Rerportr RESUMES ED 012 450 ‘AL 000 465 A LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS OF SWAHILI STRUCTURE. FOREIGN SERVICE INST., WASHINGTON, D.C. FuB DATE ov HORS PRICE MF-$0.25 HC-$2.00 —50P. DESCRIPTORS- #SWAHILI, #NEWSPAPERS, READING INSTRUCTION, SGRAMMAR, AUTOINSTRUCTIONAL AIDS, #INSTRUCTIONAL MATFRIALS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, AFRICA WRITTEN SPECIFICALLY TO HELP STUDENTS LEARN TO READ SWAHILI NEWSPAPERS, THIS BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THAT LANGUAGE EMPHASIZES VOCADULARY AND GRAMMAR PATTERNS MOST COHMONLY FOUND IN EAST AFRICAN NEWSWRITING. IT ASSUMES NO PRIOR KMOWLEDGE OF SWAHILI AND I$ DESIGNED TO BE USED WITH LESSONS 3-25 OF TAN ACHE i prendre. SWANILI,* ALSO PUBLISHED BY THE FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE. IN ORDER TO ALLOW THE STUDENT TO CHECK HIS OWN PROGRESS, EXPOSITIONS AND EXAMPLES ARE PRESENTED ON FACING PAGES WITH QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED ABOUT THE SPECIFIC POINTS PRESENTED. THE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS ARE PRINTED IN THE MARGIN FOR IMMEDIATE REINFORCEMENT. AN APPENDIX REFERS GRAMMATICAL POINTS COVERED IN THIS BOOKLET TO THE NEWSPAPER READINGS IN THE ACCOMPANYING VOLUME (AL 000 466). (JO)ED012450 ‘A LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS oF SWAHILI STRUCTURE Experimental Edition Foreign Service Institute DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington, D. C. 1967 “pension 10 HEPRODUCE THIS U.S, DEPARTHENT OF MEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE sm as as BE ATED OFFICE OF EDUCATION wy Ze Varo oe TO, ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING ‘THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE Le THE en PERSON OR ORGAMZATION ORIGINATING IT, POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIMOKS Bren STEM NE EASON OF STATED DO WOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION THe oman OWNER.” ‘POSITION OR POLICY. AL 000 465SMAHILT: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Foreword to the Learner's Synopsis ; Paragrapl: 1 The simple sentence, major elements ai 2 ‘The simple sentence, minor elenents tv > Main problems for English-speaking studente iw 4 ‘the verb phrase iw 5 ‘The principal independent tent of the verb ay 6 ‘The meaningless /-ku-/ vi 7 Subject prefixes used when the subject is aninate vi e ‘Third-person subject prefixe ‘concordial clas vi 9 ‘The class system: Cla 1-10 viil 10 Class 14 vit u infinitives vii 12 16 - 1h: the ‘locatives' x 13 Object prefixes xii 1h the reflexive object prefix xi 15 Concords with the linking element /-a/ xiv 16 Concords with possessive stems xiv 17 Concords with three denonstratives xvi 18 Adjectives whose prefixes are like those of nouns xvi 19 Inflected verb phrases with /-w-/ in the first component xviii 20. Monosyliabic verb stems xx al Abbreviated forms of /-w-/ xxdi 22 axiv 23 The /-a-/ and /hu-/ tenses xxiv au Dependent forms of the verb: infinitives xvi 25 Relative verbs xxvii 26 Abbreviated present relative of /-w-/ xvii : 27 Relative verbs in which the relative prefix does not Tefer to the subject xe 2& Special uses of /-po-/ and /=vyo-/ 1K . 29 Relative constructions with /amba-/ HX we ‘The /-ki-/ tenre reoxdi 31 The /-ka-/ ter sooxdd, oe ‘The subjunctive xoxxiv 33 The negative forms of the Swahili verb oooriv,34 The "final /-i/' negative 35 The negative of /ni/ 36 The /-ku-/ negative 37 The /-ja-/ negative a The future negative 39 Uses of the negative prefix /-ai-/ Yo The negative infinitive 41 The passive extension 42 The causative extension 43 The reciprocal extension 44 The applicative extension Appendix: Grammatical key to newspaper reading lessons 1 - 25SWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS FOREWORD TO THE LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS This Learner's synopsis of Swahili Structure is, in ite own way, one more active introduction’ to the language. It is an ‘introduction’ because it : asnunes no prior knowledge of Swahili, and it is ‘active’ because in addition to reading the expository material and the examples on the left hand page the student is invited to use the self-testing frames on the right-hand pages. ‘These require immediate application of what he has read, and provide a check on his comprehension of it. ‘The Synopsis is closely tied to the lessons that follow it, in two wa! First, the words and many of the whole sentences that appear in’the examples in the Synopsis are taken from the early lesrons. Second, a grammatical key for each of the first 2" lessons refers the reader to appropriate paragraphs of the Synopsis, Certain matters of organization and emphasis in the Synopsis reflect its goal of helping the student to read newspapers, Thus all the affirmative are presented before any of the negatives because negatives are comparatively infrequent in news ¢! Tenses, demonstratives, and constructions that are very rare in newspapers are ignored, This Synopsis snouse of course uot be THE only account of Swahili grammar that the student reads. He should go on almost immediately to a fuller and more authoritative treatment of the subject. One that is still fairly brief and practical, but more comprehensive, is The Basic Structure of Swahili, by J. L. Brain, printed by the East African Studies Center of Syracuse University, A much more detailed, but very readable account is Swahili Language Handbook, by E. Polomé, published by the Center for Applied Linguistics, Most complete of all will be a reference grammar which is being prepared by Professor L. Harries of the University of Wisconsin, In addition to these recent treatments there are excellent older works, the best known of which is Ashton's Swahili Grammar,SWANILT: LEARNER'S SYJOPSIS: ‘A LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS OF SWAHILI STRUCTURE ‘The purpose of this rynopsis is to prepare the student as directly and as ickly as possible for reading Swahili newspapers. It differs from other summaries of Swahili granmar in that it is briefer and less authoritative, and also in that the examples are given in terms of a narrow range of newspaper vocabulary. A more important difference is its format: the left-hand pagt ‘ry exposition and the usual examples, arranged in numbered paragraphs, Opposite each paragraph, on the right-hand page, the student finds one or more self-test- ing frames, which require him to apply what has been presented on the left-hand page, and which tell him immediately whether hie application is correct. It is in this sense that the present synopsis of Swahili structure may be calied an tive introduction’ to the language. Following the synopsis is a series of 150 stories taken unedited from Swahili newspapers, Each story is the nucleus for one lesson, The first 25 lessons require the student to engage in many other activities, in addition to reading, Later lessons make fewer, but more sophisticated demands on him, 1, The simple sentence, major elements The most common type of sentence in Swahili contains an ‘inflected verb phrase’, As illustrated below, the sentence may or may not contain a subject ‘expression, and it may or may not contain an object expression. The inflected verb phrase itself may conaist of one or two verbs. The following examples contain the stems /-hudhuria/ 'to attend’ and /-onekana/ 'to appear, be visible’. ‘SUBJECT ‘The verb] MAIN VERB ‘OBECT /-a-/ Walihudhuria ——mkutano. They attended a meeting, Wanahudhuria ——mkutano, They are attend- ing a meeting. Walikuwa wanahudhuria ——mkutano, ‘They were attend- ing a meeting. Mawazird wanahudhuria —_mkutano, ‘The ministers are attending a meet ing, Mawazird walikuwa wanahudhuria —mkutano. The ministers were attending a meeting. [eonsnce ‘The verb] MAIN VERB] Low-/ Wataonekana, They will appear. Wanacnekana. They are visible. Waalimu wanacnekana, ‘The teachers are visible. Waalima wameonekana, ‘The teachers have become visible. Waalimu walionekana. ‘The teachers were visible, Waalimu walikuya wanaonekana, ‘The teachers were appearing. Waalimu walikuwa wameonekana. ‘The teachers had appeared, Waalimu watakuwa wameonekana, ‘The teachers will have appeared. ibSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE RIGHT-HAND PAGES OF THIS SYNOPSIS After you have read carefully a paragraph on the left-hand page, and stuaied the exanples that go with it, look at the materiel that is opporite it ‘on the right-hand page. Try to answer the question, fill in the blanks, or | Choose the correct alternative, based on what you have read on the Left-hand jen. Then check yourself by looking at the correct anewer, which appeare in PPYac the extrene right of the piges ‘Keep the corr. -t answer coveres until you have decided on your ovn response to the question. WARNING: Although sone of the problems on the right-hand page will be extrenely simple, others will require a monent's careful reflection. You may also need to look back at the left-hand page in order to make up your mind, | LL In the sentence /Wacachama walihudhuria mkutano /, the word /wanachama/ is probably: the auxiliary verb the subject the main verb [the subject ] A reasonable guess as to the meaning of /wanachama/ would be: arrange water members, [members ] ‘The sentence /ILikuwa inatayarishwa / contains unfamiliar words, but it probably means: It was prepared, They will prepare it. It was being prepared. [xt was being Prepared.) Matakuwa wanghudhuria mkutano / probably means: They will attend the meeting. They will be attending tae meeting. The ministers will attend the meeting. [They will be attend- ing the meeting. } Matakuva wanghudhuria nkutano / probably means ‘They attended the meeting. They will have attended the meeting. ‘The meeting was attended. [They will have attended the meeting. ] sakSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS The ainple sentence, minor elenents In addition to subject, verb phrase, and object, many other expressions may be found in Swahili sentences, they will give the Learacy seiacively tiseie @isticulty. Three examples are Waalima wanaonekana katika picha bid. Teachers appear in th ‘busters. WaaLin pia walinadhoria wkutano, tthe teachers also attended | the meeting. . Watenudhuria wkutano Kesho. They will attend a neeting Canontoy 3. Main problems for English-speaking students | The parts of Swahili yrannar that require most effort from speckers of | unglish ace (1) the internal structure of the verb phrase, and’ (2) the require- ments of 'concord' which exist between nouns and the other words (including Wenbe) that ave related to them in'ene sentence: 4. The verb phrase. A simplified diagram of the verb phrase is the following: PREFIX {par.7,8] ‘The ( ) stands for the fact that the object prefix is often optional. The arrow stands for the fact that in any given verb phrase, both of the subject prefixes must be the sane, 5, The principal independent tenses of the verb. ‘The tenses of the Swahili verb are indicated by means of prefixes. Certain of the tenses are ‘independent’. This means that if a verb is the only verb in a sentence, it may be in one of these tenses. Five very conmon independent. tenses are illustrated in this set of examples FUPURE Wataonekana, ‘They will be visible. PRESENT Wanaonekana, ‘They are visible. . PAST Walionekani ‘They were visible, PERFECTIVE Wamgonekana, ‘They have become visible. POTENTIAL Wangeonekana, ‘They might be visible. ivSWAHILE: LRARNER'S SYNOPSIS In /Mawaziri walihudhuria mkutano tena /, the word /tena/ might mean: yes Sain appear ‘ame ministers appear in this picture’ might be | : tronelaved ast | Mawaziri wanaonekana katika kesho. Picha hii wanaonekana katika mawaziri, Mawaziri wanaonekana katika picha hii. [Mawaziri wanaonekana : katika picha hii. ] 3. ‘The parts of Swahili granmar that require most study are: (1) the internal structure of [the verb phrase] and (2) the requirements of ‘concord’ between and, . nouns J other words related to them] 4, Fill in the boxes in this diagram orally, Check by referring to the facing page. IL Be sure to show where the ( ) and the arrows belong in this diagram. State whether each of the following verbs is FUTURE, PAST, PRESENT, PER- FECTIVE or POTENTIAL in its tense: wanehudhuria PERFECTIVE ] ‘tunehudhuria PERFECTIVE } ‘tutaonekana [PUTURE ataonekana FUTURE . angeonekana POTENTIAL angehudhuria POTENTIAL tulihudhuria Past | vitahusiana FUTURE } ningejaribu [POTENTIAL } one of the dependent tenses, to be discussed in a later paragraph, is represented by /wakihudhuria/, What is the prefix that marks thie tense? [oie]SWASILI: LBARNER'S SYNOPSIS /-ea-/. When the ‘inflected verb phrase’ contains two words, the first of these a form of the verb that, when it is Used as a main verb, is usually translated ‘yet or 'become’. The stem of this verb consists of thé singie consonant /w-/, but in most tenses this is preceded by an extra /-ku~/: Alikyya ameonekana, He had appeared. Atakyya anahudhuria mkutano. He will be attending the meeting. ‘this particular /-ku-/ has no meaning in present-day Swahili. 6. The meaningles: J. Subject prefixes used when the subject is animate. ‘The subject prefix reflects the person and nunber of the subjec! Leg. (mimi) pilinudhuria mkutano, I attended the meeting. 2 sg. (Wewe) ulihudhuria mkutano, You (sg.) attended the meeting. 3,sg. {pez (eye) alihudhuria mutano, He/she attended the meeting. ona: 1 pl. {sisi} csinudhuria mutano, We attended the meeting, 2 pl. (Ninyi) mlihudhuria rkutano, You (pl.) attended the meeting, 3 pl. (per- (Wao) walihudhuria mkutano, They attended the meeting, sonal ‘The personal pronouns (I, you, he/she, etc.), which appear in ( ) in these examples, are optional and in’fact aré usually omitted except for emphasis ‘Third-person subject prefixes; 'concordial classes", With third person subjects, the subject prefix .1so reflects the 'concordial class! of the subject. Including animate subjects, there are 10 principal con- cordial classes in Swahili, They are customarily identified by number: class Bo. 1 Waziri anaonekana katika picha hii, The minister is visible in this picture. 2 Mawaziri wanaonekana katika picha hii, Ministers ore visible in this picture. 3. Mpira unaonekana katika picha hii. A football is visible in this picture, 4 Mipira inaonekana katika picha hii. Footballs are visible in this picture, 5 gumba Linaonekana katika picha hil. A building is visible in this picture. 6 Majunba yanaonekana katika picha hii. Buildings are visible in this picture. 7 Kiti Kinaonekana katika picha hii. A chair is visible in this picture. 8 Viti vinaonekana katika picha hil, Chairs are visible in this picture, 9 Shule inaonekana katika picha hii. A school is visible in this picture. 10 Shule zinaonekana katika picha hii. Schools are visible in thie picture, viSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS ‘The personal pronouns are: Singular Bu loom i 20 w "you you (pl)! 3 Oy. the they! (Pi11 in the blanks orally, and check by reference to the opposite page.) The better translation for /Mimi nilihudhuria mkutano / wet took > she! w ist I attended the meeting. L attended the meeting. Ux atgendea the meeting. 8 In the phrase /ziwa Linaonekana/, the noun /ziwa/ is in the sane class as: waziri jumba ahule [jumba] In /chunba kinaonekana/, the noun /chunba/ is in the same class ast mpira . viti with (xita] A correct phrase is probably: waziri anawasili waziri wanawasili waviri watawasili (wazira anawasili] A correct phrase is probably: shule itafunguliwa shule yatafunguliwa mule litafunguliwa [shule i-] Which phrase is not correct: majunba yanajulikana spavazir{'wanajuiikana : mawaziri yanajulikana U(the thira) ] vitGMAHILI: LEARNER'S SYWOPSIS 9. ‘The class system: Classes 1-10. are worth enumerating: are singular, and those Certain overall features of this a, In general, nouns in the odd in the even nunbered classes are plural. b, ‘The singular nouns in any given class (e.g. Clas their plurals in the next higher even-nunbered cli vice ve: c. The difference between singular and plural nouns is shown by prefixes. 9, 10 are identical, but the subject prefixes and with th 4, ‘The nouns of Clu other concords on the words that agri ©. Most nouns borrowed into Swahili from other languages are in Cla 9, 10. 1 and 2 are reserved for singular and plural animate nouns. may be paired, and named instead of numbered: Classes 1 and 2 may be called the MWA classy 3,4 the HMI clasey 5,6 the LI-HA cl 7,8 KI-VI class; and 9,10 the W'cla 1, s 11-13, found in many other Bantu languages, are absent from Swahili. Clase 14 includes many abstract nouns and nouns without plurals: ukubwa size, bigness cf, kubwa big uraia citizenship cf. rata citizen ugali thick porridge wino ink 14 nouns have plurals, the plurals are usually in Class 10: ubao (14) board Bbao (10) boards 14 are the same as those ‘The concords for words that agree with nouns of Cl for Class 3. 11. Class 15: infinitives, Class 15 consists solely of the infinitives of verbs: Kuhudhuria attending, to attend wuona to see, seeing wutangaza to announce, announcing 7 wukutana meeting one another, to meet one another kvenda, to go villSWAHILI: LEARWER'S_ sysoPsIs. 9. If /Kij131/ means ‘village’, then what te the word that means ‘villages’? If /mipango/ means ‘plans', then ‘plan! is: ‘The plural of /picha/ ‘picture! is probably: A correct phrase is: rkutano ilitayarishwa mikutano ulitayarishwa mkutano ulitayarishwa In the sentence /shule £ilifunguliwa /, the noun /ebule/ means: school schools visible 10. ‘The noun /uongozi/ means: leader leaders leadership If /uhuru/ means 'freedom', then "im probably: If /umoja/ means ‘unity, union’, then /moja/ must mean: organization labor Is each of the following correct? ubao unacnekana mbao unacnekana mbao zinanonekana mpira unaonekana "exe nn. ‘The characteristic prefix of infinitives is evidently: [vigigi) [mpango } [picha] (mkutano ulitayarishwa) chools } (leadership) (huru] fone) fe [xu-] or Deve]12, Classes 16-18: the cu that are often 16,17 and 18 are called 'locative’ clas because they have meanings ociated with location. A noun in one of thi locative clas retains the prefix (if any) that it has for one of the classes 1-15, Common nouns in any one of these three classes usually have the suffix /-ni/: nyumba (9,10) house nyumbani (16/17/18) in the house, at home, [to| hone kigigi (7) village kijijind (16/17/18) in, to, at the village vijijini (16/17/18) in, to, at the villages Proper nouns (i.e, place names) and some common nouns in any of the locative Classes have no locative marker at all: Walikwenda nyunba: ‘They went home. but: Walikwenda Nairobi. ‘They went [to] Nairobi, ‘The differences among the three locative cl. themselves, but on the words that agr fimboni mwao (18) jimboni kwao (17) | show up,not on the nouns with the nouns: mkutanoni kwao (17) mkutanoni mao (1°) mkutanoni pac (16) nyumbani pao (16) nyumbani mao (18) nyumbani kwao (17) In general, Clas existence or general location But the choice of locative cla meaning or English translation: 16 has to do with apecific location, class 17 with and class 1B with location inside of something, cannot. always be nade reliably on the basis of mwisho wa wiki the end of the week mwishoni mwa wiki at the end of the week xSMAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS qe. If /mto/ is 'river', then /mtoni/ ia: if /darasa/ is » then ‘in cla If /mto/ is ‘river’, then ‘in the riv If /Tanga/ is the name of a city, then iat! ie: * Tang: Match the characteristic prefixes with their general meanings: = "general location’ (17) kus J q ‘location within’ G8) ‘n-] 7 pecific location (16) par] (by, to, at, in ‘the river] (darasant } [mtoni ] [ranga]SWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 13, Object prefixe Swahili verbs may also have an ‘object prefix’, which reflects the porson, nunber and class of the object. The object prefix stands immediately before the stem, Tt is usually required when the object is animate: leg. Waliniona They saw me, 2g, Walikuona They saw you (ag. ). 1 pl. Walituona They sav us. 7 2 pl. ‘They saw you (pl.). . | class 1 Tuligwona waziri. We saw (him) the minister, 7 Tulipwona, We saw hin. 2 Tulivaona mawaziri, We saw (then) the ministers. Tuliwaona. We saw then, The object prefix is not required with inanimate objects 3 Tuliona mpira, We saw the football. Tuliuena We saw it. 4 Tuliona mipira, We saw the footballs: Tuliiona We saw then, 5. Tuliona tangazo. We saw the announcement, Tuliliona. We saw it, 6 Tuliona matangazo. We saw the announcements. uliyaona, We saw then. 7 Tuliona kiti, We saw the chair. Talikiona. We saw it. 8 Tuliona viti. We saw the chaire. Tuliviona, We saw then, 9 Tuliona picha. We saw the pictare, Tulijona, We saw it 10 Tuliona picha, We saw the pictures, Tuliziona. we 14, the reflexive object prefix. A special object prefix /~ji-/ is same regardless of the person, number and cla flexive' in meaning, It is the of the subject. Watatusaidia. ‘They will help wi Watajisaidia, ‘They will help themselve Nitajisaidia, I'11 help myself, Watajenga shule. ‘They're going to construct a school. Watajijengea shule. ‘They're going to build themselves a school. addSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS Prepare the object prefixes on the opposite page with the subject prefixes 18). Sub: are usually alike, but for 3 person-number- combinations they are different, combinations: [ 2 ag., 2 pl., class ij ‘The sentence /Tulikiona,/ 'We saw it! might refer to seeing: wigidd (7) ta village! picha (9) ‘2 picture kate (3 /rutautayarisha./ ‘We will prepare it! might refer tor ‘constitution’ mpango {3) plan’ mjunbe (1) ‘delegate! tmpango (3)] ‘We prepared it! (i.e, an annoucement) might be translated: Tulikitayarisha, Tulilitayarisha. Puliutayarisha. [runinitayarisna. ] katiba i ay ‘whey govern themselves’ might be: Wanatawal ive Wanajitawala, Wanatawala wao. [Wanajitawala. ] Matijitayarisha/ is probably: ‘They prepared it. They prepared them, They got themselves ready, [they got them- selves ready. ] /MaLivatayarisha/ is probably: They prepared it. They prepared then. They got themselves ready, (they prepared ‘them. ; ‘bread’ (xagigt (7)] | |SWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 15, Concords with the linking element /-a/. ‘The requirement of concord applies not only to the subject and object prefixes that refer to nouns, but also to the adjectives, demonstratives, and sivoa that accompany them, One of the most common’is the linking word Wazici wa Leba the Minister of Labour . 2 mawaziri wa serikali the ministers of the government 3 mkutano wa mawaziri a meeting of ministere 4 mikutano ya mawaziri meetings of ministers . 5 gazeti la Kenya a newspaper of Kenya | 6 magazeti ya Kenya newspapers of Kenya T chama cha siasa organization/political party 8 vyama vya siasa organizations/ political parties 9 serikali ya Kenya the government of Kenya 10 shule za Kenya the schools of Kenya 16. Concords with possessive stems. ‘The personal posse stems are: ives take the same concordial prefixes as /-a/. Their vangu py ~etu our ako your (ag.) ~emu your (pl.) wake his/her ao their A few examples are: gazeti langu my newspaper gazeti lako your (sg.) newspaper gazeti lake his/ner newspaper gazeti letu our newspaper gazeti lenu your (pl.) newspaper gazeti lao their newspaper xivSWAHILI: 15 Complete the following orally: nchi hiyo wanachana -a_ushirika mpango -a_ serikali mipango -a serikali tangazo -a serikali matangazo -a serikali Swoon swre siku -a kwanza jumba -a serikali viti -a mawaziri wanachama -a_ TANU mwanachama ~a KANU miji -a Tanzania 16 Complete the following orally: Rais -etu mawaziri ~etu mpango -etu mipango -etu jumba -etu fnajumba chama vyama shule shule BSwoorvoun sw oe magazeti y__ magazeti y—— magazeti y__ magazeti y__ magazeti y—_ magazeti y—— LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS the President of that country the menbers of the co-op the plan of the governnent plans of the government announcement of the government announcerents of the government the rank of minister the ranke of the officers the first day the first days a building of the government the ministers! chairs members of TANU a member of KANU cities of Tanzania President ministers plan plans building buildings organization organizations school schools *Y newopapers your (pl. newspapers his/h newspapersSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 17, Concords with three demonstratives. ‘There are three sets of demonstratives. The first corresponds fairly closely to 'this, this one near me or both of us'. The second series has the approximate meaning 'that one, over there, far from both of us, or previously unspecified’, The third is approximately 'this or that one that we have already mentioned, that one near you but not near me’. cla Noun Dem. I Dem, 12 Dem, 111 1 mtu nowy yale huyo 2 watu hawa wale hao 3 mkutano uw ule hyo 4 mikutano nah dle niyo 5 gazeti nal, ile hilo 6 magazeti haya, yale hayo 7 Rigas niki. kile hicho 8 wAdi3i hii wile nivyo 9 picha nud ile hiyo 10 picha niga. 181 Adjectives whose prefixes are like those of nouns. A few adjectives have class prefixes which in their form are similar to the noun prefixes, An example is /-kuu/ ‘major, chief, main": 1 waziri mkuu prime minister mwalima mkuu head teacher 2 — mawaziri wakuu prime ministers wa(a)lima wakuu head teachers 3 mii mkuu capital city 4 miji mikua capital cities 5 gazeti kuu major newspaper 6 — magazeti makuu major newspapers 7 — chuo kikuu university 8 — vyuo vikuu universities 9 siku kuu holiday (/siku/ ' day!) 100 siku kun holidays xviqT SWAHILI: Complete the following orally: gazeti h. kijigi h, KAjisa bh, waziri h, waziri le gazeti e picha picha chama mtu 18 chis newspaper this village that village (previously specified) that minister (previously specified) that minister (previously unspecified, or over tere) that newspaper (over there) those pictures (over there) those pictures (previbusly specitiea) that party (previously specitiea) this person xvid LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS (hilt) [nix] [hicho] [huyo] [yule} [lite] [zile] [hizo] [hicho] (huyu]SWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 19, mnflected verb phrases with /~w-/ in the first component When the inflected verb phrase contains two words, then: a. The first is a form of /-w-/ "be, become’. b, The second may contain any verb stem, including /-w~/, ce. No word may stand between the two. 4. The first of the two verbs sets the time generally:past, present or future; the tense of the second verb is relative to the time established by the first: Atakuwa ameonekana, He will have appeared, Atakuwa anaonekana He will be appearing. ALikuwa apeonekana. He had appeared, ALikuwa anaonekana, He was appearing. e. The /ta/ future tense does not appear in the second verb of such a phrase, and the present /na/ does not appear in the first: Bw. Ngala-Arok alikuwa Mr, Ngala-Arok had ‘anesema kwamba said that those mawaziri hao watahudhuria,.. ministers would attend... Bw, Telli alikuwa anaondoka leaving ‘Tunis, Rais Nyerere alikuwa anaelekea President Nyerere was heading Mwanza, toward Mwanza, £, The subject prefixes on the two verbs are identical. When the second verb in this construction is also a form of /~w-/, it may turn up as the abbreviated form /ni/ (par. 21). Thus: Yeye alikuwa ni mtu wa He was the last person... mwisho. .. Huo ulikuwa ni wajibu wa ‘That was a responsibility Makamu wa Rais, of the Vice President. Mimi nitakuwa ni mwanafunzi I will be the first former student... wa zamani wa kwanza, But parallel to each of these sentences is another sentence, identical except for the absence of /ni/, which is virtually synonymous: Yeye alikuwa mtu wa mwisho. He was the last person. xviiiirr nzararin's sror 19. AL ikuwa ameondoka, Al ikuwa ___naondoka. Walikuwa __naondoki ‘Tulikuva ___naondoka. —_Hkuwa unaondoka. vlikuwa u__ondoka, Utakuwa u__ondoka. Wa__kuwa wa__fika, Chama kilikuwa __mekuta vyama vilikuwa __mekuta Wagiri ali__anahutubia mkutano, He had left. He was leaving. ‘They were leaving. We were leaving. You (g.) were leaving. You had left. You will have left. ‘They will have arrived. ‘The organization had met. ‘The organizations had met, ‘The minister was addressing the meeting.SWAHILI: LRARNER'S SYWOPSIS 20. Monosyllabic verb stems. tthe verb /-w-/ 'to be, become’ is one of the small number of Swahili verbs Feots consist of a consonant with no vowel. Others are /-p-/ 'to give’, » /ai-/ ‘to /-nyw-/ ‘to drink’. ‘The stem (root plus final vowel) of one of these verbs consists of only a single syllable: /-wa/, /-pa/, /-ja/, etc. The word stress always falls on the next iiable’of a verb, Bu ¢ are certain prefixes which never take » /~ta and the word-str fall on one whos "to come’, /-£-/ "to ai instead of: Swahili has: *niliwa nilikuwa 'T was! vatala atakula ‘he will But if there is an object prefix, the stress falls on it, and the meaningless not used: Kila ‘he will at it! Compare these forms of /-w-/ and /-1-/ with the corresponding forms of /-tik-/ 'to arrive’: aliguwa ‘the was, became’ java ate alif: arrived’ will be, become! will eat! will arrive! tase tae ne yt bem! pear ts ss ee hajafika "he has not yet arrived’21, abbreviated forms of /-w- SWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS But the verb /-w-/ differs from all other verbs in that certain of its pre Pare thei alikuja tulikuja atakuja tutakuja anakuja tunakuja haji hatuji nt tena "he came! ‘we came! "he will come! "we will come! "he is coming’ ‘we are coming! "he doesn't come" "we don't come! Relative forms (cf. par. 25): alikuja na atakuja na anakuja na tunakuja na "he came with! "he will come with! "he is coming with! ‘we are coming with! forms are, in most of their ut forma of /-w-/ with the corresponding forms of /=j-/ 'to come! : With the locative enclitice /-ko/, etc.: ‘he was (Located there)! alikuwako atakuwako yuko ‘he will be (located thi "he is (located there)! alikuwa tulikuwa, atakuwa tutakuwa ad ab at at alikuwa na atakuwa na ana tuna ‘he ‘we the the the "he ‘he "he ‘we » drastically abbreviated, Com- were’ will be! will bet ist | isn't! aren't! had! will have! has’ have!SWAHILI: LEARMER'S SYNOPSIS al. If /watakufa/ is ‘they will die’, then ‘they will be! is: watawa watani watakuwa [watakuwa] If /ulikuja/ is ‘you (ag.) came’, then ‘you were! is: ulikuwa und . uliwa [ul dcuwa] If /anakula/ is ‘he » then "he is’ ist [ni] If /tunakunywa/ is 'we drink', then 'we are’ is: nt unt eunakuwa [nt] If /natunywi/ is 'we don't drink’, then ‘we are not’ is: natuwi | aint | at [at] If 'they aren't coming’ is /hawaji/, then | "they are not! ist (st) If /nawakufika/ in ‘they didn't arrive! , then /hawakutangaza/ is: they don't announce they didn't announce they won't announce [they didn't announce } Give an approximate translation equivalent for: anakula he is eating anakuja ne is coming anakuva he is becoming } ai he, she, I, you, we, they is/are] tulikunywa we ’arank } tulikuwa we were} wangekuwa they might be] tulikuwa na we had] tulikuja na we came with] fkuja na ‘they came with} akuja na ‘they are coming with ] 2 ‘they have ] 2 we have] he has] votSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 2e. - | ‘The five tenses that have already been mentioned are identified by the prefixes /na, li, ta, me, nge/. All of these tenses are affirmative in meaning. 1s0 "independent!, in’ that a sentence with only one verb may be in 23, The /-a-/ and /nu-/ tens: There are two other ' has the tense prefix /-a-, the subject prefixes that ent’ tenses which are also used. One of th Since this prefix does not begin with a consonant, and before it have special short forms generally involve the loss of a vowel. Compare the of corr forms from the /-na-/ tense and the /-a-/ tense. The tense prefix lined twice, and the surviving part of the subject prefix once: Aggtazaniva kuhudhuria mkutano mel He is expected to attend that Atazamiwa kuhudhuria mkutano huo, meeting, Wajumbe hao vanataka kuhudhuria nike ‘Those representatives want to Wajumbe hao wataka kuhudhuria attend that meating, mutano huo. Tunahudhuria mikutano mingi. We attend lots of meeting: Twghudhuria mikutano mingi. The third 'pr tense begins with /nu-/, and has no subject prefixes at all. is used only in talking’about regular, permanent, or characteristic actions: Sisi hukaa Kenya, We live in Keny: Wao hukaa Kenya. ‘They live in Kenya. ‘Yeye hukaa Kenya. He lives in Kenya aocivSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS al ixuwako fhe was (located) } atakuwako he will be (located) } yuko ihe is (Located) } walikuwako they were (located) } watakuwako they will be (located) ] wako they are (located) ] uke we are (Located) | is ‘independent’ neans . [it may be the tens: ‘of the only verb in a sentence, | If a verb is in a ‘dependent! tense, must there be some other verb in the sentence? [yes] 23, What is the /-na-/ tens verbs? form corresponding to each of the following /-a-/ atazaniva he is expected anatazaniwa } watazamiva they are expected wanatazaniva twatazamiva we are expected tunatazanive chatazamiwa fe (el. 7 eine tazamiw yatazamiwa it (cl. 9) inatazamiwa ] they (cl. zinatazamiwa they (cr vinatazamiva it (cl. 5) dinahasu | they (€1, 6) re: ryanahuet se {cl funahuet, yahusu it (cl, 4! inahusuSWAHILI: 24, Dependent forms of the verb: Not all forms of the Swahili verb are ' independent’ "dependent forms are the ‘infinitive’ and the ‘relative ‘The infinitive has no subject prefix and no tense prefix. LEARNER'S SYWOPSIS infinitives. ‘Two very important It begins with the prefix /ku-/ and it may have an object prefix: kuhudhuria mkutano kutimiza mpango kujadili mambo haya ‘Tunaweza kutimiza mpango huo, Walikubali kuhudhuria mkutano, Walikubali kuuhudhuria, Wanataka kujadili mambo haya. Wanataka kuyajadili. When two verbs are in the same teni may be put into the infinitive: Alinudhuria mkutano, Alihutubia mkutano, Alihudhuria ng kuhutubi mcutano, 25, Relative verbs. We are ‘They agreed to atte ‘They agreed to attend it. ‘They want to discus: ‘They want to discus: to to attend a meeting fulfill a plan discuss these matters able to fulfill that plan, \d the meeting, to these matters them, and have the same subject, the second He attended the meeting, He addressed the meeting, He attended and addressed the meeting. Una/ nd, with’ ) ‘The relative has subject prefix, tense prefix, and may have an object prefix, just like the independent te: extra felative prefix just after the teni In addition, however, it has an Prefix, Tre function of the relative is to embed one Swahili sentence into the noun phrase of another: Mawaziri walihudhuria mkutano. Mawaziri walijadili mpango huu, Mawaziri walighudhuria mkutano walijadili mpango huu, Waziri alihutubia mkutano, Waziri alikuwa Bw. T. Mboya, Waziri aliyehutubia mkutano alikuwa Bw. T, Mboys Mkutano ulihudhuriwa ha viongozi wa siasa, Meutano ulihutubiwa na P.c, wa Jimbo. ighudhuriwa na viongozi ulihutubiwa na P.C, wa Meutano uliohutubiwa na P.C, wa ‘Jimbo ulihudhuriwa na viongozi wa pias: Kiti kinaonekana katika picha nid, Kiti ni changu, Kiti kinachoonekana katika picha hii ni changu. The minister who addre The ch The ministers attended the meeting. ‘The ministers discussed this plan, ‘The ministers who attended the meeting discussed this plan. ‘The minister addressed the meeting. ‘The minister was Mr. T. Mboya. ed the meting was Mr, T, Mboya ‘The meeting was attended by political leaders, The meeting was addre P.C, of the region, sd by the The meeting, which was attended by political leaders, was addressed by the P.c, of the région. ‘The meeting that was addressed by the P.C, of the region was attended by political leaders, A chair is visible in thie pictur The chair is mine, rx that is visible in this pic~ ture is mine, 7 svi,SWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 24. What. is the infinitive in this sentence?: Anatazamiwa kuhutubia He is expected to addre: mkutano. ‘the meeting. (xuhutubia] Which is correct? Wansombva Kuta \ ee lacs ed to arrive. Wanaonbwa wanafika, Xf /kuchagua/ means ‘choosing, to choose’, then /kuwachagua/ means: [choosing them, to choose then] [xusixa] . rxutano wa kuwachagua viongozi/ means ‘a meeting for [choosing the Tenders If ‘consulting together! is /kushauriana/, then 'a meeting for mutual consultation’ ia’ /akatano / [wa kushauriana] soevddSWABILT: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS ‘The relative prefixes for the ten major classes are: 1 mtu anayeonekana. watu wanagonekana mpira unagonekana mipira inayoonekana. tangazo linaloonekani matangazo yanayoonekana, kiti kinachoonekana. viti vinayyoonekana. shule inayoonekana... 10 shule zinazoonekana... weranewn the person who appears, people who appear... the football that appears, the footballe that appear. the announcement that appears... the announcements that appear. the chair that appears... the chairs that appear.. the school that appear: schools that appear. Relative forms in the future tense have /-taka~/ as the tense prefix instead of /ata-/t Mambo haya yatazungumawe mambo yatakayozungumzwa,.. Relative forms that corr ‘These matters will be talked about. matters that will be talked about... Fond to the /-a~/ tense have no tense prefix, and the relative element stands at the end of the word: Majina yafuatayo. Watu waishio Tanga... ‘The names that follow... The following officers... An organization which is called... People who live at Tanga... 26, Abbreviated present relative of /-w-/. Certain abbreviated forms of the present tense of the verb /-w-/ 'to be, become! were noted in par, 21, irregular: anakuda he comes anayekuia (ne) who comes alikuia he came aliyekuja (he) who came put: ni, he is aliye (ne) who is alikuwa he was aliyekuwa (he) who was Further examples are: nchi ziljzo wanachama nchi 2ildzokuwa wanachama wanajeshi wako Tanga wanajeshi walisko Tanga The present relative of this verb is also countries that are members countries that were members the soldiers are at Tanga the soldiers who are at Tanq weevilSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 25. aliyehudhuria, he attended... (he) who attended... [(he) who attended. . alixuwa... he was... (he) who’ we [he was...] it governs, kinachotawala, ‘kinatawala, (xinatawala, which (Cl, 3) was expected... uldotazamiwa ulitazamiwa [ulictazamiwa] it (CL. 9) will be attended —tahudhuriwa itakayohudhuriwa [itahughuriwa] : which (Cl, 10) will be begun zitaanzishwa zitakazoanzishwa [zitakazoanzishwa } which (Cl, 5) will be begun [1itakaloanzishwa] What class is represented in /kitakachoang. 2 [class 7] What is the /-na-/ tense relative form corresponding to each of the following: watokao 'who come from! afuataye 'who follows! kijulikanacho 'which is known! zihusuzo ‘which relate to! [wanaotoka ] [anayefuata] [xinachojulikana] [zinazchusu ] 26. /mtu aliye mwenyekiti/: the person is chairman the person who is chairman the person was chairman [the person who is chairman} “The person who is the leader's mtu ni kiongozi mtu alikuwa kiongozi mtu aliye kiongozi [.. ative. "parties that are members’: vyama vilivyo wanachama vyama vilikuwa wanachama vyama allye wanachama svilivyo...]SWAHILI: LRARNER'S SYNOPSIS 27, Relative verbs in which the relative prefix does not refer to the subject. In all of these examples of relative constructions, the subject of the embedded sentence is the same as the subject of the sentence in which it is embedded. Accordingly, in each of the above verbs, the relative prefix represents the same concordial class as the subject prefix. But the subjects of the two sentences need not be ame t Talihudhuria mkutano. We attended a meeting. Mgutano ulihutubiwa na viongozi ‘The meeting was addressed by wa sias political leaders. Meutano tuljohudhuria ulihutubiwa na The meeting that we attended was address- viongozi wa siasa, ed by political leaders, Malijadili jambo hilo, ‘They Aiscussed that matte: Jambo hilo ni la muhimu, ‘That matter is important. Jambo walilojadili ni 1a muhima. ‘The matter that they discussed is important. 28, Special uses of /-po-/ and /-vyo-/. two of the relative prefixes have special meanings when they are used without noun antecedents. One is /-po/ (Class 16) ‘whens where’ Walipokaa pamoja.... When they sat down togethe: Alipokuva anaondoka Tunis... As he was leaving Tunis... The other is /-vyo-/ (Class 8) 'as, like, in the manner, how': Serikali ilivyotangaza... Ag the government announced. . 29. Relative constructions with /auba~/. These one-word relative forms are usually but not always interchangeable with a phrase that consiste of /anba-/ plus the non-relative form: jambo anbale ae i the matter that they discussed Jambo walilojadili wkutano ambag ulikuva wa adieu al Peer eee taal estat mkutano wligkuwa wa siku moja mtu ambaye alitayarisha mkutano \ mtu aliyetayarisha mkutano the person who organized the meeting ‘SWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS a7. Walijadili mpango huo, ‘They discussed that plan. mpango wali--jadili... the plan that they discussed. ., mipango wali--jadili.., the plans that they discussed. mipango --liyojadili... the plans that we discussed... shule tutaka--tembelea... the shule attend 28. If /alitembelea Tanzania/ is 'he visited Tanzania’, then ‘when he visited Tanzania! aliyetembelea 7. alipotembelea T, alivyotembelea 7, /alipowahutubia/ means. when he addressed the meeting when he addressed them When-did he address them? ‘We did the way they did’ would be: Tulifanya wali--fanya. 29. /nkutano ambao utafanyika/ could also ber mkutano uliofanyika nkutano utakaofanyika mkutano ambaye utafanyika /shule zilizoanzishwa/ could also be: hule ambazo zilizoanzishwa hule zilianzishwa shule ambazo zilianzishwa chools (C1. that we will visit... 0) -hudhoria,.. the schools that they [waliojadili] [waliyojadi1i] [tutiyojaaizi] [tutakazo~ tembelea } [wanazohudhuria] [alipotembelea 7. ] [when he addressed ‘them ] [walivyofanya] [utakaofanyika] [ambazo zilianet shwa ]SWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYMOPS! ‘vulimvona. Anabutubia mkutano. 7 ‘Tulimona akihutubia mkutano, We saw him addressing a meeting. Unataka kujadili mambo haya? Do you want to discuss these matters? ‘Tunaweza kujadili mambo haya. We can discuss theve matters. : Ugitaka tunaveza kujadili mambo haya, If you want to, (‘you wanting to!), we can disc matters the /ki/ tense is often used instead of the na/ tense in the second verb of an inflected verb phras akihutubia nahutubia Watakuwa wakijadili mambo hayo. ‘They will be discussing those matters. ALixuva { } mkutano, He was addressing the neeting. 32, The /-ka-/ ter the /ka/ ter another in the past: ie used for one or more actions that are subsequent to Tulikaa pamoja We sat down together. Tulijadili manbo haya, We discussed these matters Tulikubaliana. We agreed with one another. ‘Tulikaa pamoja tukajadili manbo haya Me sat down together and discussed these ‘tukakubaliana. matters and agreed with one ancther. he firat of these three verbs renaina in the /1i/ tense, which is independent, ‘but the remaining verbs are in the /ka/ ten! woodSWAHILI: LEARWER'S sYNOPSI! 30. Alisimamia uchaguei. She supervised the election. Alisaidiana na mwenyexiti. She cooperated with the chairman, Alisimamia uchaguzi idiana Bhe supervised the election ‘na mwenyekiti, in cooperation with the chairman. [akisaidiana] Alipitia Dar es Salaam. He passed through Dar es Salaam Alirudi kutoka Ulaya, He returned from Europe. Alipitia Dar a---- kutoka Ulaya. (akirudi ] If /alielekea Mwanza/ means 'he headed ‘toward Mwanza’, then /alikuva akielekea | Meanza/ ier [he was heading | for Mvanza] fone could also s /alikuwa a--elekea/. [anaelekea} 31. Aliwapongeza, He congratulated ‘them. Aliwaomba kufanya kazi, He asked them to work ("to do work"). Aliwapongeza (na) a--waonba He congratulated then xufanya kazi, and then ‘them to work. [akawaomba ) Is the first verb of an ordinary sentence likely to be in the /-ka-/ tense? {no}32. ‘The aubjunctive ‘The last of the important affirmative verb forms is the 'subjunctiv Unlike the other affirmative forms, the subjunctive involves a change of the final vowel, if it is /-a/, to /~e/ Mawaziri wanahudhur: mkutano, ‘The ministers are attending the meeting, Have the ministers attend the meeting./ 7 Let the ministers attend the meeting! ‘The ministers are discussing these Mawaziri wahudhurie mkutano, Mawaziri wanajadili manbo haya, matters. Mawaziri wajadili mamto haya, May the ministers discuss these matters, : Mipango hii itatimizwa, These plans will be carried out, Mipango hii itimizwe. May these plans be carried out! ‘The subjunctive has no tense prefix, 33. The negative forms of the Swahili verb. There is no one simple way of ‘forming the negative’ in Swahili. There are three negative markers that are used with verbs. One, /ha-/, is used with ot tenses, and stands before the subject prefix. Another is /7si-/; it is used with other tenses, and follows the subject prefix. The tense prefixes of ‘the negative tenses have no consistent relationship to the affirmative tense prefixes, and even in their use, the negative tense: to the affirmative ones, The third negative infinitives. do not correspond exactly » /-to-/, is used only with soorlv32, Mavaziri wana ofisi. ve:ADd mawazird waw- na of isi, [wawe } Raia wataonana nao. ‘The citizens will see ‘them. s+eild raia wa--- nao, +s,#0 that the citizens should see them. [waonane] Raia wanaweza kupiga kura. The citizens are able to vote. [waweze } Tdadi ya wanafunzi itazidi, +ee41d ddadi ya wanafungi 1. (iziai] 33. The following is a list of unfamiliar verb forms, State whether each is affirmative, or negative: kutayarisha aft. asiyehudhuria | uneahirishwa aff. kisichosimamivaSWAHILT + 3l. The ‘final /i/! negative. has no tense prefix. Monosyllabic stems (/-w-/ 'to be!, /-1-/ *to etc.) do not have the extra, meaningless /-ku-/. For verbs that have /-a/-as the final vowel of the affirmative, this negative tense has final The final vowels of other verbs are unchanged. No other tense, affirmative or negative, has final /-1/, The ‘final /i/' negative corresponds to all three ‘present! tenses: hatukutani "we don't meet! (sind hukuta tunajadins aid hatujadili ‘we don't discu i )hujadils hatujibu, ‘we don't answer! Sample forms for each person-nunber and class are: lag. sionekani "x don't appear’ 2ag. huonekani "you (sg.) don't appear! ipl. hagitonekani ‘we don't appear! apl. hamwonekani "you (pl.) don't appear’ class 1 nekani ‘he/she doesn't appear! 2 hawaonekani ‘they don't appear’ 3 hayonekani "At doesn't appear’ 4 hajonekani "they don't appear’ 5 haLionekani ete. 6 hayaonekani 7 hakionekani 8 hayionekani 9 haionekani ao hazionekani 14 hauonekani the /a/ of /na-/ is lost before the vowels /u/ and /a/ of second person singular ‘and third person singular animate respectively. It is not lost before the vowel subject prefixes of Classee 3,4,9,14 however, In the first person singular, instead of */hani-/, Swahili has /si-, sociSMABILI: 38. What is the negative of: | | | | wanakutana ‘they meet (hawakutani ] zinahusiana ‘they (cl. 10) are related’ (nazinusiani vinafika ‘they (cl. 8) arrive! [navitixd ] anafika ‘he arrives! [haeixt] tunakuja ‘we come! (hatuji) anakuja ‘he comes [haji] wanajadili ‘they discu (hawajaditi } wanajaribu ‘they try! (hawajaribu ) What is the /-na-/ tense form that corresponds to each of these negative forms: hawajaribu ‘they don't try! [wanajaribu] hafanyi "he doesn't mak [anafanya] havatazamivi ‘they are not expected! [wanatazamiva] hawajadili ‘they don't discu [wanajadi1i] hatuli ‘we don't eat! [tunakula) hawaji ‘they don't come! [wanakuja) What is the meaning of: nai [he doesn't eat] sili [x don't eat) sifanyl [1 don't make]SWAHILT 35. The negative of /ni/ The negative of /ni/ ‘is, are, am! (par.21) is /si/. Bw. Nyamweya si Wazira Mkuu, Mr. Nyamveya is not the Prime Minister, Jambo hili si ya siri, ‘This matter is not [of] secret. But the negative of the abbreviated forms with /-ko, -po, -mo/ uses /na-/: Kenya ni nchi. Kenya is a country. : Kenya si. wilay: Kenya is not a district, oO Kenya iko kaskazini Kenya is located north of Tanzani: Kenya haiko kusini ya Tanzania, Kenya is not located south of Tanzania, 36. The /-ku-/ negative. ‘This tense uses /ha-/ exactly as the ‘final /-i/' negative does, rte characteristic prefix is /-ku-/. This /k stema do not have the extra, meaninglei In its use, the /-ku-/ negative corresponds to the affirmative /-1i-/ tense, and to some uses of the /-me-/ tense. tulifanya kazi hatukufanya kazi "we did work? "we didn't do work! tulikula chakula hatukula twe ate food! ‘we didn't eat! ipeharibixa haikuharibika it is ruined, has it is not ruined! become ruined! 37. the /-Ja-/ negative. ‘This negative is formed like the /-ku-/ negative except for the tense pre- fix itself. It corresponds to other uses of the /-me-/ tens hatujakutana we have not yet met haijaharibika it isn't ruined yet hatujala chakula we have not yet eaten food compare: hatukula chakula we didn't eat food haikuharibika it didn't get ruined/is isn't ruined hatukukutana we didn't meet one another soceviiiSWAHILI: LEARWER'§ SYNOPSIS 35. What is the negative of each underlined word: shule ni, mkubw The school is big. at) Shule iko Riruta, The school is at Ake Riru {hatko} Viongoet wane nyumbant. me leaders are in the house. [hawamo } Rais yuko Tanga the President 1s at Tang [hayuko ] Me, So-and-80 is Vice- President. [si] 36. What is the affirmative form, in the /-na-/ or /-li-/ tense, that corre: ponds to each of the following negatives: hatukufanya ‘we didn't make! [tulifanya] hatufanyi ‘we don't make! [tunafanya] hatutazami- [tunatazama ] hhawakuhudhuria: (walihudhurii hawali [wanakula ] hawakula [walikula ] atxujua [ntiijua} 37. Match the affirmative with the corresponding negative forms: 1. tmetangazwa a. haikutangazwa 2. iLitangazwa BL haitangazwi. 3. inatangazwa €. haijatangazwa [i-c, 2a, 3b] 1. hajaja alixuja 2. hakuja amexuja 3. haji anakuja [1-b, 2-a, 3-c] woodSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 38. The future negative. The negative of the affirmative /-ta-/ tense also us /-ta-/ am ite tense prefix: hatutakutana ‘we will not meet" hatutakula chakula "we won't eat food! Since /-ta-/ is one of the prefixes that is never str forms without an object prefix have the sane extra, meaningli /-ku-/ that appears in the sponding affirmative form 39. Uses of the negative prefix /-si-/, ‘The negative prefix /- is used in all other tenses except those listed above. Corresponding to the /~nge-/ tense (par. 5): (kama) nigingetaka kwenda, if I dian't want to go. Corresponding to the subjunctive: they shouldn't go There is only one negative relative form which consists of a single word. It is the present negative relative (par. 32): mikutano isiyofanywa meetings that are not held All other negative relative forms consist of /amba-/ plus the corresponding non- relative: mikutano ambayo haikufanywa meetings that were not held mikutano ambayo haitafanywa meetings that won't be held ‘The present negative relative with the relative prefix /-po-/ 16) is often used as a negative counterpart for the affirmative /-ki-/ tens ukitaka kuahirisha mkutano if you want to postpone the meeting usipotaka kuahirisha mkutano if you don't want to postpone the meeting xlSWAHILT: 38. Using the first line as a model, predict the negative for each phra Mkutano utaahirishwa, ‘The meeting will ‘be postponed, Kikao kitaahirishwa, The « be postponed, LRARWER'S SYNOPSIS -hautaahirishwa, ] ion will akitaahirishwa, ] viongozi watachaguliwa, Leaders will be chosen, -hawatachaguliwa. ] Mikutano itaanza, The meetings will begin, (..-naitaanza, ] Kiongozi atahudhuria ‘The leader will mirutano, attend the meeting. shatahudhuria,,. ] 39. Choose the negative form that corresponds to each affirmative: aende 'he should go! watakutana ‘they will meet! [asiende itakutana hawatakutana Chawatakutana] mkutano unaofanywa ' the meeting that is being held’ mkutano mkutano mkutano uliofanywa the meeting that was held’ mkutano nkutano mkutano mkutano ukiahirishwa ‘if the meeting is postponed’ mkutano mkutano mkutano usiofanywa hhauofanywi susiofanywa] usiofanywa hauliofanywa ambao haukufanywa [+ .ambayo ‘haukufanywa ] usiahirishw ambao haukiahirishwa usipoahirishwa [..,usipoahirishwa] xlSWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 4O, The negative infinitive ‘The infinitive is the only form which makes the negative with /-to~/: kuweza to be able kutoweza to be unable, not to be able kukubaliana to agree with one another, accept one another kutokubaliana to fail to agree It is unstressable, 0 that verbs 1ike /-w-/ have the meaningless /-ku~/ ‘ kutokuwa not to be kutokula not to eat 41, The passive extension. The stem of a verb may itself be complex. by itself or with one or more ' the ‘passive! : Meutano huo ulihudhuriva na Bw, Mayabi. xtensions!, compare: Sw, Mayabi alihudhuria mkutano huo, Mashindano yatafanywa hivi karibuni, compare: Watafanya mashindano nivi karibuni. 42, ‘The causative extension, Chama cha U.W.T, Kinaendesha shule hiyo. Mwenyekiti ataendesha mkutano. Compare /-enda/ 'to go’. Mashindano yataanza mano ‘Agosti 27. Makamu wa Rais ataanzisha mashindano. Shule hiyo inaendeshw: na chama cha U.W.T, Mashindano yataanz; na Makamu wa Rais. Karibu! Meya atawakaribisha mabingwa. Mabingwa watakaribighwa na Meya. Wanachama walijulishwa Keuwa. xiii ‘The ‘causative’ extension may be followed by the 'p: It consists of a root, either One very important extension is attended by Mr. Me, Mayabi attended that meeting. A contest will be held in the near future. ‘They will hold a contest acon, Another important stem extension is the 'causutive': The U.W.7. Organization runs (“causes to go') that school. ‘The chairman will run the meeting. ‘The contest will begin on August 27. ‘The Vice President will, open ‘cause to begin’) the contest, ‘That school is run by the U.W.T. ‘The contest will be opened by the . vice President. Welcome! ‘The mayor will welcome the champions. ‘The champions will be welcomed by ‘the mayor. 7 ‘The members were notified ("cause ‘to know’) that...SWAHILI: LEARNER'S SYNOPSIS 4o, Look back at sone of the verbs that have been used most frequently and construct five negative infinitives: 1. kujadili "to discuss! faatopeataa] | 2. kujua "to know! Heutojua } | 3. == | wld‘The ca ‘Two of the most common are: tive extension sometimes takes forme other than /-ish-/ or /-esh-, a, /-k-/ of the non-causative replaced by /-sh-/ of the causative: kuondoka kuondosha causative h kukaze, kuingia kuingize 43, ‘The reciprocal extension. ‘The reciprocal extension /- kukuta, xukutana kusaidia wusaidiana wukubali. wukubal i 44, ‘The applicative extension. Another very conmon stem formative is the ‘applicative weaning is hard to summarize, but very often it indic: benefit of or with special refer: verb is done for # thing: Meutano utaanza saa tatu, Watakuva na mkutano wao kuanzia saa tatu Walifanya kazi, Walitufanyia kazi. Matajenga skuli. skuli kwa watoto wao, ive has /-2-/ between two vowels, whe: to depart, go away to cause to go away the corresponding non- ‘the two vowels adjacent to one anothert to atay to cause to stay to enter to cause to enter fairly common: to meet, find to meet one another to help to help one another to accept, agree to agree with one another, accept one another extension, Its js that the action of the to someone or some- ‘The meeting will begin at 9, ‘They will have their meeting beginning at 9. ‘They did work. They did work for us. ‘Mhey're going to build a school. ‘They're going to build a school for their children. xliv‘The following 1 - 25 of after each word refers to the parag portion of the word is a! Lasso may be used in conjunction with ‘The number ‘the underlined ( 5) 8, wtakuwa 5, utakuwa 20, utakuwa Sheneie 24, kuanzga "si 21, wake 16, Atakuwa (cL Utahutubiwa 41, 9) £, utsnutubive (Clase 3) 8, utahutubjwa 44, axuwa (Clase 2) 6, wag 16° Ataxuva (class 9) 8, utahutubiva (Class 3) , utahutubiwa i, ‘utahutubiwa 41 wapajulishwa 5, wanajuliehwa 42, wanajulishya 41, kutakuwa (class 17) 12, hiyo 17 gpetpramivs, (chase 1) 5), anataramive 41, Kuputuble 24, xuhutubga 4, atazaniva (a-tense)'23 ambay (Class 3) 29, ulikuva (Class 3) 8, huo 17, ni 21 Kutayarisha 24, kutayazisha 42, uligtazamiva 25, kukutanika 24, Wpeahirishwa 5, uneahirishya 4i, itakayotangazwa 25, itakayo- tangazya Ui a 18, uliotazamiwa 5, kufanywa 41, wakuu 18, aliyeujulisha 25, aliyeyjulisha (Clase 3} 1 apetangaza 5, kuvachagua 24, kuwachagua 13 waligko 26, wana 21 deenye (clans 17), 92 aay afena So, SxicaTttane &3 uligfanyiwa (Class 3) 25, wafuatao (Class 2) 7, wafuatag 25, wenyekiti 10 alichaguliva 5, mwenye (Class 1) 9, aliyekuwa 25, aldyekuwa 6, kinachotawala 25, ania 26, kupata 24, niche 17 ushaurtane 43, walighudhuria 25, viliyyoaliiwa 25, vilivyonl die 2 Ambayo 29, serikalini 12, hilt 17, yatakayozungumzwa 25 watekutaus 13, yatakayorungunse (claga 6 ) agreas with /manbo/, yatakayozungunzwa 25, hayajulikani 3! wugungumgia 44, ujao 25, mint 12 yeye 7, havatahudhuria 38, hii 17, ambaye (Claes 1) 29, aldkuya anesena 19, wawili 18 mengi (Class 6 of /-ingi/ ‘much, many’) 18, vile 17, wangesaidiana 5 xlvhapa (Class 16) ‘here! 17, zinazohui ri 13, nyingine ‘some, other! 18, siliso 25, dikiva 41, kuysusia 13 a 43, ypoja 10, silizo 26, utawala 10 jenga/ ‘to build’) 10, hasijamalisixa 37, nga/ tto pula’) aika 37 wongozi 10, nyumbani 12 Xipya 18, na kuhudhuriwa 24, aliwapongeza 13, akawacmba 31, akawaomba 13 xlvi