UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS

Tuguegarao City

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, ARTS and SCIENCES

Short Term
A.Y. 2020-2021 UNIVERSITY PRAYER

O God, wellspring of goodness and blessings, we give you thanks and praise as one
CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE Louisian community. The graces You incessantly grant upon us and Your divine
RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) providence have sustained our beloved University throughout the years of mission and
excellence.
Having been founded by the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, we pray
that You keep us committed and dedicated to our mission and identity to serve the
Prepared by: Church and the society as we become living witnesses to the Gospel values proclaimed
by Jesus. For if we are steadfast in our good and beautiful mission, our works will bring
ALVIC B. TORRES success not only to ourselves but also to those whom we are bound to love and serve.
Course Instructor
Inspired by St. Louis our Patron Saint, who was filled with a noble spirit that stirred him
Reviewed by: to love You above all things, may we also live believing that we are born for a greater
purpose and mission as we dwell in Your presence all the days of our life.
SEVERO L. WASHINGTON, MARS
Department of Philosophy and Religious Instruction Head Grant all these supplications through the intercession of
Mother Mary and through Christ our Lord. Amen.

Recommended by:

VENUS I. GUYOS, Ph.D.

Academic Dean

Approved by:

EMMANUEL JAMES P. PATTAGUAN, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academics

RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 1 RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 2
 CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE be separated from Spain‟s colonial fist. This paved way to the establishment of organizations
RZAL 1013: Life and Works of Rizal that aimed not just assimilation but separation of Philippines from Spain. One of the advocates
AY 2020-2021 of this idea was Jose Rizal. This module focuses on Rizal‟s abandonment of assimilation.
Week VI

RIZAL’S ABANDONMENT OF ASSIMILATION; COMPARISON OF Previous modules elaborately discussed the two famous novels of Rizal – Noli Me Tangere and
Topic: NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO; The El FIlibusterismo. Rizal had differing experiences while writing the two novels. Both novels
TRANSCENDENTAL HERO provided great impact to Filipinos before. They paved the way to enlightenment of Spanish
colonial rule. We already know that these two are series of stories that reflected the Philippine
At the end of this module, you are expected to: colonial situation. In this module, we are going to compare these two.
a) analyze the events that prompted Rizal to consider other
means of achieving justice and demanding reforms from LESSON PROPER
Spain;
b) explain the implications of Rizal‟s abandonment of the
Learning Outcomes: RIZAL’S ABANDONMENT OF ASSIMILATION
campaign for assimilation;
c) compare and contrast the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo; and

T
he lack of substantial success in the Ilustrados and other propagandists' reform efforts
d) Discuss the various representations of Rizal as a national led many Filipinos to conclude that such campaigns were futile. This left them hopeless
hero. and uninterested in the campaigns being supported.
DATE TOPICS ACTIVITIES Also, Filipinos were losing motivation in Spain. Others have chosen to engage in Filipino
July 26-29  Rizal‟s abandonment of assimilation Read Lesson programs in a passive manner, while others have wanted to pursue their own means of
 Comparison of El Filibusterismo and engaging in more aggressive campaigns against Spain. Among the Filipino nationalists in
July 30 Noli Me Tangere Answering Learning Task
Spain, this was the situation. Personal rivalries among Filipinos also arose and became an
 The Transcendental Hero
obstacle to concrete plans and actions being developed.
LEARNING CONTENT
Graciano Lopez-Jaena and Jose Rizal's La Solidaridad was caused by withdrawal from
disagreement and differences in ideals and aspirations. This left Marcelo H. del Pilar to manage
the newspaper single-handedly. In addition, the desire of other Filipino nationalists to establish a
new organization to counter the Spanish rule resulted in setbacks on the efforts initiated by La
What are the causes why Rizal abandoned the idea of assimilation? Solidaridad. Many believed that it would be better to be part of a new organization with
What can you imagine for the Philippines if Rizal continued supporting the members united towards one goal instead of being in an organization where personal rivalries
assimilation? hinder concrete actions toward greater nationalism.
For you, which novel gave a more impact to Filipinos, the Noli or El Fili?
What are the representations of Rizal as a national hero?

“If our countrymen hope in us in Europe, they are certainly mistaken… The field of battle is the Del Pilar-Rizal Rivalry
Philippines; this is where we should be.” During the leadership of
-Jose P. Rizal del Pilar in La
Solidaridad, at the end of
INTRODUCTION 1890, the rivalry between
him and Rizal arose.
These two differ in terms

W
e can remember that one of the main goals of Propaganda movement was the
assimilation of Philippines by Spain. However, Filipinos found out that this movement
was futile and ineffective. So, they decided to find more ways to achieve equality and
fairness among Spaniards and Filipinos. Filipinos realized that to achieve this, Philippines must
of political vision. The
editorial policy of La Solidaridad under Del Pilar‟s management enhanced the cleavage
between Rizal and Del Pilar. Ninety Filipinos decided to elect a leader, called

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 Responsable, to fix differences and solidify the unity among them. It was decided that assimilation. Realizing that all the movements they rendered in Spain were ineffective, he
the Responsable must be elected by two-thirds of the participants. Unfortunately, the planned to go back to Philippines and change the form of movement.
election produced a division among the group – the Rizalistas and Pilarista. Rizal got the
majority votes but fell short of the required two-thirds vote so they made a reelection. On Rizal set the course for his return to Manila
the third day, Mariano Ponce urged some Pilaristas to support Rizal, the election after the publication of his second novel, El
resulted in Rizal‟s becoming the „legal‟ Responsable. However, Rizal declined the Filibusterismo. All copies of the novel were
position because he knew that there were Pillaristas who did not like either his views or shipped to the Philippines. Upon his arrival, he
personality. Jose Rizal, a man of delicadeza, thus decided to abdicate his leadership established a new organization – the La Liga
and leave Madrid, lest his presence results in more serious faction among Filipinos in Filipina, a secret society that embodied the
Madrid. After that, Rizal also stopped contributing to La Solidaridad. Rizal denied any ideas Rizal presented in El FIlibusterismo.
resentment and enumerated his reasons for stopping to write for La Solidaridad. He Thus, transforming his ideas reflected from his
wanted to work for his book, he wanted other Filipinos to work also, and he considered it novel into actions. This included the calls for
very important to the party that there be unity in the work were his reasons of leaving La the provision of mutual protection, defense
Sol. against all injustices, and promotion of
instruction and education among Filipinos.

Representation in the Spanish Cortes was one of

the predominant changes petitioned by Filipinos. The Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Compared
This move, though restricted in capacity, would The Cortes Generales are the bicameral
legislative chambers of Spain, consisting of

T
have given Filipinos a voice in the Spanish he two novels of Rizal have
the Congress of Deputies (the lower house),
government. The Filipinos were formerly given such marked differences. Both
and the Senate (the upper house). Ventura de
representation but were stripped down. The lack of show different aspects of
los Reyes y de la Serena was the first
tangible commitment on the part of the Spanish Philippine representative who genuinely had
Rizal. The Noli Me
government meant that Filipino representation was the opportunity to defend the interests of the Tangere revealed a witty and
hardly adequate to materialize. archipelago in a parliament that brought romantic Rizal. The second
together representatives from all of the showed a cynical and bitter Rizal.
Around the time, Rizal was also preoccupied with the territories then comprising the Spanish empire The Noli Me Tangere reflected
troubles of hacienderos in Calamba whose situation sensational events in the
he already brought before the courts of Spain. For Philippines and many of its
Rizal, the lack of Philippine representation in the characters were drawn from real
Spanish Cortes and the denial of justice to the appeal of Filipinos over agrarian problems had individuals. (Espina-Clemente & Cruz, 2019)
proven the improbability of a campaign for Filipino rights. In a letter to Blumentritt in 1887, Rizal
already hinted at such sentiment saying, “The peaceful struggle must remain a dream, for Spain The Noli Me Tangere is labeled a love novel and the work of the heart by reviewers, while El
will never learn from her earlier colonies in South America… But in the present circumstances Filibusterismo was a political novel and a work of the mind. The Noli was a book of feelings
we want no separation from Spain; all we demand is more care, better instruction, better according to Zaide, and it has elements of freshness, color, and lightness. It also has a section
officials, one or two representatives, and more security for ourselves and our property. Spain where a song written by Rizal was sung by characters like Maria Clara. This was Canto de
can still win the Philippines for herself forever, if only Spain were more reasonable.” (Espina- Maria Clara (Song of Maria Clara).On the other hand, El Filibusterismo portrayed Rizal's view of
Clemente & Cruz, 2019) a country full of bitterness, pain, violence, and sorrow.

The situation became more complicated for Rizal after his mother and sister were arrested in
Manila. After several days of imprisonment, they were asked to go back to the courts in their
province on foot before they were finally released. In a letter sent in 1981, Rizal wrote, “If our
countrymen hope in us here in Europe, they are certainly mistaken… the field of battle is the
Philippines; there is where we should be” This implies Rizal‟s ideas on the abandonment of
Rizal spent more effort writing El Filibusterismo, if one looks at the making of the two novels. It
was emotionally difficult because Rizal's family was then in the process of being expelled from
their Calamba farm. He had virtually no support from home in Europe as his allowance from
Calamba did not arrive. He had just left the company of Filipino reformists in Spain when he was
printing the novel. The eviction of his family in Laguna and the perceived betrayal by the Filipino

RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 5 RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 6
community in Spain made him feel bitter. We can conclude that while writing it, Rizal's current  Kapitan Tiago  Isagani
situation affected the theme or the emotion of the novel.  Pilosopong Tasyo  Basilio/ Juli
 Sisa  Donya Victorina
It is easy to discern Rizal's hardships when he was writing the manuscript of El Filibusterismo.  Maria Clara  Telesforo: Kabesang Tales
In the Noli Me Tangere, the ink Rizal used in writing was uniformly black. Many parts of the  Donya Victorina  Tandang Selo
novel were written only on the front of the paper. In El Filibusterismo, the ink used by Rizal
turned pale almost turning purple. He would have been diluting his ink to make it last longer.
Many pages of the manuscript were written on the back and front of the paper. In many THE TRANSCENDENTAL HERO
instances, Rizal was writing on the margins of the page. He even wrote on the back of scrap His greatness did not fade even after his death.
paper which should have been discarded. More scholars from both the Philippines and the
world studied about him and his contributions to
As to which was a superior novel, the critics remain divided until today. Rizal would say that the Filipino national consciousness. Whether those
Noli Me Tangere was better as did Marcelo H. Del Pilar. On the other hand, Blumentritt, studies compliment or criticize Rizal, the power of
Graciano Lopez Jaena and Rafael Palma preferred El Filibusterismo. According to them, it had Rizal's character and influence that transcend
more profound ideas and sublime thoughts. Nevertheless, both novels manifested Rizal's geographical and generational boundaries is
motives: the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo aimed to awaken the consciousness of the unquestionable.
Filipinos by making them aware of their conditions and the need to work for their own salvation.
The two novels were commentaries about Filipino society during the 19th century. While it From the annals of history, it can be noted that
condemned the prevailing frailocracy and colonial domination by the Spaniards it also decried despite his middle-class status, he also struggled
the vices of the Filipinos, their cruelty towards fellow Filipinos, their colonial mentality, neglect of and suffered because of the prevailing social
their own heritage, and their submissiveness to the caprices of the Spaniards. The novels were conditions during those times. He was so talented
a call for the Filipinos to mend their ways and work for the happiness of their motherland. The and skilled that he always had the advantage over
awakened national consciousness helped prepare the ground for future reformists and later the his contemporaries, in terms of education and the
revolutionists when the Katipunan was founded in 1892. (de Viana, 2014) fight against the excesses of the friar-led Spanish
colonial rule.
Table comparing the two novels
His leadership skills were also exceptional as he led
Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo the Propaganda Movement-the unwavering
March 21, 1887/ Berlin, September 18, 1891/ Ghent, campaign for political and social reforms. He
Date/Place of Publication showcased his writing skills when he wrote for the
Germany Belgium
63 (63 + Elias at Salome) + 39 (minus Bluementritt's La Solidaridad to translate the pleas of the
Number of chapters A 1950 Government poster recognizing Rizal's sacrifice.
Epilogue introduction and Rizal's foreword) propagandists.
Dedication Philippines (Inang Bayan) GOMBURZA
Dr. Maximo Viola  Jose Ma. Basa Rizal's aspiration for what is ideal never ended. This aspiration took the form of fighting against
Benefactor/s  Valentin Ventura injustice in society. His fervid goal while growing up and being educated was the liberation of his
 Sixto Lopez
fellow Filipinos from the bondage of political tyranny and the corollaries, misery, and ignorance
Gospel of John 20:17 (Touch Filibuster (Dangerous Person/
Origin of the title associated with it.
Me Not) Traitor)
Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Calamba Land/ Hacienda
Inspiration THE FIRST FILIPINO
Beecher Stowe Problem
Nature Social novel Political novel Jose Rizal was the central figure of the revolutionary movement. He was a poet, novelist,
Dominant Themes Love, romance, joy, education Hatred, revenge, love, grief ophthalmologist, historian, doctor, polemical essayist, and moralist.
 Elias  Simoun
 Crisostomo Ibarra  Padre Florentino He was the "first Filipino" as evidenced by his novels, especially Noli Me Tangere. In this novel,
Principal Characters
 Padre Damaso  Padre Irene Rizal pictured the Philippines as a nation even though those who lived in it had no common
 Padre Salvi  Padre Camorra name yet to refer to themselves, apart from the pejorative terms indio and mestizo that the

RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 7 RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 8
Spanish colonizers called them. Rizal then was the first to imagine this social whole which
explains why he is remembered today as the first Filipino.
He was also the first one to use the term "Filipino." To prove that the Filipino natives had a
culture of their own prior to colonization. and that they were not inferior to the white man, he
studied Philippine history. His interest in this aspect of our nationhood was what compelled him
to annotate Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. Rizal shattered the myth of the
indolence of the Filipinos because he believed that the Filipino is a worthy race. He likewise
intensively studied Tagalog and attempted to produce a comprehensive Tagalog dictionary to
slam the Filipinos who belittled their native tongue. He still embraced the term indio despite all
the negative connotations, and turned it to a term of dignity and nobility.
It is also noteworthy to mention that Rizal's foremost dream was for the Philippines to be known
as a nation of writers and intellectuals. He aimed at making the Filipino race known in the world.
Rizal's constant effort to improve himself showed how much he valued his own education. He
even took sculpting and painting aside from the prescribed academic subjects. To further
improve his craft, he learned other languages including German, which enabled him to translate
Friedrizh Schiller's Wilhelm Tell into Tagalog. And finally, he constantly kept himself updated on
the current trends in science and philosophy by reading and attending scholarly dialogues. Rizal
hoped that his achievements would influence all Filipinos to build a legacy.
IDEALS AND PHILOSOPHIES
Rizal's achievements secured him a status unparalleled by any other Filipino, not in his time and
at present. His greatness can be seen in the different ideals and philosophies he wanted his
generation and the future generations to live by Listed below are some of his ideals and
philosophies.
 His social philosophy deals with man in society, influential factors in human life, racial
problems, social conflicts, and social justice. This also includes poverty and wealth,
social ideals, reforms, youth and greatness, history and progress, and the future
Philippines.
 Colonies should not be abused but instead trained for self governance.
 Contrary to what the Spaniards taught, Rizal held that salvation was not only for the
Catholics; that fasting is not a sacrifice. He did not agree with the sale of religious items-
cross, medals, rosaries, and the like
 People should aim for the study of human behavior and the tendencies of being good
and evil.
 The body of knowledge that a person should acquire includes the wisdom of humanhood
developed through people's experiences in society.
 Education was foremost for Rizal. He believed that education is vital in national
development as it frees people from ignorance Education can save the country from
domination.
THE TRANSCENDENTAL HERO
RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 9
A hero is often defined as a prominent or central personage taking admirable part in any
remarkable action or event, a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, and a
person honored after death by public worship because of their exceptional service to mankind.
Having all the citations about Jose Rizal, it is not anymore unthinkable that he was chosen as
the national hero.
Rizal is the epitome of everything mentioned in the definitions of a hero. He is a towering figure
of the Propaganda Movement and in other affairs of the society. His works, achievements, and
contributions in various fields have been remarkably influential. Rizal, in the face of danger, was
bold despite the odds. And lastly, he was honored even more after his death because of the
legacies he left behind.
No law, executive order, or proclamation has been enacted or issued that officially proclaims
any Filipino historical figure as a national hero (NHCP, 2012). Thus, Rizal's title is sometimes
questioned. Accordingly, the title that Rizal holds is more of a tribute to the continued veneration
or acclamation of the people towards him. In 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree
that declares December 30 as a day of national mourning for the heroes and victims of the
Philippine Revolution, including Rizal. Then, in 1900, American governor general and chairman
of the 2nd Philippine Commission, William Howard Taft, suggested to revere Rizal as a national
hero. This is to recognize his contributions to the significant social transformations that took
place in the Philippines (NCCA, 2015). Instead of a single law hailing a national hero, laws and
proclamations were made in honor of all Filipino national heroes. In fact, 1996 was declared as
the "Year of the Filipino Heroes" in time for the centennial anniversary of the Philippine
Revolution marked by the Cry of Pugad Lawin in 1896. Then, August 30 was declared as the
"National Heroes Day."
Despite the absence of an official declaration, Rizal has been a symbol of what the Filipinos lack
as a race. This is ironic though since Rizal was in search of a true Filipino identity which turned
out to be his own self. To date, Rizal is the most popular Filipino whose portraits and
monuments are seen not only in the Philippines but around the world.
Rizal is a Filipino hero because he embodied the qualities of a true hero and made Filipinos
realize the best of what they can be despite the difficult social conditions. Both his struggles and
triumphs inspired and ignited the Katipunan-led revolution, making the Philippines the first
independent republic in Asia. Up to this day, it is still what Rizal fought for that leads this
generation to continue realizing his dream of a nation where every Filipino is truly free.
References
dan. (2016, October 12). Comparison of Noli Metangere and El... Retrieved December 12,
2020, from Graduateway website: https://graduateway.com/comparison-of-noli-
metangere-and-el-
filibusterismo/#:~:text=Noli%20is%20a%20love%20story,is%20thoughtful%2C%20discurs
ive%20and%20dialectal.
RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 10
de Viana, A. V. (2014). jose Rizal in Our Times A Guide for Better understanding of the Tomorrow we will be citizens of the Philippines, whose destiny will be beautiful because it will be
Philippines' Foremost National Hero. Mandaluyong City: Books ATBP. Publishing Corp. in loving hands…
-Jose P. Rizal
Espina-Clemente, J., & Cruz, G. C. (2019). The Life and Works of Rizal. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing.

The “Love-and-Hate” Relationship of Jose Rizal And Marcelo Del Pilar | OurHappySchool.
(2013). Retrieved December 11, 2020, from Ourhappyschool.com website:
https://ourhappyschool.com/history/love-and-hate-relationship-jose-rizal-and-marcelo-del-
pilar What is the measure of a true hero? Is it a God-sent blessing of an outstanding intellect? Or
perhaps the warrior-like tenacity of Filipino patriot? In the previous chapters, we have discussed
the contributions of our National Hero in our country and how these contributions affect our
present Philippine Society. All these credits make Jose Rizal model of someone who is willing to
CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE devote himself for his country. He was one of the few Filipinos who had the courage to fight
RZAL 1013: Life and Works of Rizal
against the perpetrators aiming to free the Philippines from Spain, but he expressed his love for
AY 2020-2021
his motherland through his great novels, essays, poem rather than a force aggression. This
JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM made him distinct to other known heroes.
Topic:
BAYANI AT KABAYANIHAN
In this lesson, we will study about Jose Rizal and The Philippine Nationalism: Bayani and
At the end of this module, you are expected to: Kabayanihan. These concepts are very important as there is seemingly call for redefined heroes
a) appraise different contributions of Jose Rizal and the concept given the current affairs and circumstances our country face. Further, we will also explore
of Bayani and Kabayanihan;
Learning Outcomes: b) evaluate various perspectives of historians pertaining to Jose
Rizal; and
c) defend their stand about the famous line “Kabataan ang Pag-
asa ng Bayan”.
interesting facts about Jose Rizal that probably will make you more interested to his life.
Date Topics Activities
DEFINING A FILIPINO HERO
Read Lesson
July 26-29  JOSE RIZAL AND
PHILIPPINE NATIOINALISM Filipino nationalism began with an upsurge
 BAYANI AT KABAYANIHAN Answering Learning of patriotic sentiments and nationalistic
July 30s Task
ideals in the 1800s, Philippines that came as
consequence of more than three centuries
of Spanish rule. This served as the
LEARNING CONTENT
backbone of the first nationalist revolution in
Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
These nationalistic sentiments have led to a
wide-ranging campaign for political, social,
and economic freedom in the Philippines.
In your own perception, do you believe Rizal made a great impact to many
people even up to this day?
Since the time of the declaration of Philippine independence, 109 years ago, many were
Are you in favor of making Rizal our official national hero? acknowledged as Filipino heroes, more so today, that every individual who become so popular
What are the greatest contributions of Rizal in Philippine society? or the main character in any event is given the title “hero”. The meaning of the word "hero" has
diminished in the past. Today, to be given the noble title or that any just won a boxing match,
one need not die or do such a gallant act. Time has really changed and our norm for identifying

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a Filipino hero is also changing. In his book about Rizal, Dr. Esteban de Ocampo, a renowned
historian, claimed that a hero means a famous or central individual who plays an admirable role
in some remarkable action or event; a person of distinguished worth or enterprise in danger or
strength in suffering; and a man honored by public worship after death because of exemplary
service to humanity. The true heroes of the history of the Philippines deserve to be named so
because they had no idea that they would one day be measured, they only acted on their
beliefs. The concept of honoring heroes came only to the Philippines in 1900, when in honor of
the most illustrious Filipino, the Philippine Commission, headed by William Howard Taft,
approved Act No. 137 combining the districts of Morong and Manila to be named Rizal
Province. This Act was disputed by many, but the basis of the Commission was so strong that it
has surpassed the public‟s questions.
During Marcos‟ presidency, he tasked the National Heroes Commission to come up with the
criteria for national hero. On March 28, 1993, thru the President‟s Executive Order No. 75, the
National Heroes Committee was created, commissioned to study, evaluate, and recommend
historical figures to be declared as national heroes. The Committee composed of worthy
members, with a series of discussions came up with the new criteria.
The criteria are composed of 10 standards:
1. The extent of a person‟s sacrifices for the welfare of the country.
2. The motive and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (was his ideal purely for
the welfare of the country and without any taint of self-interested motives, most of all the
method of attainment should be morally valid).
3. The moral character of the person concerned (the person should not have any
immorality issue that affected his ideal).
4. The influence of the person concerned on his age and or the succeeding age.
5. That heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle
for the nation‟s freedom (they must have desired the country‟s freedom in any situation
especially when there‟s a threat of invasion in any form).
6. That heroes are those who define and contribute to a system of life of freedom and order
for a nation (one who helps in the orderliness and betterment of the country).
7. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation.
8. A hero is part of the people‟s expression (the citizen must have recognized and
acknowledged the person as a hero).
9. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations, his concern for the future
generations must be seen in his decisions and ideals).
10. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history,
but of the entire process that made this person a hero.
The Concept of Bayani and Kabayanihan
Five (5) Factors That Led to the Development of Filipino Nationalism
1. the revolution in Europe and Latin America (opened the Philippines to international trade)
RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 13
2. the rise of a Middle Class from which came the "Ilustrado" or elites that soon became the
main agitators against the Spanish Regime.
3. the bureaucratic centralized government established in Manila caused widespread
discontent in the entire archipelago.
4. the execution of the GOMBURZA became a spark among the educated Ilustrados
5. the Propaganda Movement (1872-1892) called for the assimilation of the Philippines as a
province of Spain so that the same laws will be applied in the Philippines and that the
inhabitants of the Philippines will experience the same civil liberties and rights as that of a
Spanish citizen.
Ang isang bayani (hero) ay isang taong mayroong kabayanihan (heroism) at mayroong
kaugnayan sa pagiging magiting o matapang. Sa mitolohiya (mythology) at kwentong-bayang
Griyego, ang isang bayani ay orihinal na isang demi-diyos (demi-god), na ang kulto ay ang
pagiging isa sa pinakatangi-tanging mga tampok ng sinaunang relihiyon ng Gresya. Ang isang
demi-diyos ay ang anak na lalaki o babae ng isang magulang na mortal, na ang isang
halimbawa ay si Herkules (Hercules) ang na lalaki ng reynang mortal na si Alcmene at ang
diyos si Zeus. Sa paglaon, ang salitang bayani ay naging tumutukoy na sa mga sikat na tao sa
lipunan.
One question arises. Was Rizal Deserving to be a National Hero? We must remember that no
law, executive order, or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any
Filipino historical figure as a national hero. However, because of their significant roles in the
process of nation building and contributions to history, there were laws enacted and
proclamations issued honoring these heroes. Therefore, even Jose Rizal, who was perceived to
be the greatest Filipino hero, was not expressly declared a national hero. The role he now
occupies in the history of the Philippines is a tribute to the people's continued veneration or
acclamation in recognition of his contribution to the important social transformations in our
country. The following are some of the great contributions of Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines.
Awakening Filipino Nationalism
Jose Rizal is commonly known as the Father of Filipino Nationalism not because he helped
establish an independent Philippine state – in fact, he specifically and explicitly denounced the
1896 Revolution against Spain, but because he was instrumental in the creation of the
conceptualization of “Filipino” as an ethnopolitical collective – as “a people”, or, in the language
of nationalism “the people.” In other words, for his intellectual and idealistic support for the
Philippine Independence, Rizal is acclaimed as the father of Philippine Nationalism. As a study
of his works and speeches would reveal in calling for an independent state, Rizal did not
advocate violent uprisings or revolutions. He was not a war monger, but an intellectual who
pursued, as far as possible, a peaceful, rational, and political solution to Filipino independence
from colonial rule over the political and social aspects of Philippine life. He urged and
encouraged Filipinos to realize their power as Filipino people and their duties and obligation to
their motherland.
RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 14
For all Filipinos, many of Rizal's poems, letters and essays echo a sense of pride in keeping that a sound body makes a sound mind. Rizal‟s method of teaching is different compared from
their nation and themselves in high regard. He shows the sense of obligation to their country other schools of his time. He saw to it that learning should be adaptable to the needs or actual
and to themselves that Philippine people should have. Rizal expresses his views about love for life of the people. Rizal is not just a conventional type of teacher; his visions were not just for
one's country to the reader in his piece entitled 'Love of Country'. himself but for the benefits of his countrymen.

Thoughts and Contribution in Education Social Entrepreneurship

The writings and various events on the life of Jose Rizal are filled of ideas concerning
education. He recognized the importance of education in the development of a nation and its
people. Crisostomo Ibarra, the principal character of his novel Noli Me Tangere possesses a
desire to establish a suitable school. Ibarra mentioned in the novel what he considered a
modern school. According to him the building should be spacious and hygienic, the site should
be large and provided with playground and garden. Rizal himself dreamed of founding a school
in accordance with the demands of modern times and circumstances.
According to Austin Craig, Rizal ambitioned to make education accessible to all, the teaching
instinct that led him to act as mentor to the Filipino students in Spain and made him the
inspiration of a mutual improvement club of his young countrymen in London, suggested the
foundation of a school in Paris. Later a Pampangan youth offered him $40,000 with which to find
a Filipino college in Hong Kong, where many young men from the Philippines had obtained an
education better than their own land could afford but not entirely adapted to their needs. The
scheme attracted Rizal and a prospectus for such an institution which was later found among
his papers not only proves how deeply he was interested but reveals the fact that his ideas of
education were essentially like those carried out in the present public-school course of
instruction in the Philippines.
Rizal formed Dapitan's first farmers‟ cooperative the Sociedad de Agriculturos Dapitanos
(SAD), where capital was to be provided by Socios industriales (Industrial Partners) and Socio
Accionistas (Share Holders). January 1, 1895, the cooperative aimed to improve/promote agricultural
products, obtain their profits for them, provide capital for the purchase of these goods, and help to
the extent possible the harvesters and laborers by means of a store where articles of necessity
are sold at moderate prices.
Community Development
Rizal developed Dapitan's first park, complete with streetlamps and a garden/flower relief map of
the whole island of Mindanao. He built a one-doctor hospital and paid his own money for the
medical supplies and instruments. People of Dapitan are not charged of any consultation. An
English man who came for consultation was charged 500 duros for the extraction of his cataract.
The money was donated to Dapitan for the public lighting which they did not have.
Filipino Historians and Rizal

Rizal also showed his support to the group of women in Malolos when their petition of
establishing a school was denied by Gen. Weyler. He wrote a letter to the ladies in support to
their courageous action. Rizal preaches the need of education and said that “ignorance is
slavery”. Rizal always reminded his sisters the value and importance of education. He even
recognized the importance of industrial education as well. Rizal included this concept in the five
purposes of the La Liga Filipina which he founded, the development of instruction, agriculture,
and commerce.

When Jose Rizal was deported in Dapitan in 1893, he devoted his time in teaching young
children. Rizal applied the learning he acquired in the different school that he visited during his
travels. It was in Dapitan particularly Talisay where Rizal used his talents and limited resources
to serve his countrymen during the four years of his exile. He practiced his profession as a
doctor, farmer, teacher, community developer, engineer, and scientist. Rizal opened a school
for young boys in the community. They were given subjects in reading, writing, arithmetic,
geography, geometry, languages, history and good conduct. Rizal even gave practical lessons
on the use of their hands, for he believed that education should be inculcated or integrated with
the development of the community. He also taught his students different kinds of sport activities
such as boxing, swinging on parallel bars and rings, swimming and arnis on account of his belief

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 undeveloped until 1971, when the Parks Department built a parking area and viewpoint along
12th Avenue S. The park was named for Dr. Rizal in 1974 at the request of the Filipino Alumni
Association. The name honors the Filipino intellectual and nationalist executed by Spanish
authorities in 1896 because of his advocacy for Philippine independence from Spain and
recognizes the Filipinos who migrated to Seattle beginning around 1900 after the U.S. took
possession of the Philippines.
STATUES AND MEMORIALS FROM SELECTED CITIES FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
3. Rizal Monument in Paris

1. Jose P. Rizal Bridge (Seattle) Although we consider Rizal as our national hero, he
is not much different of a traveler as us. He loved
In 1974, almost four decades marveling at sights and immersing with locals. He
after Bulosan crossed it in his fell in love with places as much as people. But one
novel, the 12th Avenue South thing most of us do not often think about is how
Bridge was renamed and Rizal valued money. At 22, our national hero
rededicated in the name of Dr. travelled to Paris.
Jose P. Rizal, the martyred
Filipino patriot and novelist. It was
an appropriate dedication and
4. Rizal Monument in Madrid
symbolize Seattle‟s Filipino
American pride. Built in 1912, one Our national hero is of great influence not only in
of the oldest steel structures in the Philippines, but also globally. It‟s unsurprising
Washington State, the bridge ties that several countries celebrate Dr. Jose Rizal‟s life
together Seattle‟s International through the numerous monuments around the
District and Beacon Hill, two of world erected in his honor.
the city‟s historically Asian American working-class neighborhoods. Renamed through the
efforts of civic-minded members of Seattle‟s Filipino community, it was accompanied by the One of the most famous Rizal monuments stands in
building of a park in Rizal‟s honor on land adjacent to the bridge. Madrid, Spain. This city was where Rizal lived for
almost a decade after finishing medical school at
the University of Santo Tomas. To pay homage to
the life of our national hero, the city commissioned
2. Jose Rizal Park (Seattle)
Filipino sculptor Florante Caedo to build an intricate
Dr. Jose Rizal Park is perched on the bronze statue of Rizal.
northwest crest of Seattle's Beacon Hill,
where it enjoys sweeping views of
5. Rizal Monument in Japan
downtown Seattle, Puget Sound, the
Olympics, and the Cascades. The park In 1998, Tokyo City unveiled a bronze bust of Rizal
is located on a portion of property on at Hibiya Park. The statue stands right where the
the north slope of Beacon Hill that the hero stayed for 45 days before travelling to Europe.
City of Seattle acquired in 1917 to build According to historians, Rizal immersed in the
retaining walls, terracing, and drains Japanese culture during his stay. He learned about
where the regrading of Dearborn and the culture, enjoyed the arts, and interacted with the
Jackson streets left the hillside people. Unsurprisingly, Rizal gained a lover in the
unstable. The park site itself remained

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country. Her name was Seiko Usui, and she was the epitome of everything the hero loved about shells, insects, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. In the process, he gathered up to 340 shells
Japan. representing more than 200 species. This collection is recognized as the richest private
. collection of Philippine conchology of its time. He sent the various specimens they collected to
the Ethnographic Museum in Dresden, Germany for proper identification. In exchange for the
specimens he submitted, Rizal received books and medical instruments, as well as further
6. Rizal Monument in Chicago advice on how to properly preserve his specimens.

Hence, it is valuable to remember that his contributions in the field of Natural Sciences and how
Chicago honors Rizal with two monuments: One a
bust, the other a full-body statue. The former can be people commemorate his legacies Philippine Independence are important in similar manner.
found in front of the Rizal Center while the latter is in The following are the species named after Rizal:
Lincoln Park. Both statues were built to 1. Draco rizali- It said to be found only in the dense
commemorate the Philippine independence. forests of the Philippines, Draco rizali feeds on ants and
termites, and can grow to a length of eight inches. This
peculiar lizard has extended wing-like ribs that enable it to
glide across distances of up to nine meters.

7. Rizal Monument in Manila

Rizal Park is located at the northern end of Roxas

Boulevard in Manila. It is spread out over 60 2. Apogania rizali - This rare kind of beetle grows to
hectares of open lawns, ornamental gardens, about an inch long when fully mature. This is the only
paved walks, and wooded areas. It was officially species Rizal discovered whose name has been retained
named Rizal Park, after the name of Dr. Jose and is still widely used.
Rizal, our national hero, as an honor and tribute to
him. It is also called Luneta Park because the area
looks like a crescent (Lunette). It is situated next to
Intramuros, which was then a Spanish fort that
served as a buffer during rebellions. Before, the
name of the place was Bagumbayan (“new town” in English). This was the place where Dr. Jose
Rizal was executed by the Spanish Colonial Authorities. On September 28, 1901, the United
3. Rhacophorus rizali - Also known as Rhacophorus
States Philippine Commission approved Act No. 243, which was to erect a monument in Luneta
pardalis (and by its modern name, the harlequin tree
to commemorate the memory of Jose Rizal - Philippine patriot, writer, and poet.
frog), this is an orange-brown amphibian with white,
SPECIES NAMED AFTER RIZAL yellow, or blue spots. This frog lives in the forests and
freshwater marshes of the Philippines, Brunei,
It is also important to note that Jose Rizal has contributions to Natural Sciences. However, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Sadly, the loss of
these tend to eclipse with his various contributions to other fields. Students recognized and its natural habitat now threatens its existence.
seemingly more interested with the names of his girlfriends than the names of his scientific
discoveries.

While in Dapitan, Rizal kept himself busy. He went into agriculture, fishing, and business, put up
a hospital, and even taught arts and sciences to pupils, as well as English and Spanish. It is
here where he studied nature extensively, researching and collecting specimens of plants,

RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 19 RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 20
References
Textbooks

Ariola, M. M. (2017). The Life and Works of Jose Rizal. Intramuros Manila: Unlimited Books
Library Services & Publishing INC.

Rhodalyn, Wani-Obias et al. (2018). The Life and Works of Jose Rizal. C& E Publishing, Inc
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, ARTS and SCIENCES
Online Short term, A.Y. 2020-2021
RIZAL 1013: Life and Works of Rizal
FORBES, G. M. (2020, December 12). Rizal‟s Thoughts on Education. Retrieved December 12, CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING WORKSHEET (MODULE 6)
2020, from Blogspot.com website: http://school-principal.blogspot.com/2011/06/rizals- Name: Scores:
thoughts-on-education.html
Propesor Esteban A. de Ocampo: Rizalista at Mananalaysay. (2020). Retrieved December 12, Course Contact
2020, from Muntingnayon.com website: https://muntingnayon.com/103/103937/ and Year: No.:
This is because Dr Jose Rizal didnt become our National... (2018, October 19). Retrieved Instructor Code:
December 12, 2020, from Coursehero.com website:
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p78gquk/This-is-because-Dr-Jose-Rizal-didnt-become-
our-National-Hero-by-way-of/ LEARNING TASK
Rizal‟s concept of Education. (2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020, from Muntingnayon.com THE MODERN-DAY RIZAL
website:https://muntingnayon.com/104/104917/#:~:text=Rizal%20always%20considered Instructions: Identify someone in the Philippines who can be regarded as the modern-day Rizal.
%20education%20as,liberal%20one%20available%20to%20Filipinos Consider the checklist of Rizal‟s values below to help you choose. Explain your choice. Write
6 Filipino Historians Talk National Heroes. (2015). Retrieved December 12, 2020, from your essay in 200-400 words. Insert the picture of that person.
Gridmagazine.ph website: https://www.gridmagazine.ph/story/6-filipino-historians-talk- Rizal’s Values
nationalheroes?fbclid=IwAR3yLa2_NK5aeQ_VBDQ27uTGEvh6v7ZW46FKsFykaGX140c ☐Faith ☐ Temperance
VOlMjp1pfEvM ☐ Love ☐ Prudence
Rizal‟s concept of Education. (2020). Retrieved December 12, 2020, from Muntingnayon.com
☐ Hope ☐ Resilience
website:https://muntingnayon.com/104/104917/#:~:text=Rizal%20always%20considered
%20education%20as,liberal%20one%20available%20to%20Filipinos. ☐ Peace ☐ Compassion
Historical Context and Legal Basis of Rizal Day and Other Memorials in honor of Jose Rizal - ☐ Patience ☐ Mercy
National Historical Commission of the Philippines. (2012, September 18). Retrieved
December 12, 2020, from National Historical Commission of the Philippines website:
https://nhcp.gov.ph/historical-context-and-legal-basis-of-rizal-day-and-other-memorials-in- Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
honor-of-jose-
Introduction: The introduction is inviting, states the main
rizal/#:~:text=The%20Americans%2C%20to%20win%20the,conform%20to%20the%20ne
topic and position, and previews the structure of the paper.
w%20government.&text=Since%20then%2C%20Jose%20Rizal%20came,known%20as%
There is one clear, well-focused thesis statement.
20the%20National%20Hero.
Supporting details: Relevant, telling, quality details give the
reader important information that goes beyond the obvious
or predictable.
Organization: Ideas flow together smoothly and form
coherent arguments.
Writing Mechanics: No errors in grammar, spelling,
capitalization, and punctuation that distract the reader from
the content.
TOTAL SCORE:________

QUIZ
TRUE OR FALSE

RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 21 RZAL 1013 (Life and Works of Rizal) | 22
Instructions: Read each statement then determine if it is TRUE or FALSE. Put a Check () if it is correct,
and if otherwise put a Cross ()
________1. No law, executive order, or proclamation has been enacted or issued that
officially proclaims any Filipino historical figure as a national hero. 
________2. Hatred and Revenge is one of the dominant theme in Noli Me Tangere. 
________3. Noli Me tangere is dedicated to GOMBURZA. 
________4. El Fili was published in Ghent while Noli was published in Berlin. 
________5. Rizal spent more effort writing El Filibusterismo, if one looks at the making of
the two novels
________6. The Noli Me Tangere is labeled a love novel and the work of the heart by
reviewers, while El Filibusterismo was a political novel and a work of the mind.

________7. Jose Rizal was the first person to use the term “Filipino”. 
________8. Rizal's foremost dream was for the Philippines to be known as a nation of
writers and intellectuals. 
________9. William Howard Taft issued a decree that declares December 30 as a day of
national mourning for the heroes and victims of the Philippine Revolution. 
________10. The year 1986 was declared as the "Year of the Filipino Heroes" in time for the
centennial anniversary of the Philippine Revolution. 
________11. Rizal formed Dapitan's first farmers‟ cooperative. 
________12. Rizal was instrumental in the creation of the conceptualization of “Filipino” as
an ethnopolitical collective. 

IDENTIFICATION
Instruction: Supply the word/d being described in each question.
Apogania rizali 1. The scientific name of the rare king of beetle named after Jose
Rizal.
Richard Kissling 2. He designed the Rizal Monument in Luneta Park.
Hibiya park 3. The name of the park where the Rizal bust is built.
Rhacophorus 4. Its modern name is harlequin tree frog and it was named after
rizali Jose Rizal.
Luneta Park 5. The present name of Bagumbayan.
Seiko Usui 6. According to Rizal, she was the epitome of everything the hero
loved about Japan.
Lincoln Park 7. The park where the full-body statue of Rizal is erected.
Florante Caedo 8. The sculptor who built the statue of Rizal in Madrid.

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