7. COURSE OUTLINE 7.1 CORE COURSES CE 801 HE Applied Hydrology (4 Credits) Course Outli 1. Introduetion: The Science of Hydrology; Stream Flow Measurement: Measurement of Stage, Discharge Measurement Methods, Stage- Discharge Relation, Practical Considerations, Uncertainty; Hydrology of Snow and Ice: Snow Precipitation, Areal Distribution of Snow Cover, Physical Properties of the Snowpack, Areal Water Equivalent of Snow, Snow Melt, Transport of Water through Snowpack, Snow-Melt Measurement; 2. Hydrological Modeling: Introduction: Physical Approach, Systems Approach, Problems, and Models in Hydrology, Watershed Models, Infiltration Component; The Infiltration Process: Definitions, Infiltration-The Natural Soils, Rainfall Intensity; Existing Infiltration Models: Empirical Equations (Kostyakov, Horton, Holton equations), The Green and Ampt Equation; The Need for a Simple Model; Mein and Larson Infiltration Model: Prediction of the Infiltration Volume Prior to Runoff, The Capillary Potential at the Wetting Front, Prediction of the Infiltration Capacity After Runoff Begins. 3. Watershed Conceptual Models: Crawford Model: E Building a Crawford Model, Tank Model: Structure of Model, Building a Tank Model. ements of Crawford Model, ‘ank Model, Behavior of Tank 4. Linear Black-Box Models: Types of Catchment Response, The Rational Method: Methodology, Effect of Catchment Shape, The Unit Hydrograph Method: Mathematical Representation., Change in Unit Hydrograph Duration, Convolution and Composite Hydrographs, Unit Hydrographs from Complex Storms, The Collins Method, Method of Least Squares. 5, Linear Conceptual Models: General Hydrologic System Model, Linear System in Continuous Time, Response Function of Linear Systems: Impulse Response Function, Step Response Function, Pulse Response Function, The Nash Model. 6. Channel Flow Routing: Convex Method, Muskingum Method, Kinematic Waves: Kinematic Wave Equation, Discretization of Kinematic Wave Equation, Order of Accuracy of Numerical Scheme, Kinematic Wave Celerity, Applicability, Diffusion Waves: Diffusion Wave Equation, Applicability, Muskingum-Cunge Method, Introduction to Dynamic Waves. 7. Catchment Routing: Time Area Method, Clark Unit Hydrograph, Cascade of Linear Reservoirs, Catchment Routing with Kinematic Waves, Catchment Routing with Diffusion Waves, Assessment of Catchment-Routing Techniques. 8, Frequency Analysis: Hydrological Data Series, Flood Frequency Models, Parameter Estimation, Annual Maximum Series and Partial Duration Series, Risk of Failure and Choice of Design Return Period9, Analysis Techniques for Low-Flow Hydrology (Drought): Analysis of Annual Minimum Flow Series, Analysis of Drought Volume, Storage Analysis with High Demand Experiments: 1. Laboratory experiment on stream discharge measurement by current meter 2. River discharge measurement by wading method and/or cableway system 3. Introduction to Rainfall-Runoff Model set, (2 days field visit for Discharge Measurement at any large rivers). References: 1. Lecture notes 2. Viesmann, W., J.W. Knapp and G.l. Lewis, Introduction to Hydrology, Harper & Row Publishers. 3. Eagleson, P. S., Dynamic Hydrology, McGraw Hill Book Co. 4. Ponce, V. M., Engineering Hydrology: Principles and Practices, Prentice Hall 5. Mein and Larson, Modelling of Infiltration Components of the Rainfall Runoff Process, Water Resources Center, Bull. 43, 6. Singh, V.P, Elementary Hydrology, Prentice hall 7. Chow, V.T., D. R. Maidment, L. W.Mays, Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill 8. Singh, V.P, Hydrologic Systems, Vol [ and Vol II, MeGraw-HallCE 802 HE Applied Hydraulics (4 Credits) Course Details: 1, Review of the Concept of Fluid Mechanics: Pressure Variation in Fluid, Flow Classification, Approaches to Fluid Flow Analysis (Continuity, Energy and Momentum Principle), Concept of Flow lines (Streamline, Pathline, Streakline), Stream Function, Velocity Potential and Flow Net, Head Loss in Laminar and Turbulent Pipe Flow (Hagen-Poiseuille’s Equation and Darcy-Weisbach Equation), Determination of Friction Factor, Minor Loss Coefficients in Pipe Flow, Hydraulic and Energy Gradient Line for Different Types of Pipe Flow Problems 2, Boundary Layer Theory : Velocity Profile in Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer (Flat plate and Pipe), Navier-Stoke’s equations, PrandtI’s Boundary Layer Equations, Blasius Solution for Laminar Boundary Layer Flow, Von-Karman Momentum Integral Equations, Boundary Layer Separation 3. Turbulence Modeling in Pipe Flow: Introduction, Effect of Turbulence in Velocity Distribution, Intensity and Scale of Turbulence, Reynold’s Equations of Turbulence, Boussinesq Eddy Viscosity Concept, Prandtl’s Mixing Length Concept, Von-Karman Similarity Concept 4. Unsteady Closed Conduit Flow: Introduction to Water Hammer, Rigid and Elastic Water Column ‘Theory, Governing Equation of Unsteady Pipe Flow, Boundary Condition and Numerical Solution Scheme, Water Hammer with Cavitation, Effects and Control of Cavitation, Cavitation Descriptions, Surge Tank Oscillations, Surge Equations and their Solutions 5. Review of the Concept of Open Channel Flow: Types of Flow with Examples (Based on Space and Time, Based on Dimension, Based on Reynold’s and Froude Number), Velocity, Pressure and Shear Stress Distribution, Equations of Open Channel Flow (Continuity, Momentum and Energy), Concept of Specific Energy and Specific Force, Concept of Uniform, Gradually and Rapidly Varied Flow, Critical Flow and its Applications 6. Gradually Varied Flow (GVF) analysis: Governing Equation, Types of Profiles, Computation of GVF Profile: Single Step Method (Euler, Improved Euler, Modified Euler, Fourth order Runge-Kutta Method), Predictor-Corrector Method, Simultaneous Solution Procedures 7. One dimensional (1D) Unsteady Flow: Wave classification, Height and Celerity of a Gravity Wave, 1D Saint-Venant equations (Continuity and Momentum Equations), Simplifications, Concept of Finite Difference Method (FDM), Solution Methods for 1D Equations: Method of Characteristics (MOC), Characteristic Grid Method, Method of Specified Interval; Finite Difference Approximations: Explicit Finite Difference Schemes (Unstable, Central Difference, Diffusive, MacCormack), Implicit Finite Differences Schemes (Preissmann Scheme), Analysis of Stability and Consistency 8, Two dimensional (2D) unsteady flow: Governing Equations, Numerical Solution Scheme (MacCormack Scheme)9. Application of Modeling Tools, such as HEC-RAS: GVF Profile Computation, Analysis of Flow over Weir and Spillway, Dam Breach Analysis (2 days Field visit at Hydropower Project to illustrate the different flow, unsteady, steady ete) References: I. 2. avay Chaudhry M.H1, 1987, Applied Hydraulic Transient. Kumar D.S., SK Kataria & Sons, 2008, Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power inginecring, White F.M., MeGraw Hill, 2011, Fluid Mechanics. Streeter V.L. and Wylie E.B., McGraw Hill, 1998, Fluid Mechanics. Wylie E.B. and Streeter V.L., 1983, Fluid transient. US Army Corps of Engineers, 2017, HEC, HEC-RAS Hydraulic Refei Manual and Application Guides. Chaudhry M.H., Springer Science, 2008, Open channel flow Chow V-T., MeGraw Hill, 1959, Open channel Hydraulics. Chanson H., Buttleworth-Heinemann, 2004, the Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow. ss, UserCE 803 HE Hydropower System Engineering (4 Credits) Course outlines Introduction: Introduction to operation research (OR) and its importance in Hydropower Engineering. 2. Linear programming (LP) and its application: Introduction to Linear Programming Models and its formulation, Solution of LP with graphical and simplex methods, Big-M methods, Duality theory, Application of LP in water related problems and hydropower systems, 3. Dynamic programming (DP) and its application: Introduction to DP, Characteristics of DP, Block Diagram, different types of objective functions, curse of dimensionality, Examples of DP for water allocation, reservoir operations, capacity expansion and network optimization, Markov Chains, Algorithms development of DP 4, Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and its application: Introduction to ILP, Solution methodologies: Gomory’s Cutting Plane method, Branch and Bound Algorithm, examples of ILP in Hydropower systems planning 5. Nonlinear programming and its application: Single and multi-variable optimizations, Multivariate optimization without constrains, Multivariate optimization with constraints, application of NLP in Water Resources — River Basin Modeling and Hydropower Systems 6. Network analysis and its application: Shortest-route Problem, Minimum Spanning Tree Problem, Maximum Flow Problem, CPM/PERT 7. Hydropower Systems and Modeling: [WRM and Adaptive Management principles and concepts, River Basin Concept, National Water Resources Strategy, National Water Plan, Hydropower Policy, Water resources/hydropower investment problem: Sequencing and scheduling with LP and DP, Introduction to WASP (Power System Planning Tool), Simulation Modeling: reservoir simulation, deterministic and stochastic simulation, Stochastic hydrology- Thomas Fiering Method, Standard Operating Rules, Hedging Rule, Reservoir Operations- Mass Curve (Ripple Method), Sequent Peak Method, constrained models : Linear decision rules, deterministic and stochastic reservoir operation Chance 8. Emerging tools: Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) Techniques, Compromise Programming, Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP), Goal Programming, Neural Networks and Fuzzy Optimization, Artificial Neural Networks 9. General Performance Assessment: Risk Analysis, Reliability, Resiliency, Vulnerability, Social Assessment Criteria, Environmental Assessment Criteria 10, Legal Issues in Hydropower Development: National Laws, International Law and Conventions, Regional Cooperation prospects, National Water Resources Policy, Water resources law, International Cooperation and issues of downstream benefits, Hydropower Policy of Nepal, Electricity Act of Nepal, Institutional Issues, Water Administration in ‘Nepal, Institutional cooperation for the development of boundary and transboundary riversReferences: 1 2 3. Ackoff, R.L. and M.W. Sasieni, Fundamentals of Operation Research, Wiley, New York, 1968. Danzig, G. B., Linear Programming and Princeton, 1963. Hadley, G., Non-linear and Dynamic Programming, Addision-Wesley, reading, Masschusetts, 1964 Rao, S. S., Engineering Optimization, New age International Publications, 2007. Taha, H. A, Operation Research: An Introduction, Prentice Hall; 8% Edition 2006 :xtensions, Princeton University Press,CE 804 HE Rock and Geotechnical Engineering (4 Credits) Geology and Rock: Field description of Soil and Rock, Rock composition, Origin and geological classification of rocks; Major Rock Groups; The Rock Cycle; Index properties of rocks;; Alteration and weathering of rocks; Anisotropy in rocks; Special features in rocks; Rock as an engineering material; Engineering geology; Geological material; Geological mass; Geology and rocks in Nepal Himalaya 2. Geological structures and Maps: Rock Structures, Strike and Dip, Folds, Types of Folds, Synelines, Anticlines, Symmetrical, Asymmetrical, Overturned, Domes and Basins, Hogbacks, Faults and Fractures; Dip-Slip Faults, Normal Faults, Reverse Faults/Thrust Faults, Strike-Slip Faults: Transform Faults, Joints, Maps and scales; Understanding Engineering geological maps; Mapping Geological Structures. 3. Rock Tests: Introduction; Laboratory index tests; Laboratory ‘design tests’; Field index tests; Field ‘quality control tests’; Field monitoring; Field design tests; Rock strength tests. 4, Discontinuities in Rocks: Introduction; Types of discontinuities; Discontinuity measurement and mapping; Characteristics of discontinuities (Joints); Methods of determining the degree of Jointing; Weakness zones and faults; Discontinuity data analysis; Discontinuity survey techniques} S. Rock Mass and Rock Mass Properties Characterization: Introduction; Structure and composition; Continuous and discontinuous rock masses; Rock mass fabries; Rock mass classifications RQD, RMR, Q, GSI, RMi, and N; Failure criteria of rock masses; Properties of rock mass. 6. Rock Mass Description: Weathering of rock mass; Zoning of rock mass into geotechnical units; Rock mass description; Drillability and blastability of rock; Ground mass report. 7. Shear Strength of Discontinuities: Introduction; Joint wall roughness coefficient (IRC); Joint wall compressive strength (ICS); Joint matching coefficient (JMC); Residual angle of friction; Shear strength of joints. 8. Rock Stress: Introduction; Origin and magnitude of stresses; In-situ stress regimes; Overburden stress; Minimum horizontal stress; Maximum horizontal stress; In-situ stress measurements; Effects of stresses. 9. Investigation: Investigation stages; Field investigation approach; Field mapping; Core drilling and logging; Geophysical investigation; Exploratory adit and shafts; Rock stress measurement; Groundwater measures; Other tests and measurements. 10. Deformability of Rock: Introduction; Elastic and non-elastic behavior of rocks; Elastic constants; Measurement of deformability by static and dynamic tests; Deformability of Jointed rocks. 11. Groundwater in Rock: Hydraulic conductivity and permeability; Basic flow theor Groundwater flow characteristics; Flow net; Seepage pressure and uplift forces; Seepage pressure and uplift forces: Sealing of ground; Estimation of water pressure, Field measurements; Problems caused by water. 12, Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes: Methods of Analysis; Definition of Potential Stability Problems; Calculation of Safety Factor; Basis Methods for improving the stability of slope.Field Visit: 5 Days Students will have an opportunity to understand the geology and nature of the rocks of the field. Students will make a report regarding the geotechnical investigation carried out for that hydropower site Reference books 1. Sivakugan N., Arulrajah A., Bo M.W. (2011), Laboratory testing of soils, rocks, and aggregates, J. Ross Publishing, USA, 624p. 2. Hoek, E. (2000) Rock Engineering: course note by E. Hock. 313p. 3. ISRM: "Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring”, ISRM Suggested Method, Editor E. T. Brown. Pergamon press, 1981 4. Jaeger, J.C. and Cook, N. G., Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics. Science Paperback. 505p. 5. Richard E Goodman (1989): Introduction to Rock Mechanics, Johan Wiley & Sons, New York, 562P. 6. Bell, F.G., Engineering Geology, Department of University of Durban, South Africa, 259p, 1993. ology and Applied Geology,7.2 Elective subjects Depending up on the course selection, the codes of Elective subjects will be different. However following are the prescribed codes: For First Semester elective courses: 1: CE 805 HE For Second Semester elective courses: 1: CE 854HE 2: CE 855 HE For Third Semester elective courses: 1: CE 902HE 2: CE 903 HE Sedimentation Engineering (4 Credits) 1. Introduction and Basie Properties of Sediment: Sediment and sedimentation engineering, issues of sedimentation on hydropower development, sediment yield of rivers, Basic properties of sediment: Physical properties of water and sediment, sediment suspension and its properties, particle size distribution curve, sediment gradation, measure of gradation, sediment grade scale, representative size for graded sediments 2. Basies of sediment transport and in -diment transport principle, lift and drag forces on sediment particles, incipient motion, Shields experiment, Shields and Hjulstrém diagrams, modified Shields diagrams, incipient motion of graded sediment and hiding function, incipient motion of a particle in steep channel be particles on channel bank, fall velocity and its dominance, surface and form drags, Stokes" and inertial law 3. Mechanics of sediment laden flows: Kinematics of flow, continuity equation, equations of motion: general, Navier-Stokes and Euler equations, velocity profiles in laminar and turbulent flows, law of wall, time averaged continuity and momentum equations for turbulent flows, eddy viscosity, mixing length, concentration profiles of sediment laden flow: Schmidt profiles, original Rouse profiles and its variants, von Karman coefficient and Ri parameter, The k-e turbulence model 4, Stream power and energy dissipation: Energy equation, stream power, minimum energy dissipation. Flow regimes and resistance to flow: Descriptions of regimes of flow, importance of regimes of flow and its prediction, complexities of regimes in natural channel, resistance law, res 5. River Dynamies: River bed degradation/aggradations, sorting and armoring, formation of channel features: bars, rifles and pools, flood plains and river terraces, meandering, river confluences and branches 6. Sediment Load Transport: Bed load transport: Bed load equations: empirical, dimensional considerations and semi-theoretical approaches, sediment non-uniformity and bed load, saltation, Suspended load transport: Suspended sediment load estimation by method of integration, simple relations for suspended toad: sediment rating curves, van Rijn method, hyper-concentrations and parameter evaluation, non-equilibrium transport of sediment, wash load. Total load transport. Sediment transport capacity, total load tation by different methods: Einstein and modified Einstein method, Colby’s method, Simons method, Bagnold’s method, Ackersa and White method, Yang’s method, Engelund critical shear stress for tance to flow in alluvial streamsand Hansen’s method, Karim an Kenedy’s method, Shen and Hung method, short and long term sediment load 7. Erosion, sediment yield and sediment control: Sources of sediment, erosions and its types, sediment delivery ratio, sediment yield and methods of estimation of sediment yield, sediment control methods: watershed control measures, channel control measures, development induced sediment control 8. Reservoir sedimentation and its control: Reservoir hydraulics, trap efficiency and aggradation, sediment distribution in the reservoir, life of a reservoir, density current, reservoir sedimentation surveys, control measures: hydraulic sluicing and other new methods for sediment removal, bypass channels, reservoir operation rules, flushing, reservoir emptying, dredging and siphoning, and design of settling basin 9. Sediment Modeling Using Nemerical Method: Physical and numerical modeling, finite difference approximation, data requirements for numerical modeling, model set up, theory and application of sediment transport model (HEC-RAS/MIKE1 etc) for sediment transport in open channels 10. Sediment Test: rent samplers, measurements, laboratory experiments and field observations, Equipment for sediment measurements: instantaneous suspended sediment samplers, time averaged suspended sediment samplers, depth integrating samplers, point integrating samplers, automatic sampling equipment, bed load samplers, bed material samplers, suspended discharge measurements, bed load discharge measurements, total sediment discharge measurements, laboratory experiments, 11, Research paper presentations and case studies Field visits: 2 days field visit for sediment sampling and testing at the laboratory. Experiments (will be carried out in Hydro-Lab) 1. Methods of sediment sampling and its analysis 2. Sediment measurement in models 3. Sedimentation studi 4, Physical and chemical study of sediments for reservoirs in models References: 1. C.T. Yang, Sediment Transport: Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, 2. G. W. Annandale, G. L. Mortis, and P. Karki, Extending the Life of Reservoirs: Sustainable Sediment Management for Dams and Run-of-River Hydropower, World Bank, 2016 3. H.H, Chang, Fluvial Processes in River Engineering, Wiley Inter Science, 1988. 4, M.G, Gracia, Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice, American Society of Civil Engineers; 2008 5. P. Y. Julien, Erosion and Sedimentation, Cambridge University Press, 1998 6. PY. Julien, River Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 2006