiH ESifh
Edik if o H m;wGif tcGit hf a&;ESiw
hf m0efrsm; tjyeftvSe&f MdS u onf/ (NAw d o d Q?
ruúqu D akd wmif;cHrrI sm;qdik &f m aumfr&Siu f qH;k jzwfcahJ om vifch sf trIp&D if
csufrS aumufEIwfcsuf) (International Law by M.P. Tondon, 1957,
P.253)
(2) tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'aumfr&Sifu
]]ZmwdrsKd;½dk;? udk;uG,fonfhbmomwdkYudk tajccHNyD; vlwpfOD;\ EdkifiHom;
 jzpfrIudk ydwfyif wm;qD;cGifhr&Sd/ (International Law by M.P. Tondon,
1957, P.263)
jrefrmrIe,fy,fwGifvnf; aoG;csif;aESmí trsKd;csif;a&mum vlrsKd;rsm;
jzpfay:vmyHk udkatmufygtwdkif;awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
(1) jrefrmtpwaumif;u? ajymMupOftvm? omuDEG,f&if; 0if
a&mufjcif;? rif;BuD; tbd&mZm}}omuD0ifrsKd;EG,frsm;ESifh rif;BuD;tbd
&mZmwdkYrSm tdE´d,vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMu aMumif;udk Ak'¨0if? &mZ0if? ½dk;&myHkjyif
trsKd;rsKd;wdkYwGif twdtus azmfjyxm;ygonf/
(2) ]]oufESifh&cdkif? EIdif;NydKifawmifol? ysLurf;,Ha&m? xm;0,faESmu?
owåjrefrm rsKd;jzpfvm\/}}[ktqdk&SdcJhyg\/ ,if;rluGJrSm
]]a,mESifh&cdkif? EIdif;NydKifxm;0,f? b&,fawmifol? aysmhysLurf;,H?
ckepfwefjrefrm [lírSwf}} [líjzpfygonf/
(3) &Srf;jynftp rdkif;armu? &Srf;rif;tp bdEéu? bdEéutp waumif;u?
waumif;tp? omuD,? omuD,tp r[morw? r[morwtp
urÇmOD;u}}
]]ajrcsm0oke?f odro hf rd w
hf ek rf Qbek [f ek yf &k ? ? rZÑrD 0,f? ousomuD? EG,Of ;D csí D ?
r[D aomif;us,?f waumif;e,fü pHyg,fp&H iT ?f rif;yG, J ifNy;D ? OuifyiG u hf m?
qifhqifhjzmvsuf? awZmvQHjcnf? rdkif;armjynfudk? axmifwnfOD;p?
,ifonfuvsif (&Srf;pmqkdBuD; tkef;aygifewfoQif)
(okwpG,fpHk? 5^89 ü ocFga&;onfh ]]tm;vHk; aqGrsKd;t&if;BuD;awG}}
aqmif;yg;rS aumufEIwfwifjyygonf/)
wdbuf-jrefrmtEG,f0if ysLEkdifiHysufNyD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;wGif ,cif
uwnf;u &daS eMuaom ysL? ouf? rGeEf iS ?hf yavmif? 0wd\ Yk tEG,0f ifrsm;ESihf aemufa&muf
wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifvlrsKd;pkrsm; yl;aygif;í vlYtzJGUtpnf;opfwpfckudk wnfaxmuf
vmMujyefonf/
OD;ukvm;a&; r[m&mZ0ifawmfBu;D wGiu f m; oa&cwå&m ysuo f Ok ;f pu Ekid if t
H wGi;f
wGif ysL? urf;,H? jrefrm[lí vlrsKd;pk oHk;pk&dSaMumif; a&;om;xm;ayonf/ (þae&mü
ysLwpfp?k urf;,Hwpfp?k oufwpfp[ k k qd&k rnft h pm; ]]ouf}} ae&mü ]]jrefrm}} udx k nfo h iG ;f a&;
om;vsufyg&dS&m xdkae&mü ]]jrefrm}} [k trsKd;om;trnfESifh ac:qdka&;rSwfjcif;rSm
&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;wdkYwGif a&S;OD;yxr awGU&aom trSwftom;wpfck jzpf\/
(OD;jr ]]jrefrmtp yk*Hu}} yk*H&ufowåywf? pm-40)
at'D 849 cefw Y iG f yk*NH rKd Uudk ysOjf ym;rif; wnfaxmufcahJ Mumif; jrefrm&mZ0ifusr;f
wdkYuqdkxm;ayonf/ topfay:aygufvmaom tzJGUtpnf;onf aemiftcgwGif yk*H[k
xif&Sm;vmaom EdkifiHi,fjzpfí ausmufpmwdkYt& xdkEkdifiHi,frSm wrÜ'DyEdkifiHjzpfaMumif;
od&ayonf/
(tajcjyjrefrmEkdifiHa&;ordkif; yxrwJG? pmrsufESm 254-255)
]]aps;oHk;vnf; r<u,fESifh? a&S;xHk;vnf; ry,fESifh}} qdkonfh u0dynm&dSwdkY\
qd½k ;kd pum;udk axmufí txufyg jrefrmrIe,fy,frS awGU&dcS suw f u Ykd kd vH;k 0OóHk vspv
f sL½I
ypfy,fjcif;iSmrxdkufyg}} [k uRefawmf ½dk;om;pGm cH,lrdygonf/
ed*Hk;csKyftjzpf wifjyvdkonfrSm txufazmfjyyg odyÜHenf;us ordkif;taxmuf
txm;rsm;? odyÜHynm\ ZD0aA'ESifh rsKd;½dk;ADZqdkif&m awGU&dScsuf taxmuftxm;rsm;
tjynfjynfqdkif&mESifh jynfwGif; Oya'o taxmuftxm;rsm;? jrefrmrIe,fy,frS
ynm&dSrsm;\qdk½dk;pum; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk axmufxm;jcif;jzifh vlrsKd;wdkY\jzpfay:
wdk;wufrIrSm aoG;jcif;aESm? trsKd;jcif;a&monfh vlrsKd;wdkY a&maxG; ,SufEG,fjcif; (Racial
Admixture) avmued,mrw&m;t&jzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/ odt Yk wGuaf Mumifh aoG;oef?Y
rsKd;oefY (Pure Race)[lonfh vlYtEG,f0ifwdkYwGif vHk;0ESifht<uif;rJhr&dSEkdifaMumif;
ay:vGix f if&mS ;vSygonf/ /
tvf[m*sf OD;at;vGif (B.Sc.)