——_— Unit 1 Circle (10 rs) Equation of cirele in ious forms (centre a origin entre aan Para geerl ewan. cicle wih given imac). Condtion ct CONTENTS fangeney ofa line ata point tothe circle, TangeMt and normal to cise Unik 2s, Lim aphSoncneity (long) ease Pemutaton and Combination te Lint cin, semen, Ac rp at oar ei ee spent 2 baits without poe. Thetems on mis of A tipo and exponent Furetions H geri, Logertii Series aod capers Elementary Group Theory - ae fins log 9 ( i at) one Seton Continity of a fation, Types of dicgitinites, Graph of ea = discontinuous foctin. per Coordinate In Space 05-134 Unit 13: The Devatves (om) <2) Oe Pane a 125-148 Defias of «fron Deiat of gti, igoomens® | Comet: Yeon Bx Caan En A land fogaihmic. functions by definition (simple Chapter: Produ fT wo Veet 165-191 siemens nn ngs Steet ms impli anton, Higher onder derivatives copes: Devanes ‘ oo gh saa eens ‘inn ude tea 726-250 pcomenganat ile chaps At Detvaties 2 251-2 ope, mean of dating, Mariomsty of + || eat cen Eos Sas ae A Ea CS acne inn Sais Ui 5. Aovdgeathn ands Appeaticgd Dispersion Conelstion and Resresson) sas [STS TISRAEI w 10H) chaps Probably 4 71398 raves, Integration using Basi itegrals, integration by pai andResluon of Cone iia eee apee cer ae | eels nee inegrl as nae ede given sre, Are Reto Wo SUVS Forces sosez Evaluation Scheme" csp Para Fores, Maren an Coes aus Seen mame] | tif: Hines, he Gamay ton waa 5 Zo 1se2290 [om een fom ccs] 1= 5040 Ans. (®)_ Af the bays and gies may sit alternate they alternatively inthe form 0-0 G6 -8-G-B. where B stands for boys ai G stands fr girl “Then there ere 4 seas for Days and 3 fo sits “Then t boys ean occypy ther seas in “Pe ways, sind 3 srl ean ace 3 paces in" ways “otal number of required ways = “Ps "Ps ways TeoH eae LE ways Ans (Gale girs are together, en we consider al three gin as a fog poole, Hone there Se (4+ 1) people and (4 <1) sats ree es and #3. Thretore 5 people can be seated in 5 places in'p,= ‘Ps ways. ‘Again, tnee girls can mutually interchange their positions Hence the no- 66 ways of interchanging theic seats = "ps otal no. of ways they cansit='ps* [past = 3 130 * 6= 720 Ans. 5. In hew many ways can eight people be seated in a row of eight seats 26 thet two particular persons ore always together? Solution: ‘et, umber of eats = 8 ander of people = 8, Now, if two particule persons ae always together, Ue we have to consider to people a5. 8h Hence, there are 7 seats nd 7 people. ie © Tad = 7.1A comple Guide took Higher Secondor Level Basle Mathemats (x "Fheefore, the 7 people ean seated 7 ples in “Py ~ "Pr ways. Aas nvo people cantly interchange their postions Hence the no, of ways verckanging ther seats Spy = St 21 1202 ~ 240, ‘Again, he ital no. of ways in whieh vio particular hooks are ot together al no. of arrangemeniySar 6 books — Total qa ‘rangement in which tie" pariculae hooks argcalivays o © tose 61-240) (From part (ay) 720-240 440.Ans 7. In how many woys.can four red beads, fiué-white beads and thre be beads be (see 282] erronged ne ow 2. Salton ‘co tn efi sic eas "ner oe beats Hegel mmberattens 4S hs Peder nn SL Seaeaea eR bomen ond Combintion 7 TEBE 4S 10 11 = 2720 0095 A cS how many ways con Ro leters of the fllong wards Be erranged? (@) ELEMENT os EMENT is 7. In this word, Tere number 6Cltters in the word ommes 3 times, and othe eters L M, NPs I time or 7.pe3 ‘Heck: tral no, of erangemensen al 7 fttrs taken towettier LT 12675423. 49 any 4-3 & a0. (@) NOTATION orion: Tire, numberof Bars in IN" comes? es, "0" comes 2 mes." eomeS cone tine p24 fot ofarangemcnt heh al # eters taken together wigs rh the word 'NOTAFION is 8 In this word. 2 times and “A” Hewes mae ©) MATHEMATICS Solution: Tn the given Gp ‘MATH There are Nts, > Ns and 21 Soan= Hep” ded» 2.02. NICS: she atibor of letters are 1 Hane ie reared numberof pershations ie pate Lo ao 000 Ans ‘sy MISSISSIFPE ‘elation: Tere, numberof letter times," comes times and" me hpomas 402 ence, tal ha. of permutations taken al letters together inp i Mn thi Bond,“ comes 4 Bye Tae aa ae M109 70 PLES 54650 Ans. “+ MILLENTUM (ses 2069)ae oe pele Guide took Higher Secondor Level Bol Mathematics iy 9,5 How many numbers of & digits can be formed with-the digits 7 3.2,0,3,3? ‘elution Since the numbdec given digit i 6 ou of Glitch 2 occurs twig Se ms occurs thriga tl the rest‘ occurs i Hence, 0 umber of such arrangers ua these numbers aso inchilS those numbers which edhisin 9 esinsing place. and so then grein fat S dist numbers j wwe have 5 disity ut of whick occurs twice ad 3 occurs thrice. These 5 divitscambe aranged in P me See ore ene pads Paul rel plat as (@) they may sit any where ©) they sit dlternately, eos occupy their 8 seats in circular table- 48) = 5040 ways. e o ‘Since Art and Science students have to sit eS Sooo ctcceatne etree i. rence students, . bare ae we im @ round table oe . ‘can occupy ih their 4 seats in “P, ways. (b) Votal number of ways they ‘occupy the seats. 7 . 3a a Ba ay! Pity een sight people be seated around a table samt ibe tna ear sted Tiere. umber of people Ii people sit together, thenGwe have. So there ate 7 people and Teas. $0 round table ~ (8 in. 2 people can illually interchange thei 2. Hence. the numberof way they can interchange ‘an Extra Qlstion:In how many ways can 7 studer “In how many ways can seven different Here, number of beads =7 ‘Since 7 beadeare to be made into bracelet emutetion and Combination 11 , eurmber of seats = 8 to consider two people as one 7 people can be-eranged in 8 Tt iyt= 6! ways sel. thee 2 seats al voc SRrays of siting in ond RI 6!» 2! = 7202 i fa = 1440 ways Ans. nts be coloured beads be made seated in a\ciecle? bracelet ? toa bracelet Sia P= (7-6 fice, the distinction betwen clockwise and antclockivise rangement is not made and the arrangement in clockwise and anvclockse are same "Number of ways of arranging 7 bea in w 4566 Total umber of wavs = => 7 =F in how many ways can 4 letters be;posted in six letter boxes? How many even numbers of 3digits can be formed when repetition of digits & allowed? Gerhow mony woys con 3 prizes be distributed among 4 ‘rodents 20 thet eoch 6 These lets can be aanged taking al a ine 720;803s Ans Ain, Fisng the eter Mat begining the numberof arrangement g@ remain leter aking alata ime ‘= 51> 120 ways Ans Hex, otal numberof arrangements which donot begin with At 720 120= 600 ways Ans: Again. Fixing M at the begining andy atthe ends then number of arrangement of remaining ltrs taking all ata tim De= 41 =24 ways, Total num of arangements bein with Mand not end withy = Tol number of arangement tet begins with M— Tol ‘umber of arangement bez with and ends with y = 120-24 = 96 ways Aa so Er ern In how many wre cont ltes of the word-TUESDAY'b ‘raged? Hon nay of hese oranges ot beg Wt 7? Hor mary Bee ih Tan det ed wth [RSEB 27] 15\(6)Show that the number of ways in which the letters of the word “COLLEGE” can be arranged so 1 's al ue Ther the ves ae seen : ine wo "COLLEGE" =7 Tere? Va 2E. an peti wo Es cme pth te 2 in ‘take 2,E's as a single letter, 0 tht tuner oletcniscanad wt nou = eran f vie of argon of tae wh 252 come ogater 2 tote = 0 An a Permutaion ond Combination 13 Xt Gone Gxt Questions ').tn how mony ways can the letters of the word’ELEMENT’be rronged 20 that oll the ‘owes are always together? i) In how mony ways can the letters of the word" PRECARIOUS’ be arranged 20 that all the vowels are always togetier? 7 15.b) Show that the number of way: in which the letters of the word “arrange” con be arranged, 30 that two r's do net come tegether is 900. soliton: "No.of ters inthe word atange = 7. ‘There are 2a and 2S n= 7. p= 2.4=2. Hence otal umber of arrangements of leu pa A(4K8'Fs come-toether tenons take 2% asa single Let 50 ‘he numbers of leer is copsiered as 6 2 Gand p=2 ence. muners of waysofanangemert of letergwhen 2 § 57360. 1260, comes together oe ‘Total numberof arangemens ofthe Ieters 6F the word ‘arange! in which two's donot come tether ™ 1260 ~ 360 900 ‘An Extra Question: Zn.how many ways can the letters of the word'CALCULUS' be arvonged £0 that two's do not come together? Hence proved. 160 In hon nny ys eg the letter of the word $COMPLTER" be crroged so het G0 a the vo re luys together? Gt ievayt oe one wey gee 8, tee gbiion patie of seth ard cna ere tone? soto ‘There are 8 different ets jn the word "COMPUTER™ and vowels ‘01 U'andee ee eee crc cnt cate ote Secon Ll 40 Hohematey ay re anc Oa Evo HRS. HEN We te eye ee a ot unter Tet coma sees ees se. an afd in 6 a8: Se eas an mata intro ei po JE eanserimartingng th positon ~ py ante at pets cet Ye = 6) aL= gas (cite terror 0, U By ory cl noid ae sarily 1, 3°54 and 7 psitons i ples, theo ne, meet ewes il pes =p ways Noone venang$ lett (ie. ©. MBF R) can stead reing een dps in ope Total ce angers =, ey Te Tse 1208 24= 2880 Ans, ince S consonants canbe arranged in! ways And 3 vowels can o be arranged in 3 ys, Teaa no. of arangsna= $1 <3! = 120.6 = 726°Am. ‘Combination 2. A boy pits is hand into @ bag which contains 10 differenth, 4 Colured ‘marbles ond brings out 3 How many different rs cond How many different rest Slain Nontes of coloured mes amber of marbles taken ou a ine = Require oof posible dierent esas OG el 9 10 Capa See neko IB “Tex DE Fad the ber of ne courses. it of 8 course 2 j In which © student can select Aesonding tthe question, ‘Total no of courses ~& ayy. Teter, oumbea eecion te SE 8 selection of courses out ot 8 courses one ‘— Saluion 5, f|3 courses are compulsory, in het Solution peymitotion and Combinction 18 c ms a 6 a ining 2 c@rses can be 56 Ans. JGhien¥ courses are compulybe. then the rem lected out of § couse : s 10 Ans Aequited no, of selections -'e: = GSH From 10 persons-jn how many ways con a selection of 4 be mode () where particuler person is always included (i) wher two particular person are always excluded. [see 2082 2066 2069, 2070) sedating (0 ovr question ‘Nos. of persons = 10, Nos, of persons to be selected 10) When one partiewlar person is always included TT one paricloe person ts included alswayéy the remaining 3 persons can be sees fem 9 persons gt 7 8-9 Required dof selection = "Cs ~ gS BT Te 3-84 ways Ans, 1). sPhae 2 particle persons ni atways excluded : AW two particular persons acéexcluded, 4 persons can be selected ‘ut oF B persons 28 a aes Reqited no, of weston = °C, = 5472 =70 ways Ans. ‘A bag conteing 8 white bells and 5 blueballs. In how many. woys can 5 white balls and 3 blue bolls be drawn? Selution Here, 5 ite bls can be drawn oyt@F 8 white balls in fe, ways nnd blue bls canbe dean ou of $e Tolal no, of ways of drawn =" «65 4s5s6- 708 =a 560 Ans. How many committees con be fermed from 8 set of 5 girls ond 7 boys if each committee contains 3 gils ond 4 boys No. of gtk, No, ot hoys = 7, Nowa ‘ow. 8 Sommittee there must be girls and 4 boys. ‘No. ofslection 3 gids outa S =°C, ways "Caways, No of selecting 4 girls 6a of 7 Total wo, oF cw % ‘commited °C,i a eur secndy a SH HOU Sy AR _ B mnen, he from gp ot enon Sea {eta sme and 2 women oe pss ‘ tn = No. of gi» 11 and No. of women = 8 sabe etn be cel amen bees ‘oe siumuafekcigenoutaf nen Cy Soe ree yee tone ctf women Sh Tool somites es 16.1 capt Guide Book 6 BC Tyee Brot B78 eGeIeN © eH GB S0120 eo) 4020 Aas 7. eRin 4 mathemeticans, 6 stotistiion and 5 economists, hay ineny committees of 6 menbers can be formed so cx 1 ‘nea 2 members from Gach category? ‘Sshten There are 4 mathepiians, 6 statins and Sonoma ve tue set? mee fn hay wow. m0, of ays of selecting 2 mtnaticians. ow of ( manag, A 2 i Silly 8 ways felting 2 ssticins cu of 6 = supasfnasot keting derma ooo eee ol no om sn Exes Question Fd te wba wpe wih 8 cafes out of 8 ext ed when 3 courses are complsony> < No.of quai HANES =12.No of re ‘Also ameng 7 guests S mon og eitives~ 8, No, 6fathers No.of selection tnd No.of sleton of Pree 9 There ore ten Selution: ‘peimotion and Combination 17 % “a *Cye4Cs way SG = 78 S66 HOGRys. Ans sctic bulbs in the stock of 0 shop out of lubich there are three defectives, Cn how many ways cane ection of 6 bulbs be made £0 that 4 of them may be good (ise 2673}, Foal oof wi bu? “Tere, no, of electric bulbs = 1sno, of defective bulbs © 3 ‘of good bus © 10-3 = 7 ‘Nov, 4 good bulbs outa 7 canbe selected in "ey ‘sain, 12 defective bbs out of 3 can be selected in ew oval nisl 35535108 Ans 10. From’ gentlemen ond 4 ladies. committee of 5 is to be formed, In how many ways.¢@n this be done so as to include at least one lady. ‘SES 2088, 2060,2068) Solution No. of gentlemen = 6, NB. of ladies = 4 Requires commit should be of 5 in which one dy should be inclu, So the reauired Commitee are formed i me Gentlemen | __Ladies.~ No. of selections gentlemen out of 6 | Tady ou of ‘ 3 gentlemen out of |2 ladies ot oF 4 2 gentlemen out of 6/3 ladistout of 4 ‘gentleman out of 6 | ladies out of 4 ‘Toa no, of ways of forming the commitees NCUA, + 9G XIE: C2 C+ °C, ne "3a Bad, REPS 6 ged SRUGR(S 283) gANEA6 Grea srw at Sey HRT Wide i oe oaook to Higher Secodory Level osic Moh 0+ 6 + 6» 246 ways, Ans. 1A comblete Guid Permutation ond Combination /19 os 3 3 ‘Some Extra Questions ia gigi aps pens eee at 1 Fro 6 gntlenen ond 4 eles @ cmt of 8s eR a formed, In how wary ways can this be done 0 a5 40 incaye + 10+ 104 $40 31 Ams. 1 neue, (@) TF (20, r+ 5)» C20, Zr 7), find C19; 7). least two gentlemen? HSEB 2065 255 fo (20, + 5) ot n, \) In 0 ghoup of 10 students.6 are boys. Zn how many ways cq, Since C(20, +8) = €(20,2F=7) oouli) “4 pdents be selected for mathenatial competition “gag tee, see form include at mst two gir eS Clin f)= Circe) then cher Shore =n See se PRD) teeghhiy che See wets ott 1 committee is be chasen from 12 men and’ 8. Women nd Meee aisee (aa oak to const of 3 men and 2 women. How many cohmitees co 3 ieeierr= OS one= 223, fore Sines, =223 int posible, so we ake r= 12 15 Ist betas 11, A candidate required to answer 6 out-of 10 questions whey” NOW-CUIS.) at are divided int 2 groups each contaiing 5 questions and hep S134 75 5=455 Aas net permitted to attempt more than 4 from any group. Inihow 13. @) If cia, F0) + cn, $) = C(20, 10); Find n and cfr, 37) Ina efferent ways cn be make wp his choice. [HSEPapg3) Salton: a Hert, 1) + Ct, 9) = ca, ‘Since the candidate is nt permite to attempt more ha 4 questions | c from any goby, So-he can select six differen gestions from bot TOT Tea oH” CM. 10) a g roupsinihefiowing ways z Ga TORDT (752g) "C20. OH 986s Group 2° Group >, | No. ofan] S10 ee FF FF Queso ahs | Cy] GIFT * tH 99) =A. 10) (3 Questions ot oS |3 Quesionsout ofS |“ °Cy °C, ot by Ks |4Qetonaaers ROkedmeners | "eee | os Bata CeO. 10 otal nes of ways fst the questions oF, A110) C20, 1) no Coo Fey Cy ‘rere apply Clas) = Cla ideo wee, ese ve apply C2) = Clot, te n+ l=20 Sea" Tea] “Fay ee ee A AES] es giets =9519=171 Ans a 1g oer 18. (2 salve form the equation: ln = 2, 4) 8.ci, 2) 22104) +10 «10 A man has 5 friends, In how mé ‘moF€ of them to a dinner? 7 Solution: Weave, Gi 2,4) 6 C(a,2) nay si 2 He 42-4” Heth According to question, fin § a oe ee wt fricnds at atime: of, (nt In AID or, + 3n— 70 Since n can not negative #10. wasTAns.war Level Boe Mathemoiey canpite Guide Book 0 MOET xy eS examen of 40 questions is dings [asm examination paper consistind of 10 4 | in ay A conten 6 sust,In ie te oie ome 7 sion. me a ation rn Ad 3 708 Si BP Oe acca estos Fenech rp? ‘ett: “ay Hera umber questions A umber of questions in r0upsA™ 6 and muna f questions group B= 10-6 = 4 ‘Number of questions tbe sleted = 7. ‘owt gsm ou ram group A canbe selected in “Cy ways and 3 questions out 4 fo group B canbe see in "Cy ways Corr err nce TS tal amber o ‘number of skilled men <6. umber of unskilled meh ™ 8-6 & number of mento péselected = 5 Nagbtr ofztections | = or) [Uskinea en | [ese ere rc omer Henge otal numberof selections Cys HCC, + tC oad a ae lee eee Tot mii ofsletos = "Co OCS = 3131“ 5S ee sea ~ Sere OP arp 12 641 20+ 304.5 Soays Ans = 60 ways Ans, ow : oS One" seo ——_2 a ~ Lnstatied men 2) | Stale mn {6)_| Number of selections sro [Guy (8 | Raabe fade} eer wun 816) Namber of selects 1 4 Ga me a A SS | ‘Menee, orl umber of selections HIG Cs cu 'c, oa ; Oana an aye be 3a "iat +0 mite ges Suny ag ST fear ee = 30+20~ soways kos stale 16. Ince’ Group of 10 students, 6 ere boys. In how many we pra Sean LE Sates a 1 som wegen Include pam § Se of © are sites, a two pps canbe lected sch ay he Mame oF wh ann) Deer te Boys) a east two boys <)-8t mest two oir leas 3 of the a od may be the 4 in) SMG ot skilled men, rest wbnber of students = 10 "MOY be the unskiled men, a umber of boys = 6 cand number of girls = 4, & Numi a stirs be sledA compile ui e 221k Comp To beget amet (CHAPTER| be selected in "C a) numberof and nanber of 6 | iat can doy isnt of 4620 a "CCCs BINOMIAL THEOREMS, EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC SERIES a nef slestions 43 FH = 90505 An, 4 Binomial Expression Befinition= an expression which comists of two ferme called a ‘Binomial expression. For examples, ax + b. x + a, 2x ~ Sy ete. are all the binomial {Xpressions Also (x +a)" galled ni” power ofthe bind. [Note:- The formla from which we can expand any power of the binomial expressions called "Binomial Theorear” This theorem was frst discovered by Sir Isane Newton, o = Tienes oil umber of selections = OSC: +E IC, + Cy ICS ‘Statement: For any positive integer, (at "Coa Ca CE a CPE ERE, 2.3 Exponential and Logarithmic Function Definition:~ (Exponential Function) — Ms, re Acton pelea ee ic Pl at een Bates ene fain fos om 1 2 en ee ese 1+€ baG@al op foment tion tee e= (C2) ‘eee Definition: (Logarithmic Funetion) = c Lety = ais a exponential function. If we wish to express x interms OF) we write x= toga. This seated logarithmic function. "Note: The inserse of an exponential fupetion is called logarithmic function. Thus if == y = los |Z4_Exponential and Logarithmic Series SE eee ad ge tanan te exponent uncon called exponential sere, andthe tenes corespondiog tothe gest, Sanctions is culled logarithmic series. ort = 1Sst04905 6 is ane tee General Term of (+ a) The (r+ I)" ten in he expansion of (+ "scaled general term, The formula for general term is, ba",te Guide fo Higher Secondary Level Basle Mathomics (xy nayac 2, oo Mille Terms Cane I: When sev etl team nf (0 + xi, aor Pyuperies of Binomial coeticignts MORES I Cony 6 2 8» G+ + Coe ta Dope G2 Cee Gy toe hee Neca <4 run 2G nce Pa salu (ses 2008, 20029 Here (14a GeO 8 + Coe SSF Gt é Putingy St ond, we et BoC eH Het Qe ‘iy ip proves pat 0 Kean puig n= on ve et Giri Ce- C4 GE Cy ee, Boos Goon CECH DD Grob Cyt OGG @ But we know Foal Co CEE Cy Cob CHC, HEE 06, (Coe ES HEA Cat noe GES HES nae) Using i, we wet (Ent CEC HC + nd HE) * CCL H CS an) AOAC CHEE od BE Cita C From (i, we obtain Co e644 sance Pome me : sna Ey oe 5 Sons tree Rete O batt sratE Eee © maps = tinomial Theorems il and Logantimlc Series / 25 nent nat Theorem 1. Exped cach of the flloring by the Binomial theorem GF Wop (1 199+ Hoe ond simplify vF (a) (0 + by (b) x = IO) Cee , a of cole -} sotto @Oe by : . Now. (a+b)? = a+ "Cy ab! + "Ca? b+ "Ca" *Cyahth! + yal bt "Cy Waa 3Satb) +5 “+ Tabb Ans Be y- cxannSyrt Now Gteay)' = Qyt- *@nt55 +c Sean an" an! 1 AERP ay etl 16x pens 3a seney'esiy" Text Ar’ ayr6ae y-428279"+ By = Non! ny» B64) - B16" By" Ans © eye on Non GeO¥ = ans cage Seen! oy Po aN IY) CAN OF +07 = sax" Sosy n'y! + Tony" se2uyiey" = 20 8 x 2 @ &-) Now, (§ee snag belo noon twa ea Spt nvm tone in Ste, 37 1 SHE 208 4058 am zy BORE sh 205 ag 6 eer aed 22) vansion OF EY, © (ey) co tania te pee armin tb expansion (5) . 2 now. (29) hoe aaa where a 4.x (C) and = 7, et ee fon 250m 9 1-8 & Ua tin, we wt s(2-gae it ‘ wats? (2st ets 4-19 an SS dt eer! Qf the Flog: 2. Find he tte term nthe feng case: a (e-Ne 18) seventh term of (2x + y)!® SF malate © send Te QhY relate pee cpnion st? _Soetions: 1 a) Let (F + TMG is the general femme the expansion of ou 2x wheres ent "6 enon Here, wei eg =TCRTT. where 8G y= Ke Pce 7) Temes | get we wena ee) Les em syne te ine xp eg. Gr =a har BS, eonr-(t) 1 OIE no ld 4) 0) Find the cootficints of Pmt expansion of («+ Foca em 14 3 Sonn Tes HEB ad Using = 3 in @, weet sae (= ade be 32x? = 17928) ats. athe nine + DP emot eeevel Bose Mathematics (XI) onday Level ose Mat “ny 1 ACorplele Gude fo ger 5 2. ‘he eS es o. > Ai) 14229 $0378 Aes ee 1 5, eared Goeticent of x? Ean) ating > rig oe ee oe ‘Let the tet independent of x opdini in the (¢ + 1)" teemh wth ote) then, EECA. where a GB «Beye Now forthe tem independent of 24 3r = 0-68 ating Bon, we gst asad nena ot Bie onan (88 Seltion £ z j B a g 10 Then yea ser (eee3 Lexie erm independent ox odin the (e+ 1am of soe. (5+ 3h) Then, EEE] wheres = 26 «ag tes Gant” @)= ea wer ah 9 Fovthe soci of S30—de=2 on 2 X oscusingS = 1 place Hence. om th required coeicent =o gt 1 BSI ? ie UL pam oe © A203) Aon < Now the er independent of if9—3¢>0-= =3 AO Fed the cxeficerof st in the expohtion of PutingysSon(), we ge (#-3). = Fr x genes a Seaton: Lib ceca os < Secs inthe aa Then = "6c where a SO (xe 19) ‘ «soliton: So * Tet the em fom osc inthe 1) em in the expansion a (2). Den ETE] hea x x=t ii EY coli a0, (l) ace Forte ccctcen of an yg, \ Gime (Y)-AeQh wee, ON OA pe No the em a re teh acs mitogen Oe ee ” MC, Ans: oees 130/A.Corblete Guide fo Higher Secondary Level sic Menematics (I) ) aa - of x aed in the (+ Selition ‘Leche term independent “ LO asteaeo 1 Ey PP 6 Fate ieee eh eit cole 3)" twaerzoaraa o» (&- 8) © ("tem oe 2h Sines n= 18 odd and n+ 1 = 19 is even. So thre only ot middleterm given ty ie. to Now. sing =9, we get te = ea of 3)" : Since m= 17 is and "0 mide tes they ae os fie. and te Using r= and 9, weet were) «den a a vo="es00)"*(!) AEWA o &- Weknow [egeXG ATT] where n= 202 Ta = 2.x =—2 agen) (Softee Cag oe “a - PO ee @ (adh Here, 2n is even and 2 1 is odd, So the number oF erm inthe oo We ia [r= CAP, where d= anv = 2m 2m Ping r= nin above formu et toy = Mesen*9S) = 28 far (2 cap = Cr SE ans {s od. Hence thee is only one middle 'Q. Find the middle term in the expension of132 / Aomplete Guide lo Hh. 75>. Show that the middle 5 rik and Loge Series / 33 Bay. Hence proved pe 29, the cdetficet of @ tthe expansion of (E08. 1 . o Geen yh rerm iz gual to the coefficient of (Br + 2) Tn (1 097089 ~0971 Ans mamneSaeay™ = 1 +0.008- 0 000 +0 0000 + = 1008. EEO we ain wy me wh on te) 999, “nomial Theowems exponent ond Logarithmic Series 38 con" 1 1b 1+ 00s 1.005 Ans = ast 3) 1.0002 + 0.0000 ':099 Ans, SY any ~ [a] -{ 13 = 2+ 00816-0017 + 06065 -) 221 aun Su" bed1 ebige Gud ge Seconda evel Meets) 1 1 1 36 105. (ama) 041 -0.00033) 10" 0 99067 » 9.67 Ans tena Lay ara bb EE ae {Pauatng the seond and third terms, we wet i 4) 2.65 Hees t= = (1 Equation) will be 1 laQtaT ttl #2 ence prove (Leta som be meses aw ik =r Hee} Vea MgD 2, Eautng cnt ed te we qin 2D 1 ‘nnomia! theorems exponen and Logan Series / 81 med t) Bo Mae is 1 4 Satin the value of min (i, e Bs (2884983 Qear=(1+ Hence, equation i) wilR2eome 1. show har i Gsieacae Seton: Webrow, 143 Putting = and. wet Jat. -e! ai we(Ghotet)-~ “ (ope 044 Wetogue=texrde Fs 4 Pitng x= Vand = we 8S© Byeqation i) and iv) of QR. 2) Tides hsm nian need) nies) co ~S dat ~ Ban ph net mia “20 Xa hy thera ide Wat G1) and OF» 1Hens proves oan Hence the giver sees is “e+ ¢ = Jeence proved (OY 6, sum to infinity the following series: 2 12 23 34 % ® area fm 1 -2gt gee, site: o 12 go : Len beth term ofthe ven series, Then aco HAS ro) Gf Hence proved L2ae81-3-5.7 a ao 20 sea 2072) ‘Let denotes the rm ofthe given series, a4 ACompele Gude to Hes Sec Lett be then term of the mernst 2 oN ay Sum ofthe given series o Ee : é fee eee Ans Bat ( 1} =seanda> oa aa i 5. show thot E Gaye F ee ef Ist fom wtesende Am now, $ Er, = $n ieaa e 1 aae* = Lat, beth rie ai 2a Saba Coneela aa) oy 1308. Lezz” Lat i, be the o* term of the above series. z ie) La, deh mt se Hence equation i esdnes _ £$#£#i&a ‘$81 Acamplte oie a igo Second LevelBole Mathemate ny orem, panera and Logaihmle Seles / 49 5 Gain ete He-2) —< heovems: ponental ond togarthmlc Sees / 4? cehet | te-2= 0-1 Ane) mali de) aa Sire - td -- tog. 0 ence proved ea 4 ood 104 1° 2m-aF * eayp* = Luts, Uae = 1 08) : nce prove. 0.) Prove 1h 3 a ‘io dont yt ; 3 raha ie aue be co ee ~ tin tis 3-35 = oe Walon. og(l +3) « toed 9 ae log. (1 +) —Lopa(l — temps A * nangeeieeee | | wu) i LS, Hence proved Hence prov. a oy - 0am | Luts. oe show thot x= y = By? Proof BY AYsecondo tevel Bove atheros (i) nomic theorems. exponeil a ww Hence proved. es = RS. Hence proved: tome} [Heeb 2055, 2062) ‘oo ms Satution: Weknow that e'= Lex ook ence ed Pang = a= Jan wt Saxe Qh thet : ea pe2ed e o whee Sarma et SO are wo ye Series be then vege seen aint L | f wri 2a Page ans ARE Nowereet=24+ 242 emetet 20S ogi| ihe Secondary Level Bole Maem (1. “avehave icHA oe By adtion the given series SoS ELEMENTARY: GROUP THEORY Binary Operation =—_ Tra dimen ofa se gues fe Rn aprtion which pas two ee 3 third clement of the same set is knowh-as Binary Operation. Ipcottes agree which asign an each ordered pir of cleens in TOSS wnigue clement af. is alled binary operation on S. In vol kis omidered aa fnction 2S «SS ve price we age the varius types of symbols *, ©, 8 0%.» + dente the banner [32 Algebraic Structure bout =3)°x Tar algal ror conning O77 oa © under on operation oe + on Gand denoted by (G, *) may’satisfy one or more of the Pings |omthsigecye at toons chances meri See El i) Gerrans c.etG0. 1, (ii) Commutative: For each a,b G.a*b=b*a€G. Gil “Asoeitve: Fer each ane © G.(a*b)*e=a (62) {3} _Exitnce of entity element: Foreacha G thr exis an element © G sich hat stenanet4Theneicaled an ident Clement (0) Bsstenenainvaree cleats For op n «Gy if there exe elementals G such ata" Trt ced iene ements [53 vereup Tat G be nor Sony Cand Tw Day Opeaan on Ge Thee (G.*) ie. G with bear operation *, called group sain the allowing condone. {G: Clsur am: Gi closed onthe opeaion* is.formabeGatbea Astoitve noms Gis sociation the operation * i foranya,beeG.(arb)menae(ore) Erinence of entity “sement: There exis an clement oe Gauche ase The element's calcd entity element of G i expect to he ee operation * on G, ‘5 fat For|sist. wet fxee4 1A Complete Gude lo Nghe Secondary Level tone Mothemos “Ge. Existence ofinvsre? For each a G thee exit tn elma eGsuchthatatb=b18= 6. Tr osher wards each element of Gposseses an inverse, Hee is called inverse of aad is dented BS No F syssa oe abelian fo? b= b* Aral ube G, | [3.4 Elementary Properties of Group: TG) The ent elerent of aproup i anigue = il) Every element in group (G ) has unigu inverse i) Cancellation laws hold ina gr0up. Gs) Ifa. b € Gahthen Cssesss Esme gece SRT ee ese Find m* nif () m= 3 and n= 5 (i) m=2andn=-5, Selution (a) (> Wm=3,0=S,mtn= me Aas (8) Hinanesaisegemen=2-5=—3 As 0) Mmadundo Seis neman= 3-502 A th Kim=2andn=cS.menemen=2-C3)=7 An © tm=Sandn=3, onc omn= 3454345295 Si, © limedinsen 5, anemmetmae2%(8)<3=5=-1) Ane 2 Sis egun set endo b eS. anaperton* i defined Prov the tenet gen neh of he flog for (eb wih on 5 (1.01) teary operon ©) ot b= ob ons <(, 2, 4) is not ern ceetin, © otbeasbonss(2,4,6,8,10 ...)i@ operation, ( e*b=a-bonS = set of Integers is a binary operat] ‘Solution: ESS ee ~ tementery Grove eon 1 $5 Biers, 8-1, 0.1} and ge ba +b. Here we examine a* BEA b € SF ot Since (-1)*0=-} ©» -1eS on Ot -1es con isi=oes. Bult tsi etezes. So," nat a binary operation on. (oy Hege'S {1.2.4 and operation isa * b= ab. Now. 1*2-142=2e8.J04=2/4=88S. rot the binary operation on S. Te) Here, $= (2, 4,6,8, 10, -») and operation isa * b= a+b Here the operation is addition on the set of even positive integers. Sine the addon of two even numbers is also even ‘umber So the operation is binary on S- () Here, $42 of integers = { the opertion isa b= a~b. Since he ditference of any two Geyer is also an integer. So the {operation a -b=a~ bisa binary operation on S ‘Atv Extra Question: ab = 30 + 2 ferla, b c Z, the set of integers. Show that * is a binary operation on Z. (ise5 2070) Let S = (4, 1) and + denotes the( usual operation of multiplication. Represent it by Cayley's fable. Show that the: rultipication i a binary operation oh S. Lo, Jang Solution: 4 Here, -1 1. Then Cape's looks ike 1 et i Here every element af Cayley’s able are in S. So the multiplication i binary operation on S. Examine the set of positive integers fer (@) closure property under adalition, ©) commutative property under multiplication. (©), estociatve property under subtroction. Solution: (©) Since the addition of shy two positive integers isals a positive imteger. So closure peoperty under adltion holds in 2", i, forany mn eZ'.m +n eZ", $0." isclosed- a ond ivan Matnemeties (0. say ache seo iit ENTS i yn 9 eZ men HAS m0 ; (Fer itton gceritaive 08 2 omen nae : © Cone esd 0-2 BAe) a2 Teme ne cate 3 5. Tet och of the following cose ' (ep The operation defined yon = 3 (OA) of mone?, ‘Slatin “, The opeatiah’* defied on Z by m= 7 singe foe m= band Li The operation * isnt associative, since For corm to=(234) 90 ans at neysar (52) (en*hd* p #m* (n*P). Sag tpeen rm nmciatve 2S (Gi) The operation * i at commutative tn Z. ‘Sine for m= ind n= 4, thet 1 andtm=$ (am) infant, Sos ot commutative in 2 (©) The eperation defined by mn = men Ze, Z. ee © Theopdaion m'n=n0n2 is closeibecmuse foyanyin.n e Z.mtn=ne Z (0. °Ab6.forany map 2, int (a*p)=m*p=pand(m*n)*p=nep=p 1m*(0* »)=(4n*. so teopertonis aauative @ FormymneZite-nndenen Some mS the operation snot commttive i = rommutative properties ion mis not lesa fe q Hlementory Group Theory 1.57 Pmenst,mne ‘e)_The operation defined by Solution GNC For ary mn eZ, mene n+ 1 Z. ‘SoZ is closed on the operation * (i) Also, for any m, m6 Z- (men) p imma) =ptinmenetepth mintp+2 and m*(nep) -meinep+ D=mcta+ p+ +t amentp +2, ai * (n* p)= (m* n) * p. Sothe operation is associative (i) Foranymne Z)men=ment! fandin* m=n+m+ band therefore m * 8 So the operation is commuiative. EXERCISE 3.2 J Given a set Z°= (0, 1, 2, 3) and a-binary operation +4 is. defined by the following Cayley's tabi Lo Tit 2 ts oxo fr] 2 a wot 1 | 2 [3 doo Saba Pet 33) 0 rT 2 Fad the Kentity elements and the inverse elements of 2 and 3, Solution: : (a). Since 2-+,0=2=0+,2 and3-+,0=320443. ‘So identity lement of 2 and 3 is zo, () Since? %42=0=2+42 and 3 +e So the inverse element of? is 2and 3 Let-6 = (0, 1, 2). Form @.compesition table for'G under ‘adaition modulo 3 and multiplication modulo 3. Find 43 {@) the Identity elements of 1 ond 2. (b) inverse elements of 1 and 2. ‘Solution: () The composition table for G under addition modulo 3 forthe set G = 10,1,2) 6 o 1 7 i 2 °1 i ct oir ict toe ae BLA Ep d= 0.1 0" Fo ae 0 R22 Sn 1 andiof2 1 Neeineneceoon fis 20M ZIT (@)Toecraoston ble for Gunde m8 See (0.1.21 18 ° ond ‘Steen clement 1 1) Since he deny elements. From ule we seethat Dsl 121 tan 532 Sothe inverse element of Ts | and that of 22 ‘an Extra Question Ler 6 = 0, {2}. Form a composition table for 6 ‘muitipliceton modulo 3. Find the identity ond inverse ele of, (ASE6 2071 3 une? _ 3.2, 10, 1, 2, 3) and the defined on 6 be of addition” Find the identity and the ‘erent of 1 and 2, ‘Selation @ 2+0=2=0+2 Soisthe idea element of | and 2 (1) Avin 1 N= C1)+ 10, identity Gent 34222) =(-2)+2~ 0. identity omens, Soinericelemen of and’? ae <1 ands “Grea cgi strtire (6, 5} with @ ch, 1} where) stands a ean of alpen, Find the inverse Seton: Sree) 1a to ‘So isthe idem faa Sete ey bat ONCE nay ei 5 Elementary Group Theory 7 59 Soimenegitis 1 Again L* 1= 1+ 1 =I, identiy lament of 1S inverse of Vis | Determine the identity element and inverse element of 3 and - 2 in each case given below: {@) Given an elgebreic’ structure (Z,) with binary operation defined by mo n= mens for allm/n eZ. Solution: (Por thealgebraie structure (2, Now3 G1) 346-1) + aid (-).3=—143 +1 3.6D=3= (1.3 ‘So identity element of 3 is - 1 Again, ~2.(-1) and (=1).(-2). CHE 0.(2)=-2, So the identity element of -2 is 1 ince the idemty element of 3 and is Now. 3.5 and (-5).3 Sis the inverse of 3 Again, (-2).0=-220+ and 0. (-2)=0+(-2) +1 So, isthe inverse of 2 ©) Given ancalgebrale structure (6,°-) with 6 = R - (1), the 43ef oft real numbers without the unit number, where the binary operation defined by, ab =a+b- ab for all 0) identity element of 3, 1 identity element of -2, | the identity element of —2, bee. "For the algebraic structure (G, 0 € G. Now.3.0=3+003 x 3.06320.3 So identity element of 3 is zero. Again, (-2).0=-2+0-2+0 =, and 0 (-2)=9-2~9= 2).0=0.¢-2)=-2, ‘$60 isthe identity element of -2, "Since the identity element of 3 and ~2 is 0 and0.3=0«320 3-5,eee compe caida wg Seconda tevelboe Manan Ktomentay Grovptheory 18! win am} @ the ently een ee ee LAE penn 3 == ey enc <0. 1 es i UP 5 sou smc 3496 aa, |. Pow thatthe se of natural minbers does rot form 0 TWP under the addition operation. uaton ve “et TEN denotes the set of Katural numbers, then the 360(N. *) does not ive diverse. Further each oamem3=0 So, 2 iste verse of 3 “Aga, nbe the inverse of (> identity element of “2 odo the miese of 2. 2. then fom a group, sine (N, *) has no ad clement of (N, 1) do not have an inverse An Extra Question? Prove that the set of integers form group under the addition cperaton. (sz) 1, Stote whether the fllovng statements are frut or-fole. 9, sheyj that the set T =O (+4, 4) forms _@_groyp_under {oles ge ca home come ‘uitplation eperaton, SEB 2070, 2072] (@) The order of the group (6, *) with = (+1. 2, 1, ~D mh | stands for imaginary wit and * stands for the operat Solution initiation infite (©) Tis closed since Te febeT.txCa-1= (ajo tet and. A)* C1) = 1 €T-S0,Tiseloed Tisthe mutipiative identity of : Sige |= Vand=1 «(-=1 = identity element So each clement of Tis heinvers of self (@) isasocitve: since 1 1)* ENE *E1)=-1 and = (1 Ch] =P C1)=— 1 ete. So'F forms a group. An Extra Question: ‘Given the algebraic structure 6, *) with 6 = (1,0,08) where represents he cibe roots of inity/and * denotes the binary ‘sperotion of multiplication, Show that (6, *) forms a group 5. “ist @ = (1, -1, 4, and the operation be of multiplication (@) Show that 6 is closed under multiplication Soto Using the mulpiaion ble, we have Seluion? The eroup G = {-1, |i consists of exactly 4 elements. So. ‘Of(G.*) ied, So he gvenstatement is false @) The group (Lr), -) under the operation . of multiplication js of order 2. “Slaton ‘The group ({i—1}-) has exactly 2 eles and so its order is 2, the boxe statement str (6),The set (2, -1, 0, 1, 2) ie greup under multipliction ‘elution: 1m the st G~ {-2,-1, 0, 1): we have 2 « (2) =~ eG. So le propery is ot ssid. So. O i oot 8 soup multiplication, (O The set (24) 6, 8, 108 0 a oo 10) is « group under dalton, Tne 14,6810; weve Niogawtstoribeo SoG Pits gop ne en, Show that the se'5 = (4, 0,1) does wt farm grep espect to addition operation. = sen Shei. +0= 168-1 40--1 40st tsbes, Bu-1+(-1)- 20S, 141-265, : Secu ey ne a SEIS Te GING eGdeis1eG Ix Cpe Gere, Thus, Or any %,¥ € G,Ncy e G. SoGis closed,jahematics a couplet Gude ihe Secondary Level baie Mothers Oy ‘(e). Show thar the operation is associative Salution since, [ED.D ana (COL i8E0-1 4 [@Da= (CD) i Simiarty we can show that for any 392 Gy x 952) =(6y).2.Sothe operation i associative in O. {2 Show thot the identity element and the Inverse exists, ‘slution: From above table, we se that VSL t=be) cn, fo leie 1 Siand 12-181. Ci) So 1 seas Wenity element of G Again, (Y= 1= 1 1, so imvse of] 81 a (1) 1), s0invese of 1 is-1, Hence each element of G ha inverse in © Con you conclude that 6 ferms a group? ‘Sehition: HEEB Sic (Gs pies cue, eins coitrce of Ment csc lie o Gas anivene in 69, oma ‘An Extra Question: eee ter 6 = (1,1, an the peration be of rlipstin. Show hat © forms & group under the spertion of might se 2 6. Show that the set of intgers Zfoons ‘Above operations are true for all elements of the set of nkegers(Z, + ) forms a group. onthe set 5 then =e Z Z. Therefore ‘A binary operation + defined a,b ais presented in the following Coyley's table: mlel*le 1 Se Peyote btelelal efelet?] : ‘Show that (Ss) forms a group. ‘Solution: Here, a @ Closure property of +: From the above table, we see thatthe operation « defined on any, two elefients ofS gives an element ofS. Hence Sis closed under the operation w (iy Assoiatvity of, ash +c)=asa=aand (ab): a byee as(be0 Hence + sliafebasociative property in S (i) Existence entity element: Since géaa, a Hence, at as an identity element nS. so. isthe inetee ofa; b tect b= the inverse elements of and b respectively (S.*) forms agp. 1-50 band care