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Sewage Treatment Plant - A Case Study

STP, when properly designed ,installed and maintained


seldom poses any problem and is immensely benecial
for saving water. The plant that has been described
below is installed at Ghodbunder, Thane, on the
outskirts of Mumbai. The salient features of the
project are:
Process Description: (Ref Fig1 for Flow Chart and Fig 2
for Sectional Details)

STP Flow Diagram

/DECEMBER 2020 04
Sectional Details

/DECEMBER 2020 05
/DECEMBER 2020 06
Mr. Sharat V. Rao is the Managing Director - Engineering Creations Public Health
Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. and former Chairman of IPA Mumbai Chapter. He graduated
from V.J.T.I, Mumbai, in 1977 and obtained his Master’s Degree in Civil Engineering
with Environmental Engineering subjects in 1979 from the same institute. Mr. Rao
has a wide range of experience in the eld of design and Project Management
Consultancy in Water and Wastewater Treatment and Utility Services like Water
Supply, Drainage, Fireghting and Irrigation.

/DECEMBER 2020 07
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