Preface Dear Aspirant The reasoning section that tests logical aptitude and understanding is an important part of entrance examinations. In any aptitude test Entrance tests, the reasoning section carries a weightage of more than 20%, and this is significant from the competition point of view. This book has been specially designed to facilitate your mastering of the reasoning section. Each topic thas an introduction that covers the underiying principles, followed by examples and exercises to test your ability. Answer keys with explanations are provided as a concluding section. To understand reasoning, students are advised first and foremost to clear their concepts with the help of solved examples and then solve the exercises themselves. Finally, students must analyze their solutions with the given explanations and learn from their mistakes. A clear understanding of concepts and ample practice are a must in order to master the reasoning section, Happy reading! . . : All The best © Team CLEdition, 2022 : Published in india by CLIP CL Educate Limited. Corporate Office: A= 48, Fist Floor, Mohan Co-operative Industral Estate, [Near Metro Station, New Delhi ~ 110044, Contact No. 011-41280800 /. 1100 Copyright: © CLIP . All Rights Reserved.-No part of this publication may be reproduced, . stored in a retfioval system, or transmitted in any form or by any ‘means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, : without the prior permission of the copyright owner. : Information contained in this book has been publshed by CLIP, and has been obtained , by its authors from sources believed to be reiable and are correct to the best of their knowedge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be lable for any] ’ ‘errors, omissions or damages arising out of use af this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantabilty or fitness for any particular use. Printed by: Aapte Uchyog, Noida,% 10. 1, 12, Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5 : Chapter 6 : Chapter? : Chapters : Chapter 9: Chapter 10: Chapter 11: Answers and Explanations . Fundamentals of Venn Diagram.. Arrangement & Grouping .. ‘Syllogism, Logical Connectives and Course of Action vu. Coding Decoding ... Series Blood Relation and Direction Test ... Visual Reasoning Clock & Calendars and Data Sufficiency Puzzles... Odd One Out Verbal AnalogyFundamenta s of Venn Diagram Logical Reasoning forms an integral part of most of the examinations. It is continuously undergoing a sophistication process and acquiring the resultant perfection. ‘On encountering the test of Logical Reasoning, candidates are bewildered to see the problems in the tests as they appear not only silly but also totally alien to this world. Logic comes from the Greek root logus: that means ‘a ‘word connoting expression of thought in language’. So logics the science of thoughts éxpressed in language. Logical Reasoning is the process of thinking that disciplines our mind to arrive at valid inferences and conclusions by following the rules of formal fogic. Logical Reasoning Diagrams] Inquestions based upon the logical reasoning diagrams, students are expected to establish a relationship among two or more items represented by diagrams. The logical reasoning diagram questions have various figures, ie. triangles, rectangles, circles, squares etc. Each of these figures represents a set. It could be a set of animals, cutlery, individuals, groups, classes, or categories of individuals. Any two figures can have three typesof relationships. ‘One set being a subset or a part of the.other. Example: A circle representing educated people and a triangle representing postgraduates. ~ This is represented as follows, (eee Both sets being muttully exclusive or unrelated. Example: ‘Assquare representing females and a circle representing males. Thisis represented as follows. LJO EE If both sets ne some common characteristics, then the figures will have a certain interlocking ‘or overlapping area. Example: A triangle representing males anda circle representing tennis players. This is represented as follows: ‘The shaded area here represents those males who are tennis players.Directions for questions 4 to-5: Read the'following-| information carefully and.answer the questions that follow. O denotes shooters EI denotes Hardcore criminals 9 denotes Terrorists ters, who are Tetrorists as well as Hardcore criminals, are represented by @)1 ) 3 (2 @4 . nm Terrorists, who are not Hardcore criminals, are represented by o @2 (b) 3 @4 @1 {Who aré not Terrorists, are Hardcore criminal represented by @3 (2 Number 4 represents ey {@) Terrorists who are not Hardcore criminals (6) Hardcore criminals who are not Terrorists (©) Shooters who are neither Terrorists nor Hardcore criminals *.* (@ Shdoters who are Terrorists ‘Shooters,'who afe either Terrorists or Hardcore criminals but not both of them, are represented nee ad @ 2and3 (©) Sand 4 @tand2 9 @ tand3 Directions for questions 6 to 15: From the given diagram choose the correct option that represents the relationships asked in the following questions. [7 represents Medical A represents Surgical Specialists O represents College Professors CBllege-Professors who are also Surgical 6. ‘Specialists are represented by @) 0).BA, © @ DY. 7." Surgical Specialists who, are also Medical Specialists * but- hot’ Professors are ~. fepresentedby SOX. OLY . @z @.D 8. College Professors who.are both Medical as well *» cas Surgical Specialists are represented by: @)D- (b)°Y¥ os 2 CZ % 1 F@Xes 9 College Professors who ‘are also Medical Specialists are represented by @yz (0) 2X OMY @AY sme 10. Thesection represents 2 (@) College Professors, who, may or. may,not.be Surgical Specialists ~~ . ° {b) Coliege Professors who are Surgical . Specialists... , eo (©) College Professors who are rieither Surgical nor Medical Specialists". . - (@) College Professors who Specialists ‘are “Medical41. College Professors who are Medical Specialists but not Surgical Specialists, and College Professors who are Surgical Specialists but not Medical Specialists are respectively represented by (a) XandY (b) XandD »*(@) DandX (@ Xandz. 42.” ‘Those’ who “are Surgical’as well as Medical Specialists but not College Professors are represented by (@ ZandB (©) ZandD (b) BandX ---@) Zonly 43, Those who are either only College Professors or only. Surgical Specialists or only Medical Specialists are represented by (@) X,AandB (b) A, Band (e) XYaridZ .* @) ¥,BandZ 14. The section B represents (@) College Professors who are not Medical Specialists (0) College Professors. who are not Surgical Specialists. =~ * (@) College Professors who-are neither Medical nor Surgical Specialists (@) Surgical Specialists who are neither College Professors nor Medical Specialists 15. ThesectionCrepresents. / (a) College Professors who.are Surgical ‘Specialists. (©) Surgical Specialists who are Medical Specialists (©) Medical Specialists who are neither Surgical Specialists nor College Professors (@ Surgical Specialists who are Medical Specialists but not College Professors Directions for questions 16 to 25: From among the given fourfigures (a), (b), (c) and (d), choose the figure that represents the relationship among the three given classes 'in'the questicns. @) 0 ) o (( \O 16." Architects; Human beings, Cows 17. Men, Male PhD students, University students 18. India, Orissa, Sydney : 19. Doctors; Men, Professors 20. Men, Tennis players, Bachelors 24, Books, Pages, Pen == 22... Optical inetruments, Lens, Ca 23. Stationery, Pen, Mango 24. -Malés, Husbarids'-Workers: 25. Telephones; Mobile phoriés, Almirah’” Directions for questions 26 to 50: The diagram given’ below has figures which interlock each other. Each figure represents a certain section of people (indicated below it). Different regions of the diagram are lettered from a to g. Read the statements given in the questions and write down the letter-of the region which represents the statement.Directions for questions 26 to 30: Answer the questions based on the following diagram. (*\ (SZ scinna\ 2 / 26. Italians who are Painters but not Sculptors. Nealians Painters 27. Painters who are neither Italians nor Sculptors. 28. Italians who are neither Painters nor Sculptors. 29. Italians who are Sculptors butnot Painters. 30,° Italians who are Painters as well as Sculptors. Directions for quéstions 31 to 35: Answer the questions based on the following diagram. . Administrators 31. Indians wh6Sifieither Males ior Administrators. 32, Indian females whe are Administratofs. 33, Males who areJndiansias well as Administrators. 34, Administrators who are nanainclans and females. 35. _ Indian Males whorare not Administrators. navig mergsib orfT :02 0} 8S enoifeou, Dirsbuibnsterqaéstions ots¥briAnsWer the questions paved Sritretan lager 92 fisNSo of mont boreal Hg encigerin eae dnems, 36. Indians who are neither Politicians nor, ‘Scientists. 37. Indians who are Politicians but not Scientists. 38. Scientists who are Indians but not Politicians. 39, Non-Indian Scientists who are not Politicians. 40, Indians who are Scientists as well as Politicians. , Directions for questions 41 to 45: Aroyerthe questions based on the following diagram. Cricketers ott 27 © Wrestlers ¢ Magicians ‘|-41, Cricketers who are Wrestlers but not Magicians. 42, Magicians who are Wrestlers but not Cricketers. 43. Wrestlers who are Cricketers but not Magicians. 44.; Magicians who’ are neither Wrestlers nor “Cricketers. 45, Cricketers who are Wrestlers as well as Magicians. Directions for questions 46 to 50: Answer the questions based on thefolonng tagran. * “Traders ES) - oiastisiil 46, ee em 1 Professors 47. “nme rade | 48. Professors who are las Tradl! 49," Professors who are Trade aA rismen.. 50. Traders whoare neither Professors nor Sportsmen.Directions for questions 51 to 65: The diagramsgiven | Directions for questions 56 to 60: Answer the questions below have four figures which are interlocked. Different | based on the following diagram. regions of the diagram are indicated by various letters. Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that followit. Directions for questions 51 to 55: Answer the questions based on the following diagrams. Hardworking 56, _ Educated, Hardworking and Honest Urban people are indicated in the diagram by @1 (b) 2 @3 @4 57. Urban people who are Hardworking and Educated but not Honest are indicated by 51. “Inthe diagram, which one of the following letters iis inside the square and the triangle but outside fai (b) 2 the rectangle and the circle? 3 @4 @c (1 . OL @A ° 58, _Non-Urban, Educated people who are neither ms Hardworking nor Honest are indicated by 52. _ Inthe diagram, which one of the following letters @) 5 ©)7 is outside the square and the triangle but inside () 10 @t the rectangle and the circle? . . @D 8B 59. _ Urban, Educated people who are neither Honest @c @A™ nor Hardworking are indicated by @2. " -) 4 53.-- Inthe diagram, which one of the following letters (6 . @9 isin the square, circle and rectangle but not in the triangle? 60. Honest, Educated and Hardworking non-Urban @E Dd people are indicated by. oc @s8 (@) 3 (4 (6 @)9 54. Inthe diagram, which one of the following letters isinside all the figures? @c ) B (A @a . Directions for questions 61 to 65: Answer the questions. based on thefollowing diagram. - 55. _ Inthe diagram, which one of the following letters, atngeeigin the rectangle, square and triangle but not in thesircle? @B » c @A - @eIn the diagram, which one of the followingletters is inside the rectangle and square but outside the | triangle and circle? . (a) G (b)H @F @)J In the diagram, which one of the following letters. isin the tiangle and circle but out of the rectangle and square? ae 0) 0, @k In the diagram, which one of the following letters. isin the circle, triangle and rectangle but out of the square? : @™M “Oy E (H @)-K Inthe diagram, which one of the: following letters is common to all the figures? @k oF OE i OC Inthe diagram, which one of the following letters is in the circle, rectangle and square but out of the triangle?. oa . @s ON @c @F Directions for questions 66 to 69: Answer the questions based on the following diagram: ‘The following diagram is made up of four interlocked figures. Each figure stands for a certain oross section of people as indicated therein. As per the diagram, which one of the following statements is true? @) Allqon-urban persons are sportsmen (©) There are no men who are sportsmen and do not play cricket . (© Allurban menarénot sportsmen (@ All urban men play cricket 3 According to. the diagram, which:one of the following statements is true? Y (@) There are some non-urban female who are sportsmen but not cricketers... =; (b) There are some-urban.men who ate-not cricketers but who are sportsmen. (c) There are no non-cricketer sportsmen among thenor-urbanmen. (@ There are. some urban men who are not crickéters. As.per the diagram, which-of the following statements is definitely false? (@) There.are some.sportsmen who are neither -men nor non-urban and do not play cricket. (b) Allurban men play cricket. (©) Allurban men are not sportsmen. _(@) There are. some non-urban female who play _ Gticket and are sportsinen. According to the diagram, which of the following statements is not true? {@) There are some non-urban, female who-are ~. neither sportsmen nor.cricketers. (b) All non-urban men are sportsmen. (©) Every urban manis cricketer. (d) There are some non-urban female who play cricket. Directions for, questions 70,to 75:, Study the figure carefully and answer the: questions | that follow. In the following figure; the triangle represents ~ doctors, the circle represents players and the rectangle represents artists. 70! -Which numnbéred:space in the figuié represents doctors who are also players and artists? 3 : @5- @2 (471. 74. 7. Which numbered-space in the figure represents arfists who are players? (a) Sandé () Gand? {c) Sands (@) 4and6 Which numbered-space in the figure represents artists who are neither players nor doctors? @1 &) 2 @3 @4 Which numbered-space in the figure represents ‘doctors who are neither players nor artists? @2 () 4 ' @3 @s Which numbered-space in the figure represents players who are neither artists nor doctors? @) 1.2 O34. | 67 @78 Which numbered-space in te figure represents doctors who are players but not artists?” f@2 o) 3 @4 @s Directions for questions 76 to 80: From the given diagram, find out the letters representing the ee oN 76. 78. Magazines\ L Koerue Which among the following represents the Magazines which are Books but not Journals? @M @L (N (@ Nosuch letter Books that are neither Magazines nor Journals are represented by @L )N OM @T Journals that are neither Books nor Magazines are represented by . @N (0) T fL @M 80. Books which are Journals butnot Magazines ao represented by: ~ : @s ) M (ot @R Magazines which are Books as well as Journals are represented by @R (e).S (L~ @N Directions for questions 81 to 85: Answer the questions based on the following information. " In the given diagram, the rectangle represents doctors, ‘the square represents painters and the triangle represents musicians. Doctors who are musicians but not painters are denoted by @2 3 (4 @é The number that represents musicians and painters but not doctors is denoted by @2 | b) 4 5 @6 Which number represents doctors who are musicians as well as painters? @2 3 @4 @s Musicians who are neither doctors nor painters are represented by @1 @3 Which number represents doctors who are painters but not musicians? @2 @4 &) 3 @5Directions for questions 86 to 90: Answer the questions | 87. _Whoamong the followingis.a male, rural resident based on the following information. and also a teacher? : ; @6 7 Inthe given diagram, the rectangle represents females, © 10 @8 ' the triangle represents uneducated, the circle represents . rural, and the square represents teachers, 88, - Who.among'the following is ari uneducated fernale who hails from rural area”? . @4 () 2 @n ‘@5 89. Whoamong the following isa teacher and also a | tural female? @2 @) 1 (2 @6 | 86. _ Whoamong the followingis an uneducated female | 9 fol . | who is not a rural resident? . 7 Nal the fe owing is amale teacher, nol | as 6 @z () 13 ' @s on @4 @6Analytical reasoning consists of a group of questions based on a complicated set of conditions. In this section, ‘passage full ofinformation is given that creates a puzzle in your mind: You are required to keep in mind these conditions, understand their relationship with one another, analyse the given information in a suitable form and answer the questions asked.” No definite rulés can be given to solve these problems. Though some basic guidelines are given belowfor tacking analytical reasoning questions. Basic Guidelines - [Tackle each group of analyt ical reasoning ‘questions as a unit, Analytical reasoning questions require you to think through a complicated set of conditions as you answer a ‘group of questions. I, therefore, makes sense for you to {reat each group of questions as a unit. Do not jump from ‘one group to another before you answer aif the questions ofthe first group. Eisimplify the information by using initials and ™ symbols, , The analytical reasoning questions are not intended to. be ambiguous that means you have to read carefully and understand the precise meanings of the conditions and the questions, Rather lengthy expressions are used to specify clearly the various relationships, and you are likely to find these confusing. Hence, strip away individual names and irrelevant details that confuse the situation and substitute initials for the individual words, and if.a dozen words are taken to describe a relationship, try to express it simply in letters and symbols as shown in the following examples. Wording denoting relationship. Symbol And + Or v Equal to, same as e Not equal fo, not same as t= Arrangement & Grouping Greater than (taller, older, etc.) Not greater than ‘Smaller than (shorter, younger, etc.) Not smalter than > < < 2 Now consider the following staternent. Sohan is taller than Mohan. This can conveniently be expressed as S > M, Work with these symbols if they seem useful'to you. You may prefer other symbols also and add to the list as it suts your convenience OR do your own thing, fit suits you: Highlight key words that limit the situation critically. ‘Some key words are used in problems of this type. which ‘are meant fo represent the conditions or relationships. You! should pay particular attention to them by encircling or marking a tick. Given below are éxamples of commonly occurring key words. All Always At least At most Maybe Cannot be Each Every if, and only if Exactly Consecutive Immediately = Keep your eyes opeh for these words. Itis to be noted that some of these words are ambiguous and admit more than one possibilty. Example: The meaning of the statement ‘Raj follows Rohan’ is that Raj is behind Rohan. (Butnothingis clear about the exact position of Raj.) But when the statement changes to ‘Raj ‘follows Rohan immediately, then the meaning becomes very clear that Raj is immediately behind Rohan.anize information in list, table, map, or ‘When you sttidy.a set of conditions for its implications, you wind up with a mass of information. You need to organize this information. It is useful to list the basic conditions and to note down their implications in ‘the table form. ‘Map or diagram is particularly helpfi wien you are dealirig with a problerh involving the physical or teriporal order of things. For example, itis much easier to tell whether particular route from point A, to point B'is possible or not, when you actually. see points A and B on the map. [EifFirst, eliminate answer choices, rule out by ™ individual conditions, then work throtigh the reniaining cholées or guessés. : ‘Choices are ruled out by making use.of the conditions given. Then put together the other conditions and arrive at the correct choice from among the choices that are |study conditions, not merely for what they state ‘but for what they imply. oH When you read the conditions you should grasp notonly what they explicitly state, but also what they imply, i.e. Cis not greater than. D means C is either fess than or equal to D. [void making unwarranted assumptions. ‘Once you have éet up your table or completed your diagram based on a particular set of conditions, youshould have little difficulty with the group of questions based on those conditions. Hence, you should take care to avoid assumptions which are not warranted by the conditions stated in the problem. For example, ina set establishing relationship of age and height among the, students of a class, you should not assume that a student who is older than another student must be taller than that student, as this can be an incorrect inference from it. So beware of ‘reading too much into,a conaition. . Finally, you are advised to follow the above guidelines carefully and practise more and more of these problems. Some soived examples have been given here, which woul! guide you in solving problems: based on analytical reasoning... 6 1 . Directions for questions 1 to 4: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions. lL Seven meetings ~ A, B, C, D, E, F, and G ~ are to be scheduled, one on each day of a - week that begins on Monday. 1. Amust take place on Monday and B on the last day i... B immediately takes place after C and D, in that IV, -E, and musttake place on three consecutive days, necessarily in that order. 4, Which ig the earliest day of the wesk on which C can take place? (@) Wednesday (0), Thursday () Friday.” (@) Saturday 2 Whichofthe following mustbe true about the order of meetings? (@) C takes place immediately after A (0) C takes place immediately after F (0) E takes place immediately after A (© E takes place immediately after G 3.” ‘If meeting Ais on’Wednesday which is the first ‘day, then B must take place on (@) Tuesday “(b) Wednesday (©) Thursday.” (@) Fiday Which of the following represents a possible ordering of meeting on three consecutive days? (@) ADB (b) BOF . (9 DEA (@) AEF Ein} “The given information can be summarised as follows. = Day Meeting . iM from landil at ‘ aw from IV: 4TH | . BFL wefromill 5" 6sT ___ TSN from Vand Il3a 4d TT ~ 'B must take place on Tuesday. Directions for questions 5 to 9: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions givenbelow, ” . Vil. There aré seven teachers—A, B, C,D, E,FandG ~ Ini a college. Each one of them teaches a different subject among Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Social Science, Zoology, Sanskrit and Commerce, ‘There are 3 feméle and 4 male teachers, and out of these, there are two pairs of couples. C, who teaches Social Science, is marriedto the teacher who teaches Chemistry. Eand Gare femalé teachers who teach Zoology and Physics respectively. A teaches Mathematics, and his wife does not teach Physics. B does not teach Chemistry or Commerce subjects. F and D are male teachers. F is unmarried. Whict'subject does F teach?” : (@) Mathematics. (b) Chemistry, (©) Physics. (d) None ofthese Which subject does B teach? (@)-Physics.. | (©) Commerce (©) Social sciences. :. (6) Cannot be determined ‘Which of the following are two pairs of couples? (@) DC and AE =? "(6) AC@nd DE": () GAend cD (©) Cannotbé determined Which’ subject does'A's wife teach?” Who among.the following, are. the males among ‘the two couples?, - “a AC (by AE () AD (@) Cannot be determined From the giveninformation, we have Porson] Sex | Subject |Marriedto]” From information E__|Famale| Zoology | Ww _[Female{ Physios = W. | — .[ Social _|~awho W |: Scfonce | teaches Chemistry F_| wale lUninaried) Vir D_| Wale vi K_| Wale |Nathematics [Does not | _V teach, Physics Now, as B does not teach Chemistry or Commerce, then F and D teaches Chemistry or Commerce in’any order. As C is married to the person who teaches Cliemistry and F is unmarried, therefore D teaches Chemistry and ‘Cis female. Also B teaches Sanskrit. Wife of A does not teach Physics, then she teaches Zoology. ‘Therefore the complete table will be as follow: Person |». Sex Subject | Married . to E | Female [~ Zoology A | Female | Physics = C__| Female [Social Science| _D F ‘Male | Commerce | Unmarted D Male | Chemistry c BR ‘Male_| Mathematios |__-E B__ | Male [Sanskrit ~ = 5d 8bDirections for questions 10 to 14: Read the following | From!V:C (Magician)is married to B (Badminton player). information carefully and answer the questions... From Vil: Bis female and C is male. |... Sixpersons-A, B,C, D, E and F aremembersof | From Ik: Eis Musician. aclub. ‘Therefore the complete table will bé as follow: “ se teamibten’ player musicians, two | (Person | Sex | Occupation | Married are badminton players, one is a photographer and one isa mapjcian. x Male [Photographer] I.’ “A, thé ‘pHotographer, is married to D who is a B Female | Badminton c musician. Player IV... The magician is’martied to’ B who is of C___[Male [Magician 8 the same profession as that of F. = D Female | Musician A A, B, C and-D are two married couples =z = Musician = inthe group. = = VF, the unmarried badminton player, is FU) Male Baciinton Unmarried the brother of C. vy VIL in the pair of badminton players, only one | yn. 4p 2a 13d 14d ismale. 7 n " 7 . va The ore married musician in the-group is | Siregtions for questions 15 to 19: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions. |. + Thereisa family consisting of 6 persons L, M,N. 10. . Which of the following is a pair of musicians? -- ©, P and Q. They are professor, Businessman, (@) BandE (©) Band F Chartered Accountant, Bank Manager, Engineer (©) DandE @).Aandc and Medical Representative. , , There are 2 married couples in the family. 11. Whois the magician in the group? ll. O, the Bank Manager; is married to the lady @B "professor. &) Cc 1V. Q,'the Medical Representative, is the son of M (Ee and brother of P. (@) Cannot be determined V. __Nuthe Chartered Accountant, is the daughter-in- lawofL=. 12. Whatisthe profession of B? | VI. The Businessman is married to the Chartered (a) Badminton player Accountant. (b) Musician VI Pis'an unmarried Engineer. (ce), Magician Vill. Lis the grandmother of Q. (@) Cannot be determined > 5 . . 15. Howis P related to Q? 43.” Which of the following is definitely a pair of males @ Brother only? * (b) Sister (@) AandB (©) Band (©) Cousin . (o) EandF (@) None of these : (@) Either brother or sister |, 14 Which one ofthe following isa pair ofonly married | 16. _ Which of the following isthe profession of M? '.”_ femalesin the group? (@) Professor . @o (6) AD ° (b) Chartered Accountant (AB @pBD . . (©) Businessman rT (@) Medical Representative eatin . - 47. Which of the following is the profession of L? From Ill and Vill: A (Photographer)-is married to D (@) Professor (Musician) and Dis female. (©) Chartered Accountant From VI: Fis an unmarried male Badminton player. (c) Businessman From V: B and C are the married couple. (@) Engineer48. _ Which of the followings one of the couples? . ) OM (a) QO (© PL @ MN. . 19. Howis O related to Q? ‘ (@) Father (b) Grandfather (©) Uncle {@) Brother ition| Given @ 0, Bank Manager x Lady professor... from Ill () Q, Medicine representative, Q is the son of Mand brother of P. ~»fromlV (ii) N, Chartered Accountant and is the daughter-in-law of en ftom V (¥) Businessman is married to chartered accountant () Pisunmarried Engineer (vi) Lis grandmother of Q (vi) Two married couples Nisfemale Qand P are kids of M Ois married to L + from Ill and Vill, V and IV Misbusinessman and married to N -» from Vi-and above statement, Finally, we get the following table. (Grandfather) (Grandmother) (Bank © “"L (Professor) manager) = (Chartered 7 N_ Accountant) “| (@aughter-in-law) married to (Businessman) M (Son) (Male) Q P (Engineer) (Medical Representative) 16.0 17a 15.d 18.4 19.b Directions for questions 20 to 24: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions. | Five gentlemen Mr Ajay, Mr Bijay, Mr Vinay, Mr Sanjay and Mr Akshay are practising five different professions — Engineering, Medical, Law, Chartered Accountancy and Architecture. Each ‘one can play only one of the five different instruments: Tabla, Violin, Sarod, Sitar and Flute. |, MrAjay is a doctor and can play Sarod. I. The sitarist is not an Engineer. 2. ized 20.b qt) @) 3) @) 6) ©) ‘Mr-Vinay and Mr Bijay are not Architects and they cannot play Tabla. Mr Bijay can play Violin. Mr Akshay is a Lawyer and can play Flute. Which instrument does Mr Vinay play? {@) Sarod () Sitar (©) Violin @ Flute What is the profession of Mr Bijay? (@) Engineer (©) Doctor « () Lawyer (d), Chartered accountant Who is an Architect? (@) MrAjay (b) MrAkshay (©) MrBijay (@) MrSanjay What is the profession of Mr Vinay? (@) Doctor (b) Engineer (c) Lawyer (@) Chartered accountant, Which instrument can an Architect learn from a doctor? (@) Flute (b) Sitar (©) Sarod (@) Violin Qa 22d 23d 2he Ajay—Doctor—Sarod [from (i)] Akshay —Lawyer— Flute [from(vi)] Bijay — Violin [from (v)] Vinay — Chartered accountant — Sitar {from (i), (il) and (iv)) Bijay — Engineer — Violin [from (i) and (iv)] Sanjay—Architect —Tabia_[byall above and ()] So the final table looks like as follows. Name | Profession _|Instrumeni ‘Alay Doctor * ‘Sarod Akshay Lawyer Flute Vinay [Chartered accountant| Sitar Bijay | ___ Engineer Violin Sanjay ‘Architect TablaDirections for questions 1 to 5: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions. P,Q, R, Sand are students coming from Delhi, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Merit and Kanpur. They have topped in different subjects, j.e: Mathematics, English, Hindi, Science and Geography. The student who has topped in Hindi is not from Delhi. I. The student from Kanpur has topped in mathematics. | ‘Qcomes from Meerut and § from Delhi. IV. __ The student from Chandigarh has not topped in science. V. ~ Ptopped in science and T in geography. 4. Which ofthe students has topped in Hindi? {a)P )Q @R + @.None of these 2... Froin which city does the topper'of English come from? (@) Delhi (b)" Lucknow (©) Chandigarh (d) None of these 3. In which subject has the student from. Chandigarh topped in? (@) Mathematics’ —_ (b) Hindi (©) Geography.’ - ) None of these 4. Fromhich city does the topper of Science come from? “(@) Lucknow (b) Meerut (©) Kanpur “@) None of these 5, “From which citydoes R come from? (@) Lucknow (b) Chandigarh * (¢) Dei ~ @ Norie of these. Directions for questions 6 to 10: Read the given information carefully and answer the | ‘questions. Eight persons L, M, N, P, Q, R, S and T are sitting equidistance on a round table conference facing the centre. 1 Resits between L and S: lS, who is the neighbour of Q,-sits three places to the right of T. {ll sits two places to the right of T. NV. Masits thes placestotheleftofR. ¢ 6. Whosits diagonally. opposite to M? @P @L ls ©a - (d) None of these 7. __ Between which two persons does S sit? @ Landa (bY Mand (©) Randa (@)'Norie ofthese” 8. ~ Whoéits diagonally opposite to S? @N () P @T (@) Either Nor 9. Which one of the following s Q's neighbour? @s - or @T 10." Whosits immediately to the left of L? @R ° @a (@) None of these Directions for questions 11'to 15: Read the given information carefully and answer the questions. “ P,Q, R,S, T.and U play basketball, cricket, football, hockey, wrestling and tennis... .. - U, who is heavier than a and is lighter than 4. mM. P, whois betwéen.Q and Rin decreasing order of Weight, plays cricket. IV. Qand Raré'into neither wrestling nor hockey. V. The lightest among them plays hockey. VI. Risheavier than at least person. 41. Who among the followingis the heaviest? @a . (b) R *. @ hee often aa ©@T 12. ‘Which sport does U play? , IS» (@) Wrestling (©) Basketball (©) Cricket @ Tennis 43, Whoamong the following plays hockey? @aQ s (o) ©@T (@) None of theseWhich spertsdoas@ ney? : (@) Football», = : () Basketball (c) Either football or basketball « @) None ofthese » @. rt Directions for questions 16 to 20: Read the given information carefully and answer the questions. - A,B,C, D, Eand F are 6 friends, among them there are 2'married couples (and rest unmarried) and pursue 6 different professions. i.e. lawyer, doctor, teacher, editor, counsellor and housewife. | Disthe housewife and is married to the doctor. I. Cisaneditor. Il A, who is married to the teacher, is a lawyer. \V. _ Bisnotthe teacher and E is unmarried. 16. _ Howmany female members are there in the group? @1 (b) 2 () 3 . . (@) Cannot be determined 17. Who among the followingis the teacher? @B WE (OF (@) None of these 18. Whatis the profession of E? (@) Counsellor (@) Doctor . (©) Teacher @ Noneof these 19. Who atnong the following ‘are the unmarried members of the group? - (@ EandF () Fandc (© Eandc *@) None ofthese “The married couples are (@A—F and B-C: i(b) B-DandA=C (c) C-FiandA-E. @ A=FandB-D Directions for.questions 21 to-25: Read the given information carefully and answer the questions. Five books A, B, C, D and E have to be proofread in 6 hr where 4 hour needed per book. - |. Abreak of 1 hour Has to be taken iri the third or fourtti hour. ll... Proofreading cannot be started with Aand has to endinc. . I. D’has to follow B immediately with no break in- between. IV, — Acannotbe done immediately after D. V.._ Ahas to precede E immediately with no break in- between. 21. Which hour is the break hour? (a) Third (©) Fourth () Fifth (@ None of these’ 22... ‘Which isthe first book tobe proofread? @o A @B (@) None of these 23. _ Whichis the book proofiead immediately after the break? : @D DA . @B (d) None of these 24. Which books proofread imrnediately after D? @B . (o) E- _. @c (@) None of these 25. Which book is proofread immediately after E? @ar (oe) E oe (@) None of these Directions for questions 26 to 30: Read the given information carefully and answer the questions. Amit, Bharti, Charan, Deepak and Eshdan are friends sitting in a restaurant, They are wearing caps of 5 different colours — yellow, blue, green, white and red.’Also they are eating 5 different snacks — burgers, sandwiches, ice cream, pastries and pizza. |. The person wearing a red cap is eating pastries. Il.» Amitdoes not eat ice cream and:Charan is eating sandwiches. Il. Bhartiwears a yellow cap and Amit wears a blue cap. IV. Estigan’s eating piza andisnot wearing a green cap. 26: WhatisAmit eating? (@)-Burgers (b) Sandwiches (© Icecream (@ Pastries ...27. — Who among the following friends is wearing the green cap? (a) Amit (b) Bharti (©) Charan (@) Deepak 28, Which of the friendsis eating ice cream? @ Amit (b) Bharti (©) Charan (d) Deepak 29, What is the colour of the cap that Eshaan is wearing? (@ Yellow (&) Blue (©) Green (@) White 30. Which of the following combinations is not correct? (2) Yellow loe cream {b) Red + Pastries (©) Green + Pizza (@ Blue + Burgers Directions for questions 31 to 35: Read the given information carefully and answer the questions. Six persons — A, B, C, D, E and F — are sitting ‘equidistance around a circular table facing the centre. L Cis sitting in-between A and F. I. Bis sitting two places to'the right of E. ll Dis sitting two places to the left of F. 31. _ Betwoen which two persons does D sit? (@) FandB (b) EandB (© CandB @ AandB 32. Whoissitting diagonally ‘opposite to A? @F : (b) ¢ @E (@) None of these * 33. Which of the following ss neighbour to his ight? @eE )F ©@©B @oD 34. Whois sitting diagonally opposite to E? @A )B oc @F 38. Between which two persons does F sit? (@) CandD (b) Cand (©) CandB @ Dande Directions for questions. 36 to 40: Read the given information carefully and answer the questions. Eight persons L, M, N, P, Q,R, Sand T are sitting around a square table such that there are two person sitting on each side and all are facing the centre. 1 ‘Only P sits between Land S. U,_Qsits two places to the left of L. Il R, whois T’s neighbour, sits opposite to L. IV. Msits two places to the'left of R. 36. Who sits opposite to P? © @T (N @s 37. Who sits two places to the right of S? @P )M @T @e 38. Between which two persons does L sit? (@) Mand P ()) Nand P (c) NandR (d) TandQ 39. Which of the following is aneighbour of L? @s wa @P @R 40. Who sits exactly opposite to Q? @s (b) P OM @N Directions for questions 41 to 45: Read the given information carefully arid answer the questions. A,B, C, D, E and F are six students of a class. Each one tias topped in one of the six different subjects, viz. mathematics, English, Hindi, history, geography and science but not in the order as given. Again each one has got a different overall rank, 4 to 6 and in higher rank than 2. 1. The highest ranker has topped in science. I -De-whois higher in rank than E but lower than A, has topped in history. lL The lowest ranker arriong therm has topped in mathematics. 1V. A and E have topped in neither science nor geography. F has topped in geography. F inorder of rank is lower than E, who Has topped in Hindi and higher than C. s<41. Who has topped in science? @a () B (0. (@).None of these 42, Who among them has the lowest rank? . @A (bo) B (Dd (@) None ofthese 43, Which subject has A topped in? (a) Mathematics (b) English (©) Hindi (@-None of these 44, Which rank does F hold among the six students? (@) First (b) Second . (©) Third Y@) Fifth 45. Which’subject has E topped in? ” (@) Mathematics (6) English (©) Hindi (@) None ofthese Directions for questions 46 to’50: Réad the given information carefully and answer the questions. U,V, W:'X, Yand Z are members of a familly consists of three generations and two married couples. The different professions in the family aré professor, doctor, Tanager, banker, housewife and lawyer. L Yis married to U who is a professor.. w X, who is a housewife, is the mother of U. lM. Vis the grandfather of W who is a doctor. IV. Y,whois the father of the doctor, is not a banker. V. _Zisthe granddaughter of X and is a manager. Which of the family membersis the banker? 46. @y: ov @w (@ None ofthese 47. Whats the profession of Y? (@) Manager (0) Doctor (c) Lawyer (@) None of these 48. Howmany female membersare there In the family? (@) ‘Two (b) Three (©) Four (@) Cannot be determined 49. Whois the husband of the housewife? @)W ) V Zz (d). None of these 50. -Howis W related to Z? @) Sister (b) Brother (c) Father (@ Cannot be determined Directions for questions 51 to 55: Read the given information carefully and answer the questions. Six lectures on six different subjects — physics, chemistry, biology, algebra, geometry and astronomy — have to be scheduled (one’on each day) across 7 days starting Sunday and ending Saturday. The schedule has to be drawn out for the subjects such that: - |." Oneday has fo be a holiday and it can be neither Sunday nor Saturday. I. Geometry hastobe scheduledimmediately after algebra. Il. Physics cannot start the series in the week and has to be done exactly two days before astronomy, IV. Biology has to be taught on Thursday and cannot immediately follow physics. What subject wil start the seriesof lectures? (@) Algebra (b) Chemistry: (©) Physics (d) None of these Which of the following days isa hotiday? (@) Monday (b) Tuesday. (c) Wednesday @ None of these (Onwhich day is the lecture in physics scheduled? (@) Monday (b) Tuesday (©) Wednesday (d) Norieofthese « 54, On which day is. the lecture in geometry scheduled? (@) Monday (b) Tuesday (6) Wednesday. (d) None ofthese 55. How many days after physics, is ‘biology scheduled? (@) One (b) Three (©) Four (@) None of these-) Syllogism, Logical Connectives . - and Course of Action Basics of Logi Deduetive Logic eo F It helps to think of deductive reasoning'in terms of syllogisms. A syllogism is-a deductive argument relating two premises and a conclusion, all of which are quantified propositions, i.e. propositions joining concepts by using words such as'some' and all’. Deductive logic is-used'to-derive conclusions from premises where the truth ofthe conclusion must always be contained in the trath of the premises. * Tounderstand the structure of an argument. * To identify arguments involving deductive and inductive reasoning. Let us start by first understanding terms ike argument, premise arid conclusion. Argument — An ‘argument, expresses a, single compréhensive act of thought which gives judgement and is supported by two statements. So it consists of three propositions. Itis divided into two parts: Premises and Conclusion, Premises — Two proposition which support the third proposition giving judgement are called ‘Premises’ Conclusion — The third proposition which gives a Judgement and is supported by two premisesis called a ‘Conclusion’. Let's consider an argument. 1. All students are wise. 2. Raviisastudent. 3. Raviiswise. Here obviously propdsitions 1 and 2 are the premises and the proposition 3 which follows from the first two propositions, is called the conclusion. CERES Consider the follwing ample. Loe 4. Allmammals have lungs. 2,, Cowisamammal,.. . - 3. Cowhas lungs. .- Irrespective of any other characteristies of a cow, Le. i gives ‘milk, it is white, etc., the conclusion that a cow has lungs ‘holds good, if (1) and (2) are true. .. [itis is deductive logi ‘Some characteristics of dedi +" itis a'valid argument. + Nothing can further stfengthen this argufnent, ie. ‘no statement can make the conclusion more valid, : ” Ahother way of looking at dedultive logicis that when a ‘specific’ conclusion is derived from a set of general "statements, then itis deductive logic, In the previous example, if we alter the sequence of sentences, i.e. . 1. Cowisa mammal: 2. Cowhastungs. «<7. , 3. Allmammals have lungs. : . The conclusion that all mammals have lungs i is not necessarily valid. However, itis not necessarily invalid. There is a probability of this conclusion being true. [tis is inductive logic. ° Some characterises of inductive logic: The coneliision cannot be said to be either totally invalid orvaiid. + Adltion of certain other premises may make the conclusion either more valid or invalid. + Atiother way of looking at inductive logic is that when general’ conclusion is derived from a set of specific statements, then itis inductive logic. [Deductive Lo, ‘The premises in deductive logic can be either affirmative or negative and can also be universal or particular. Thuswe have basically four types of premises as summarized below: : : Affirmative Negative Universal, AllP,greQ NoPisQ Particular.” ., SomePare’@ Some Pare not@ Let us understand éach of these four statément in their entirety. JAlParea This statement means that there is no P which is not a Q. For those who understand the. language of. sets, it means that P is a sub-set of Q. One of the most common mistakes made in interpreting this statement is that there are certain Q which’are not ” P. This is false reasoning. Itis just a possiblity that there are certain Q that are not P but we cannot be sure of it. Itis quite possible that the entire set of P and Qoverlap with each other: Similarly we also cannot conclude that ‘All Q are P' as there is a possibility of some Q not being P Thus there are two possible venn diagrams for this statement: This statement is the simplest and has just one interpretation i.e. the two sets of P and @ are disjoint or donotovertap. ‘Thus we can conclude that no P isaQ ‘and also that no QisaP. [some P are Q The meaning of this statement is that there is atleast one P which is a Q. Thus we can also conclude from this statement that ‘some Q are P’ because there is atleast one entity which is both a P and Q. . This statement is most prone to be misunderstood. One of the most common misuriderstandings of this statement isthe conclusion ‘Some P are not Q’. Please note ‘Sorie Pare Q' does not mean ‘Some P are not Q’. Understand. itthis way : the faculty of a class knows two individuals of the class personally and know that they are inteligent. Thus he is right in saying ‘some students of this class are intelligent. At-the same time-all the student may also be intelligent, itis just that he does"not know them well. The faculty when he says‘that'some students of this class are intelligent is just referring to those two individuals. The faculty isnot making a remark’on the others. The others may also be intelligent. Infact, there are FOUR possible venn diagrams for this statement. .” I are not Q ‘Again here all that we know that there is atleast one P which is not a Q. “ Please note the ‘atleast’. It Is quite possible that no P may be a Q. Thus the conclusion that “some P are Q’ cannot follow this statement. To summarize: : ~~ Correct ‘Commonly made conclusion wrong conclusion AIP areQ Some QareP AiG areP NoPisQ No QisP — Some PareQ SomeQareP Some P are not Q Some P are — ‘Some P are Q. not Q Some Q are not P Nowlets move on to find the inferences drawn from two such statements. Ideally we will try to eliminate the use of venn diagrams and try to decipher the conclusions verbally. Stive hard to visualize the venn diagram ifrequired and not to draw it as venn diagrams are nothing but crutches and unniecessarily take time.were kena Le) To | -G._. Start by working backwards, i.e. from the given vase onOigeS. bey “always take the given premises to be true. Do not use general knowledge here. Trees may not be blues and reds may:not be blacks, but the idea is to find the logical connection between. the premises. and select the conclusion...Do not let . the premise distract you into general knowledge and vice versa. are __ Eliminate choices where a statement negates a previous statement. 4,... Practice enough questions, so thatyou don'tneed to draw Venn diagrams. Avoid drawing Venn diagrams during the exam, as there is a time constraint exceptin case you wish to validate your answer and of course, if time allows. Directions for questions 1 to 10: You are required to. choose from among the given four diagrams — (a), (b), (Cand (4) —the diagram that best ilustrates arelationship among the three given classes in the questions. @ © ©) O Eatables, Meat, Venison 2. Criminals, Thieves, Murderers. 3. Bachelors, Doctors, Husbands 4, Food, Spaghetti, Oven 5. Food, Rice, Belt 6. Beverages, Liquor, Juice 7. Matter, Solid, Gas . 8 Chair, Table, Fumiture 9" Cutlery, Spoon, Chair 10. . Croissants, Baked eatables, Brown bread Directions for questions 11 to 35: In each question, two statements are followed by two conclusions, andl. You have to take the given two statements tobe true even if they Seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then ‘decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts. . Mark the answer F (@)__ifonly conclusion | follows - (b)ifonly conclusion Itfollows, (0) if both and'll follow (@ _ ifneither I nor I follows 11. Statements: ‘Some clouds are thunder. Allcloudsare rain. Conclusions: . 1 Those clouds which are not thunder, are also rain, II. Those clouds which are not thunder, are not uo» Mecessarily rain. os 12, Statements: ‘Some tins are pens. Some pens are rods. Conclusions: L. Norodistin. 1. Some tins are rods. 13, Statements: ‘Some sabresare bombs. Key is a sabre. . Conclusions: 1. Some bombsare sabres. I, Some keys are bombs. 14, Statements: Alllenses are hors. No horn is colourful. Conclusions: : 1. Some lenses are colourful. Il. Nolensis colourful. 45. Statements: Allflirts are smart. All smart are rotten. Conclusions: | Allrotten are flirts. Il. All smarts are flirts,16. 21. Statements: All puppies are dogs. All dogs are trained. Coriclusions: 1. Some trained are puppies. M. Alltrained are puppies. Statements: ' All advocates are obese. ‘Some obese are priests. Conclusions: 1. Some advocates are priests. f Statements: Some psychiatrists are singers. Allsingersare tall. = Conclusions: 1. Some psychiatrists are tall. Il. All psychiatrists are tall. Statements: All coins are crows. ‘Some crows are pens. Conclusions: No penis coin. Il. Some coins are pens. Statements: ‘ All magicians are dumb. ‘Some magicians are educated. Conclusions: 1. Some dumb are magicians. Il. Some educated are dumb. ‘Statements: All cots are tablets. - ‘Some chimps are tablets. Conclusions: 1. Some cots are chimps. I. Some chimps are cots. Statements: All willows are nettles. ‘Some trees are willows. Conclusions: ~ |. Some trees are nettles. Il. Some trees are not nettles. Statements: ‘Some dolls blink. Alldolls burble. ‘Some priests are advocates. « 24. 28. Conclusions: 1. Those dolls which do not blink, also| burble. Il, Those dolls which. do. not_blink, don’t necessarily burble. Statements: ” Some fools are intelligent. ‘Some foolsare great. Conclusion 1, “Some intelligent are great.” Il. All great are intelligent Statements: Some pumpkins are fat. ‘Some fat are purple. Ul, Some purple are pumpkins. Statements: : ‘Some bosses are punctual. ‘Some punctual are genial. > Conclusions: 1. Nogenialis a boss. ‘Some bosses are genial. Statements: ‘Some sea-men are foolish. ‘Some sea-men areilliterate. Conclusions: |. Allilliterate are foolish. . Nosea-men are foolish. Statement: All boys are heroes. Sandy is ahero. . Conclusions: 1. Sandy is a boy. HN. All heroes are boys. Statements: All great scientists are college dropouts. ‘Some criminals are college dropouts. * “ Conclusions: 1. Some criminals are great scientists. - Ul. All great scientists are criminals. ‘Statements: ‘Samprasis a good sportsman. Sportsmen are strong. Conclusions: 1. Allstrong persons are sportsmen. Il. Samprasis strong.31. Statements: Allof my classmates are inotigent. Ravinder is not intelligent. Conclusions: |. Ravinderis not my classmate. II. Ravinder needs to sharpen uphis brains. Statements: ——— All hippopotami have skin. Rojo is a hippopotamus. ; ! Conclusions: 1. Rojo has skin. 1. Animals other than hippopotamus do nothave skin. ‘Statements? Some sunglasses are blue. Ray-Ban is a sunglass. Conclusions: “ 1. Some blue are sunglasses. Il. Some Ray-Bansare blue. ‘Statements: ~ “ Some men are broad-minded. Broad-minded people are educated.’ Conclusions: I. Alleducated, people ‘are broad-minded. Il. Some men are educated. Statements: ‘Some pious people are priests. Joseph is a priest. Conclusions: I. Some priests are pious. Il. Joseph is pious. Directions for questions 36 to 50: In each ofthe folowing questions, three statements 1, 2 and 3 are followed by four conclusions |, Il Ill, IV. You have to.take the given statements to be true even if they appear tobe at variance with commonly known facts, and then decide which of the conclusions logically follow(s) from the given statements. For each question, mark the answer choice “that you think is correct. 36. Statements: 4. Allbibs are red. 2. Allredare flowers. 3. No flowers are tablets. ~ 7. Conclusions: I. Some flowersare bibs.s; I. No tablets are bibs: Ill, Some red are bibs. IV, Some tablets are red: (@) |, land il follow (©) Il, Mand lVotlow (6) Only land It follow: (@) Only and ill follow + Statements: - 4. Some books are bibs.” 2. All bisouits are pencils. 3. No bibs are biscuits. Conclusions: . - © IC 'Some books are not biscuits. |. Some bibs are not pencils. uM. ‘Some books are not pencil IV. Some pencils are not: bibs. (@) land IV follow (0) Hand IV follow (© Land Illfollow @ Hand lll follow ‘Statements: 4. Allbigare novels. 2. Some novels are willows. 3. Nowillowsis pencil. . - Conclusions: ¥ 1. Somewilloware big. < Il, Some novelsare pencils. Nowillowis big. IV. Some novelsarenot pencils. (@) land either Ilor lV follow (b) |, Ilan IV follow (6) §,Mandill follow (d) Only IV foflows ‘Statements: 4. Some whites are Canadians. 2, Some Americans are whites. 3. NoAmericanis a black. Conclusions: 1. Some Canadians are Americans. Il. Some whites are blacks. * ‘Some blacks are not Canadians. IV. Some whites are not blacks.” !41. 42, (@) land IV follow (0) Hand Il follow (©) Only I follows (@) Only iV follows Statements: 1. All knots are tight. 2. Nocollaris tight. 3. Some bush-shirts are knots.” Conclusions: 1. Some bush-shifts are collars. Il, Some bush-shirts are tight. Ill, Some collars are not bush-shirts. IV. Some bush-shirts are not collars. @ Onlyitanditfollow. = (©) Only! and IV follow (©) Both 1 & IVfollows @ Only IV follows Statements: . 4. Allcrooked are spades. | 2. Allbig are jaded. 3. Some bigare crooked. - Conclusions: I... Some jaded are crooked. ll, Some spades are crooked. ML, Some crooked are jaded. IV. Soime spades are big. (@) I,landil follow” () Il land IV follow (©) Iyiland iV follow, * @) Allfollow Statements: | 4. Some peopie are nice. 2. Some foreignersare people. 3. Noforeignerisa Canadian. Conclusions: . L. Some foreigners are nice. I. Some people are Canadians. I, Some foreigners are not nice. IV. Some people are not Canadians. (@) Both tl and tiifotlow (©) Both l!and IV follow (©) Both lV and | follow (@ Only !V follows 46. Statements: 4. All goats are boxes: 2. Some goats are flowers. 3. No chocolate is box. Conclusions: 1. Some flowers are chocolates. . No goats are chocolates, Ill. Some flowers are boxes. IV. Some flowers are nofchocsltes. @ Il, Mand IV follow () |, land IV follow (©) Only tl and Illfollow. (@) Only Il follows Statements: 4. Some Indians are not Americans. 2 AllAmericans are Asians. *. 3. SomeAsians are Americans. Conclusions: : 1. Some indians ara not Asians. Nl, All Americans are not indians. All Americans are Indians. * IV, Some Americansare Indians. (a) Only follows. {b) Only tI follows (0) Only Ill follows (@) None follows Statements: 4. Some candies are papers. 2. All papers are vanillas. 3. Some vanillas are trams. Conclusions: 1. Some candies are trams. |. Some papers are trams. 1. Some trams are papers. IV. Some vanillas are candies. (@) Only land Ill follow (b) land IV follow + © Only IV follows (@) Il, tlLand IV follow Statements: 4. No foods are mangoes. 2. Nooranges are potatoes. 3. All mangoes are oranges,47. 49. Conclusions: 1. Some foods are not oranges. Il. Some oranges are not foods.. Ill, Nomangoes are potatoes. 1V, Some oranges are foods. (@) Only tit and follow (0) Only Il andV follow {c) Onlytand I follow {d) Only Il and Ill follow Statements: 4. Some cots are docks. 2. All cots are clocks. 3. No frock is clock. Conclusions: I. Nofrockis’a dock. Il. No frock is a cot. {Ml, Some-docks are not frocks. IV. Some docks are frocks. ~~ (@) Both Ill and IV follow (b) Both | and Il follow (©) Both and Ill follow (@) f,Mand Il follow Statements: - : 4. Some tumblers até capsules.” 2. No capsule isa medicine. 3. Allmedicines are syrups. Conclusions: 1 Some tumblers are not medicines. Il, Nomedicineis a tumbler. Ill, Some syrups are capsules. IV, Some syrups are not capsules. (@) Litland il follow (©) Lllland IV follow (©) Il, Mand IV follow (d) Land IV follow" ‘Statements: 1. All coats are paints. 2. Nopaints are shirts. 3. Some shirts are vests. Conclusions: 1, Some vests aré shirts. Il, Some coats are shirts. IIL, No coat isa shirt. | 1V. Some vests are not coats. (@) |, land Il follow (&) landIV follow (©) Fandill follow (@) |, and IV follow 50. Statements: 4. Allchimpsare monkeys...» 2. Nomonkeysare mammals. 3. Somiehorsesare mammals... Conclusions: , 1. Some horses are not. chimps. Il. Some horses are not monkeys. Ill, Some monkeys are not. chimps. + IV. No chimp is a mammal. (@) |, Wand IV follow J () Il,tlland IV follow we (©) land IV follow (@ | land IV follow Basics of Logic - Il In Logic, a statement is a'sentence or @ part of a sentence which is true or false (it has a'truth value), Any statements termed as the Proposition. “Shyam will join the Law College.” Logical Connect The above sentence is a good'example of a proposition. | There can be Simple Statements or Compound Statements. “Shyam will join the Law College.” The above sentence is a good-example of a simple statement as it does not contairva logical connective. Compound Statements are two simple statements connected by a logical connective, such as and, or, if +» then etc. “ “Ram is going to college and Hari is going to college.” * “If Shyam passes the exam, then he will join the law college.” The above sentences are good examples of compound statements as they contain a logical connective (and in the first and if...then in the second).Propositional Logic is the first stage in logic. It deals with the manipulation of the logical implications of linked propositions or statements. “Consider the statement: “if Shyam passes the exam, then he will Hin the law college.” ‘The parts of this statement, “Shyam passes the exam,” and “Shyam willjoin the law college.” are two staternerits linked by words “if” and “then”. These linking words are called Logical Connectives. We will also see, in due time, that the validity of the propositional inferences depends on the arrangement of propositions by logical connectives. Keeping this in mind, let's continue with the basics. Following are the logical connectives used in basic ‘compound sentences, Ram is going to college and Hari is going to college. (Conjunction) Ramis going to college or Hari is going to college. (Disjunetion) If Ram is going to college then Hari is going to college. (Conditional) Ram is going to college if and only if Hari is going to college. - (Bi-conditional). Ramis not going to college. (Negation) For the most part, language contains rich shades that propositional logic ignores. There are others thatit does address but we will ignore them in the begirining- - To begin with, consider the seemingly easy.connective “‘f..., then....”. Its meaning has perplexed both the philosopher and the fayman through the ages. The statement “if A, then.B” means by definition “if Ais true,-then B must be true as well,” and nothing more. . : Forex. Ifitis raining then itis cloudy. : We know from experience that if itis raining, then itis cloudy. So if we see rain falling past the window, we can validly conclude that it is cloudy outside. There are three statements that can be derived from the implication “if A, then B”; twovare invalid, and one is valid, From “if A, then B” you cannot conclude “if.B, then A." For example, if itis cloudy, you cannot conclude that itis raining. From experience, this example is obviously ‘true; it seers silly that anyone could commit such an error. However, when the implication is unfamiliar to us, this fallacy can be tempting, ‘Another, and not as obvious, fallacy derived from “if A, then-B” is to conclude “if not A, then not:B’: Again, consider the weather example. If it is not raining, you cannot conclude that it is not cloudy—it may still be overcast. This fallacy is popularwith students. Finally, there is one statement that is logically equivalent io “ifA, then B.”. Namely, “if not B, then not A.” This iscalled the CONTRA POSITIVE, anditis very important. ithereis a keytoprtormingwoton ine gi secton, it isthe contra positive. To show the contra positive's validity, we once again look at our weather example. If it is not cloudy, then from. experience we know that it cannot possibly be raining. We now know two things about the implication “if A,. then BY: 1. IfAis true, then B must be true. 2. If Bis false; then A must be false. If you assume no more than these two facts about an implication, then you will no fal for the fallacies that trap many students. We often need to rephrase a statement when it's worded in away that obscures the information it contains. Type -1i Negation of a negative statement Ina question on the test, as in everyday speech, two negatives make a positive i.e. they cancel each other out. i.e. not (not A) =A Let us consider the following example: “It's not true that the witness did not speak the truth.” It means that the witness did speak the truth. Let's understand in a better way. Premise A: Witness spoke the truth. Premise not A: Witness did not speak the truth. Prémnise not (not A): It’s not true that the witness did not speak the truth. Examp! le: “itis not the case that Jay did not pass the test” means the same thing as “Jay did pass the test.” Type—2: The logical relation of “A only if B” and “if A, then B”“Aonly if B’ means that when A occurs, B must also occur. Thatis, “if A, then B*. . . Acnly if B= if A, then B Consider the following statement: . “Jay will -do well on the test only if he studies hard”. is logically equivalentto “if Jay did well in the test, then he rust have studied hard.” <5" ———) = Note: Students often wrongly interpret this ‘statement to mean“if Jay studies hard, then he will dowell on the test.” There is no such guarantee. The only guarantee is that fhe has not studied hard he will not also well in ‘the test. Aas Example: - das - Sanjay will pass the course only if he passes the final exam. : Type The logical relation of “A unless B” and “if not B, then A” . uo The statement “Aunless B” means ‘that Ais true in all cases, except when Bis trué. In other words if Bis false, * then A must be true. That is, ifnot B, then A. Example: . : ve “Sagar will take the bus to college unless his father drives him in his car.” logically means, “If his father does not drive him in his car; then Sagar will take’ the bus to. college.” Wie Go L Type-4: , ‘The Transitive property» 3 The two statements “if A, then B” and “If B, then'c* can be combined to give “if A, then G.” This is ‘called the transitive property. From the two statements “if Jay did well on the test, then he studied hard” and “if Jay studied hard, therihe did not party the night before the test” you can conclude that “if Jay did wel on the test, then he did not party the night before the test.” This implies (“If A, then B” and “if B,-then-C”) (ifA, then”), . Example 1: oo: . P: IfRajanwon the match; then he played well: @ — IfRajan played well, then he concentrated: - P and Q together imply: R:__IfRajanwon the match, then he concentrated Example 2: P: If Ravi studies hard, then he will pass the exam. @!__ If he passes the exam, then he will graduate to the next class. ‘ : R: ‘If he has graduated to the next class, then his parents will be proud of him. Which ofthe final statements can be concluded? If Ravi's parents are proud of him, then hie has studied hard. | ~_ fRavistudies hard, then his parents will be proud ofhim. Lots I__- If Ravi does not study hard, his parents will not be proud of him. - ° IV. _ If Ravi studies hard; his parents will not be proud of him. . (@) Onlytandill ” » (b) Only It , ©@oOnyv , (@) Only! P, Qaiid R together imply: 5: If Ravi studies hard, then his parents will be proud of him, " One-can clearly deduce that only Il can be concluded from the statements. Hence, (b) is the correct answer. Other Logical Connectives\i———iM Either / Or”. ae wl fa Either. Sushmita is beautiful or Aishwarya is’beautiful impligs that at feast one out of the twois beautifil but it doesn't mean that both cannot be beautiful. To understand it further, let's take thé following two cases: . isbeauttul > Aishwarya isnot beautiful, (Incorrdct; she maybe beautfulioo) Caseil: wee ‘Sushmita ié hot beautiful

) QAFMMJ (c) PTFNNO (@) QYFMMT_ If PEARL is written MBXOI, then how would DIAMOND be written in that code? - “(@) AFXILKA (b) AFXIKLA (c) AFXKLNA (@) BGYKMKB ‘Ina certain code, BODY is written APCZ. How would DELHI be written in that code? (a) CFKGI (0), BFKGI (©) CFKIH (@) CFKHI If MENTALiswritlen LNDFMOSUZBKM, then how would TEST be written in'that code? (@) UVFGTIV (b) RSCDQRRS (©) SUDFQRSM _ (d) SUDFRTSU IFRATION is coded as OPJUBS, then ANSWER will be coded as (@)-SFxTOB (© SGxUOD _ (0) BORXDS (¢) XUURNT If THRICE is coded as UJUMHK, then, EQUALS will be coded as. oa (@) FRVBMT, —- . (b), FPVZMU (c) FSXEQY, (d) FRWDPX. HFNUMBER soded as OTNAFQ, then STUDENT will be coded as .. (@) TSVCDMU (b) TUVEFOU - @ TSVCEMU (c) RUVCFMS In these types of questions, either numerical code values are assigned to a word or alphabetical code values are assigned to the numbers. You have to analyse the code as per the directions. _1 2 3 If in a certain language; A is coded as 1, Bis codedas 2, and soon. How will FADCCEM coded in that code? (@) 61433213 () 13233416 (©) 6243313 (© 51498123 Soiution: As given the letters are coded as: ‘ABCDEFGHIJKLM 1234 5 6 7.8 9 1011 12 13 ‘So in FADCCBM, F is coded as 6, Aas 1, Das4, Cas3, ‘Bas 2 and Mas 13, Thus, FADGCBM is coded as 61433213. Hence; the answer is (a). [Shortcut ASF =6, (b) and (d) are eliminated. Then check the remaining two choices’ next number which gives the right answer as it is different in the two choices. Therefore, (a)is the answer. If in a certain’ code BEAUTIFUL Ji 573041208, BUTTER as 504479, howis FUTURE coded in that code? (@) 201497 (b) 204007 (©) 701092 (6) 204079 Solutior . As giver the iéters are codéd as! * FLOR BEAUT.I 57 3°0 4 14 So in FUTURE, Fis coded as 2, as 9 and as 7. Therefore, FUTURE is coded as 204097. Hence, the answers (b).~ [Shortcut "Y As F = 2, (c)is eliminated. Again as the'second digit ofthe other tires choicesis Same, then check for the third, fourth and fifth digit which gives (b) as _ theanswer. aed In a certain code, 5 is coded as Z; 7 as E, 2asS,9asT, and4asW. Howis 977452 coded in that code? (@) SEEWZT (b) TEEWZS (©) ZEEWST. (@) WEEZST , Solution: _ “977452 is coded as TEEWZS. Hence, the © ‘answer is (b), $ "coded ‘as, 4 ey Ina certain coide, 98602 is coded as MANGO, 0139867 as GERMANY, then how is 9868013 coded as : (a) MANEGER (b) MENEGER (©) MENAGAR’ ——(d) MANAGER ‘Solution: : As given the numbers are coded as: 9-86.02 4 3: MANGOER_. “Thus, 9868013 is coded as MANAGER. Hence, the answer is(@), 8 If CAT is coded -as 24, whet wil be the code number for BAT? (a) 32 t. (9) 23 (21 @ 42 Solution: The logicis that the positions of the alghbets are added to get the result i.e. FCAT 26 (3) #A(1) #7 (20) 924: Add up the position numbers- B-2, ~. Total = 23. Herice; the answer is (c). In a certain language, if Ais coded'as'1, B is coded as 2, and soon, howis STAR coded in that ‘code? "* = (@) 1810291 wy stz0n8 - (©) 19208 - . @) 1920841 Inacertan language if P iscoded as 7, Tas 3, Oas4, Ras 9 and Aas 2, howis PARROT coded in that code? (b) 72340 © + @ 729943" ~ (©) 279943" In certaifi ‘code, if A is coded as 1,8 is coded as 2, and 80 on, how ls COUNTRY, coded in that code? ©! S (@) 31521142182" (©) 3152114201825 |) s512"taacien (@ 2515211420183 Ina certain language, if Tis coded as’ Ras 1,lasOdnd€ as 3, hollis TIGER coded in that code? (a) 90731 (©) 91073 (b) 19037 (a) 719031. 14. "@) PICTRUE. Ina certain language, if Z is coded as 0, Y as 5, Q.as 2, G as 7, and L as 6, how,is ZOOLOGY coded in that code? (@) 0006070 + (©) 7502262 (b) 0226275 (@) 2026275. - Ina certain code: it if BOX is codedas 213, BITTER * as207749, how is BOXER coded in that code? > (@ 24369 (&) 23159 (©) 23149 (@) 21349 Inacertain code, if TREE is coded as 7100, FROG. as 2159, how is FREE coded in that code? -(@) 2100 (©) 3100 (©) 1003 (@) 1002 Ina certain code, if BETTER is coded as 027729, ~ and BUT as 017, howis BUTTER coded in that code? > (@) 107729 © (b) 017729. © 407792 (@) 017702 inaceitain code, I GUN is dosed 28 308, DEAR ‘as.1498; howis UNDER coded in that code? @ 90148 (b) 39148 (c) 09148: (@) 49138 Inacertain code, if SCHOOL is coded as 123445, | ‘TEAM as 6078, howis HOTEL coded in that codé? (a) 34605! “(c) 60734 "@ 34785 Inacertairi’code, 1 is coded as S, 7as E,9asH, | : 6as L, 0 asT, anid:2 as O. Howis 921076 coded ina certain'code, 9 is coded as C; 0as B; 5 as E, 7 as A, and 3:as'L. How is 97035 coded in that code? (a) LEBAC (©) BACLE Ina certain codé, C is coded as 0, E as 7, T as4, las9, P 2s 1, Ras 3, andU as5. Howis 1904537 coded in that code? * () PICTURE © RICTPUE - (d). PCTURE! Ina certain language, if 1is coded as, 2as B, 3 as C, and so‘on, how is FLOWER coded in that code?” 17. 2. 3 24, (@) 6121523518 (b) 6121823515 (©) 6211523518 (¢) 6218123515 Ina ceriain language, if 1 is coded as A, 2asB, 3 as C and so on, how is LEMON coded in that code? @ 12513014 (©) 145131512 (6) 125131514 (@) 14013125 Ina certain code, 23is coded as OX, 529s FOR, and 0229 as DOOR, howis 235290 coded? (@) DOXFOR (@) FORDOX (©) OXFORD « (@) FOXORD Ina certain code, 2468 is coded as PART, 8136. as TOUR, how is 246618 coded? (a) PORRAT: (0) TARROP (c) PARROT (@) RAPORT Ina certain code, 01234 is coded COUNT, 4765 .as TRAY, how is 0123475, coded? (@) COUNTRY (©) RYCOUNT (0). TRYCOUN (@.YRCOUNT, Ina certain code; 13352 is coded as OFFER, 795: . as ICE, howis,1337952 coded?. (2) BOTTOM _{@) TOBOMT, * @ 75 (c) 55. (@) FICEROF (c) OICFFER (0). CIFFOER (@) OFFICER . , Inacertain code, 1223 is coded as BOOK, 627962 asTOMATO, howis 126627 coded? (®) MOTTOB, (@) BOMOTT * If BOOK is coded as 43, what will be the code number for PEN? @) 8 (b) 33 (d) 43 IF TOWER is coded as 81; what will be the code number for POWER? : (0) 55 * (©) 18 @7 IFOXis coded as $9, what willbe this code number for LION? @ 20 (©) 38 (b) 25. (¢) 50 if FOX iscoded as 45, what will be the code number for BOX?, (@) 41 (b) 49 @) 6025. if MAN is coded as 28, what will be the code number for CHILD? @ 2 (b) 36 (ce) 49 (d) 64 In these types of questions, some particular objects are assigned code names and then a question Is asked, that is to be answered in the code language. 4. Ifforange’ is called ‘butter’, ‘butter is called ‘soap’, ‘soap’ is called ‘ink, ‘ink’ is called ‘honey: and “honey ’is called ‘orange’, which of the following is used for Washing clothes? (@) Honey (b) Butter (ce) Orange (@) Ink Solution: . Clearly, ‘soap’ is used for washing clothes.As given that soap is called ‘ink’, then ‘ink’ is used for washing clothes. Hence, the answers (3). 2.” If'water’iscalled ‘food’, food’ is called ‘tree’, ‘tree’ is called ‘sky’, ‘sky’ is called ‘wall’, on which of the following does a ‘fruit’ grow? (a) Water ; (b) Food , (©) Tree " @) Sky Solution: Clearly, a fruit grows on a ‘tree':As given that ‘ree’ | is called ‘sky’, a fruit grows on ‘sky’. Hence, the answer is (d). 4. If light is called ‘dark’, ‘dark’ is called ‘green’ ‘green’ is called ‘blue’, ‘blue’ is called ‘red’, ‘red’ is called ‘white’ and ‘white’ is called ‘yéllow,, what is the colour of blood? (@) Red (b) Dark (©) White (@ Yellow 2. Inaccertain language, if ‘water’ is called ‘black’, “black’is called ‘tree’, ‘tree’ is called ‘blue’, ‘blue’ is called ‘rain’, ‘rain’ is called ‘pink’, and ‘pink’ is called ‘fish’, what will the colour of the sky be called in that language? (@) Blue (b) Fish (©) Rain (d) Pink 10. » fair’ is called ‘water, ‘water’ is called ‘green’, If ‘black’ means ‘white’, ‘white! means ‘red’, ‘red’ means ‘yellow, ‘yellow means ‘blue’, ‘blue’ means ‘green’, ‘green’ means'violet’, and ‘violet’ means ‘orange’, what is the cotour of the sky? (@) Green (©) Violet (©) Orange (@) Yellow If ‘tains’ is called ‘pink, ‘pink’ is called ‘cloud’, ‘cloud’ is called ‘water’, ‘water is called ‘breeze’, and breeze is called ‘moon’, what do you wash your hands with? (@ Water (&) Rain (c) Breeze (@) Moon {f the animals which can walk are called ‘swimmers’, animals which crawl aré called ‘lying’, those which live in water are called ‘snakes’, and ‘those which fly in the sky are called ‘hunters’, then what will a ‘lizard’ be called? (a) Swimmer (b) Snake (c) Hunter (@) Flying If ‘cloud’ is called ‘white’, ‘white’ is called ‘rain’, ‘rain’ Iscalled ‘green’, ‘green’ is called ‘ar, ‘air is called ‘blue’, and ‘blue’ is called ‘water’, where do the birds fly in? . (a) Air {c) White (b) Cloud (d) Blue “green’ is called ‘dust’, ‘dust’ is called ‘yellow, and 'yellow is called ‘cloud’, which of the following does fish live in? @) Air (c)-Green (b) Water (¢) Dust If pen’ is called ‘pene’, ‘pencil’ is called'scale’, ‘scale’ is called ‘bag’ and ‘bag’ is called ‘book’, which is used to carry the books? (@) Scale (b) Pen (c) Book @) Bag If room’ is called ‘house’, ‘house’ is called ‘roof’, ‘roof is called ‘floor, floor’ is called ‘terrace’, where willa person stand on? . (@) Floor () Terrace (©) Roo (@) Room If‘paper is called ‘eraser ’, ‘eraser’ [s called ‘bag’, ‘bag’ is called ‘scale’, ‘scale’ is called ‘pencil’ and ‘pencil is called ‘paper’, what will a person write! with? (@) Pencil. (0) Eraser (b) Paper (@) BagIn these types of questions, few complete messages are given in the coded language and the code fora particular word or sentence is aske: 1. ~ Ina certain code, ‘nee po tam’ means ‘boys are studying’,'me tam sarn’ means ‘grapes are sour and ‘ism po me’ means ‘boys eat grapes’. Which of the following is the code for ‘sour’ in that language? @ ism (©) tam (c) me (@) None of these Solution: We are required to find the code for ‘sour’. For this we try to find out the code for ‘grapes’ and ‘are' first, and then eliminate thé corresponding codes for them. The remaining code would be the representative code for ‘sour. On comparing the codes ‘rige po tam’ and ‘me tam sam’ we get ‘tam’ as the code for the word ‘are’. Similarly, on comparing codes‘me tam sam" and ‘ism po me’, we get ‘me’ as code for ‘grapes’. Nowas ‘grapes are sour’ coded'as ‘me tam sam’ and ‘me’ and ‘tam’ represent ‘grapes’ and ‘are’, then ‘sam’ represents the code for ‘sou’. In certain code language, ‘col tip mot’ means ‘singing is appreciable’, ‘mot baj.min’smeans ‘dancing is good’ anc ‘tip nop baj' means‘singing and dancing}, which ofthe following means ‘good’ in that code language? (@) mot (c) bal In a certain code, ‘down sky’ is written ‘20c pun’ and ‘on top sky’ is written ‘pun ta rop’. How will ‘down on’ be written in that code? @ zocta (b) punrop (© ropzoc {d) Cannot be determined (b) min (@) Cannot be determined Ina certain code language, ‘dom pul ta’ means ‘bring hot food’, ‘pul tir sop’ means ‘food is good’, ~~ and ‘tak da sop’ means ‘good bright boy’. Which of the following does mean ‘hot in that language? (@) dom ! (b) pal (c) ta” @ Cannot be determined 10. Inacertain code language, ‘ken pot’ means ‘good morning’, ‘hu'shang’ means ‘come on’, and ‘hu ken sue’ means ‘come for good’. Which word in thatlanguage does mean for’? (@) shang () ken (©) sue @ hu . Inacertain code language, ‘pul tir fin’ means ‘good sweet fruit, tie dip sig’ means ‘beautiful red rose’, ‘sig lon fin’ means ‘rose and fruit'.. Which of the following does stand for ‘and’ in that language? (@) pul () tir (c) lon @) sig In a certain code language, ‘pul ta nop’ means ~ fruits good’; ‘nop ko tir’ means ‘tree is tall’ and ‘pul-ho sop’ means ‘eat good food’. Which of the following does mean ‘fruit’ in that language? @) pul (b) ta (© nop (@) Data inadequate Inacertain code, ‘XZM' means ‘Hes bright’, TCZO means ‘Every lawn is green’, and ‘OQCN' means “Every wall was green’. Which of the following does mean ‘Every lawn is bright’ in that code? (@) ZTOM ) OT (©) XOTZ @ Cannotbe determined In acertain tanguage, if 'mxy das zc-rheans ‘good little frock’, Jmx cos zc!’ means ‘girl behaves good, vg drs cos’ means'giti makes mischief" and ‘das, ajp cos’ means ‘litle git! fell, which word in that language does stand for ‘rock’? @ zi (0) das © 19 @ Noneof these In acertain language, ‘tir me sac’ means ‘green and tasty, ‘dic sac for’ means ‘tomato is green’, ‘vos tir for’ means ‘food is tasty’: Which of the following does mean ‘tomato is tasty’in that code? (@) fortirdic (©) dicfor sac (© tirme for @ None of these In a certain language, ‘pre not biz’ means ‘smoking is harmful, ‘vog dor not’ means ‘avoid harmful habit’ and ‘dor biz yel' means ‘please avoid ‘smoking’ Which ofthe following does mean habit inthat language? @) vg (©) dor (not (@ Canriot be'determined41. Inaccertain code language, ‘3a, 2b, 7c’ means Truth is Eternal’, 7¢, 9a, 8b, 3a’ means ‘Enmity isnot eternal’, ‘9a, 4d, 2b, 8b’ means ‘Truth does rot perish’. Which of the following does mean ‘Eternal’ in that language?” (@ 3a (©). 07 (@) Cannotbe determined - 42, _ Inacertain code language, ‘Ka Bi Pu’ means "You are intelligent’, "Ya Lo Ka Wo means They seem very intelligent’, Lo Pu Le’ means “You can see’ ‘and ‘Sun Pun Yun ya’ means ‘Howintelligent she _” jst, In that language which of the following means ‘are’? _ @) Ka (b) Bi (0) Le @ Pu 43. Inacertaifi code languagé, Tink Log Sé’ means = > ‘Bruits are ripe’, “Sé Thao Hay Tink’ means ‘Mangoes are not ripe’, ‘Hay Se Cue Tink’ means. “Bananas are. not ripe’. Which word in that _ language means’ Mangoes’? (@) Tink ve (b) Log sale) Se {@) Thaoy 25s ‘Ina certain éode, ‘pimn to suk‘ means ‘ed beautiful flower’, ‘Suk tomn'o” means “white and-red’ and ‘dom to huk’ means ‘cloth is beautiful. Which word in thatlanguage means ‘flower? @) pim to (oc), suk _@) tom “3 a bore 45, « Iva certain language,‘cul max-dir' means ‘nice | 5°. fittle:boxes’, ‘sut red ‘bix’ means ‘well arranged | row, ‘bix fac dir’ means ‘row of boxes’. Which of the following stands for ‘of in thiat language? (@) max . ) bix . (©) fa , * Osu os 46. ; -iacertain code language, ‘pit nae tor ‘apple is green’, ‘nae ho tap’ means, ‘gre white’ and ‘ho tom kal means’ shirtis white’. Which } of the folowing represents ‘apple’ in thatlanguage? @ nae". (Op tem , (c) pit (9). ho W. 18. 19. 20. 23, 2 (@ysim Inacertain code language, ‘lee su jak’ means ‘he eats apples’, ‘je tic’ means ‘sweet orange’ and ‘Tee kee jo tic’ means ‘Mohan eats sweet bananas’, In that language, which of the followirig means ‘orange’? "9, ) je - (@ Cannot be determined ina certain code language, ‘Sau Rey Te’ means ‘Doctor Bonod Kumar’, Ting PuSau' means ‘Satish is Doctor, ‘Ping Pong Ting! means ‘Satish and Ram’. Which word in that language means ‘is’? @Sau - (b) Pey © Pu @) Ting «Inca certain, code tanguage,.’Alpha-Beta-Phal’ ‘means ‘Machine is running’, ‘Phal:Kappa-Theata- Alpha’ means ‘Bus is not running’ and ‘Theata- ~ . Phai-Gamma-Alpha’ means ‘Car is not running’. ‘Which word in that language means ‘Bus’? _ @),Alpha, (© Bhai “|p &.ceitain code language, ‘guda buka means “clear water, ‘bin dola’ means ‘overcast sky’ and ‘pin saf buka’ meat iear blue sky’. Which word in,that laniquage means ‘blue’? . (a) guda* “(b) buka (@) sat i certain code language, ‘tim nac’ means ‘blue shirt, cpit mit im’ means ‘shirt and pant’ and ‘nae pit! means ‘blue pant, Which word in that Janguage ymeans'and'? spo (0) pit (d), mit va) tim (©) nac | 22... ,Inacertain code language, ‘Pat Zoo Simmeans ‘Eat Good Mangoes’. ‘Pus Sim Tim’ means ‘Mangoes and and. Tim Zoo Kit: rheans ‘Purchase, Good Sweets}.; Which. word in the language means ‘Good? (@) Zoo , (0) Pus ie @ Tm Inaceriain code language, ‘kew.xas huma deko’ _ means ‘she is eating apples’. ‘kew,tepo qua’ means'she sells toys’ and ‘sut time deko' means “Ilike apples’. Which words in the,/anguage mean ‘she’ and ‘apples’, inthat order? «: @ ‘xas' and ‘deko’ —(b) ‘deko’ and 'tepo" (©) ‘kew and ‘deko’ (@) ‘xas’ and ‘kew24. Ina certain code, ‘they are fools’ means ‘plane is risky’, ‘we are wise’ means ‘trainis fast’ and ‘wise never fools’ means ‘fast always risky’. Which of the following stands for ‘train’? (@) they (b) we (©) never * @) fools: - In a-certain codé language; ‘lim suk ta’ means “boys are clever’ and ‘pune ta’ meahs ‘boys-and girls’. Which word in that lariguage meains ‘boys’? @) tim (b) suk" * Ota. @ pu In this type of questions, few‘complete messages are given In the coded language and the code fora particular word or sentence is asked. 1. In a certain code, ‘289’ means ‘read from. paper’, '276""mans ‘tea frorn'field’ and ‘85' ieahs ‘wall “paper ‘Which of the following: isthe code for ® Gannotbe determined Solution: From (a) and (c), 8 = paper. Hence, the answer is (b). In a certain code language, ‘246’ means ‘He is cool’, ‘653’ means ‘Cool and bright’ and '849"" means ‘India is hot’. Then code for ‘is’ in that language would be (a2 ) 6 (4 @) 8 Ina certain code language, 23’ means ‘hot filter coffee’, 356" rieans ‘very hot day’ and‘589' means ‘day and night. Which digitin that language means very? (8 Oe . 9 @s Ina certain code, ‘721' means ‘good college life’, ‘526’ means ‘you are good’ and ‘257’ means ‘life are good’. Which digit stands for ‘you’ in the code? @6 ) 5 ©7 (@) Cannot be determined 4, * - Ina certain code, '357' means ‘get me toy’, ‘843" means ‘bring good toy' and ‘746" means ‘bring me water’s Which of the following digits represents ‘good’ in that code?. @7 + 06 (8 (@) Data inadequate _Ina certain code, '786' means ‘bring me apple’, '958' means ‘peel greeri apple’ and ‘645’ means ‘bring green fruit, which ofthe followings tne code for'me’? (@) 8 ) 6 (7 (@) Noneof these In d certain code, '786' means ‘study very hard’, “958' means ‘hard work. pays’ and ‘645’ means ‘study and work’. Which of the following is the code for'very"? (a8 (v) 6 » 7. ~(¢) Cannot be determined In a Certain code, ‘37’ means ‘which class’ and ‘683’ means ‘caste and class’. What is the code for‘caste"? : @3 (0) Either 5 or 3 (b) 7 @ Either5 or 8 Ind certain code, '247' means 'spread red carpet’, ‘256' means ‘dust one carpet’, and '234',means ‘roll red carpet’. Which digit in that code means ‘dust’? Lo ol @2 ) 3 . 5 - (@).Cannot be determined Ina certain code language, ‘526’ means ‘sky is blue’, ‘24’ means ‘blue colour’, and 436’ means ‘colour is fun’. Which digit in that language means tun’? (2 ) 3 ©4 @5 In acertain code, ‘256’ means ‘ted colour chalk’, 680’ means ‘green colour flower, and "245" means ‘white colour chalk’. What digit in that code does mean ‘white"? (@) 2 5 4. (@) Cannot be deterinined Ina certain code, ‘467’ means ‘leaves are green’, "485" means ‘green is good’ and 639’ means ‘they are playing’. Which digit stands for ‘leaves’ in that code? . @4 ©7 0) 6 @313. 14. 16. In a certain code, '256’ means ‘Boys are good’, ‘637 means‘Amaris good’, and ‘348’ means ‘Lata is bad’. Which digit means ‘Amar’ in that code? @2.. )7 @8_ Inacertain code, '256' means you are good’, 637" means ‘we are bad’ and ‘358’ means ‘good and bad’. Which of the following does represent ‘and’ jinthat code? 5 @3 In a certain code, ‘253’ means ‘books are old’, ‘546’ means ‘man is old’, ‘378’ means ‘buy good books’. What does ‘are’ mean in that code? ) 5 @6 Ina ccertairi code, 678’ means ‘how are you’, ‘'347" means ‘hows daddy’, and'569' means ‘you were wonderful’. Which nurmerai in that language means ‘you'? @s (0) 6 oT @o Inacertain code language, ‘743’ means ‘Mangoes are good!’ 657" means ‘Eat good food’ and '934" |- mearis ‘Mangoes Are ripe’. Which digit means ‘ripe’ in that language? . @5 () 4 (9 @)7 47. 18. Inacertain code language, ‘134’ means ‘good and tasty’, 478’ means'see good pictures’, and ‘729° means ‘pictures are faint’. Which of the following numeral symbol stands for‘see'? @s9 @)2 (c) 4 (d) None of these In a certain code language, '123' means ‘bright litte boy’, '145' means ‘tall big boy’, and ‘637° means ‘beautiful little flower’. Which numeral in that language means ‘bright’? @)4 0) 6 3 (@) None of these In a certain code, ‘123’ means ‘speed and accident’, 345’ means ‘speed is cause-and'146" means ‘accidentis effect’. Which of the following numeral symbols stands for ‘cause’? (@3 )4~ > ©s5 @)6 - Inacertain code, ‘678’ means ‘how are they’, ‘347° means ‘how is life’, and '569' means ‘they were ‘wonderful. Which numeral in that language means . 2 ' @6 )7 ©8 @3