1. Pavement Surface Characteristics A. Friction t Transverse Longitudinal Friction/ Skid Resistance Transverse Friction + Depends upon speed, Material. + On dry pavement, Worn out tyres offer higher friction factor than new. tyres because of large area of contact. + On wet pavement, new tyres offer higher friction factor because water acts as a lubricating agent. This friction comes in picture only when. there is a lateral force on vehicle. For, example, on horizontal centrifugal force acts in radially outward direction, which is resisted by friction in transverse direction, 7 aaperine ‘Speed < 65 | >80 fmm | 30 40 | 50 | 60 fiong.. | 04 | 038 | 0.37] 0.36) 036} 0.35 ‘As per IRC ° 7 F ransverse = 0.15 CONTI. B. Skid and Slip; Translation SKID SLIP. + Rotation Translation During acceleration PURE SKID PURE SLIP + No rotation + Only translation No translation Only rotationCONTI “+ Unevenness Index; It is defined as total undulation per unit road Cipping length. + Expressed in mm/km Sand It is measured by Bump ritegrator (BI)// developed by CRRI. ver + Internationally, the riding quality of pavement surface is measured in terms of international roughness index (IRI) in m/km Bump Integrator BI (mm/km) Types of Road Bl=630 (IRI)**? <1500 Good 1500-2500 Satisfactory 2500-3500 Bad >3500 Uncomfortable 2. Camber Longitudinal Slope Cross Slope Gradient CAMBER i ‘Super elevation cs + Camber is the cross slope provided to road by elevating centerline of pavement in order to allow drainage of water from surface to the drainage system. Plirddrtrs bbb) d’idi 2 ~ Qa nh fl3. Width of pavement/ Carriageway; GS oe + Extra width provided adjacent to the edge of pavement for emergency (emergency Parking/ Vehicle breakdown/ Medical) point of view is known as shoulder. + As Per IRC 1. Min width of a shoulder required for a highway is 2.5m 2. Camber of shoulder = (camber of road+0.5%) 3. Camber of shoulder should not be less than 3% in any case.(b) STRAIGHT LINE CAMBER PARABOLIC St S267 TYPES OF CAMBER (©) COMBINATION, OF_STRAIGHT AND PARABOLIC SHAPE CONTI NOTE: 1. For high speed traffic movement Parabolic camber is preferred, 2. Generally, Gradient = 2x Camber CAMBER AS PER IRC |S] type of road surface Range of camber in areas of fo.) SS | Heavy rain fail | Low rain fall Cement concrete and high ae y is type bituminous surface | {#8 50 oF 2.0%| 1 in 60 or 1.7 %| 2, [Thin bituminous surface [1 in40 or 25%|1in 30 or 20% Water bound Macad. opty in an ae race nsamand) 1 in 33 or 3.0% | 1 in 40 or 2.5% igravel pavement [4 [Earth road [Tin 23 or 4.0%] 1in33 or 3.0%5. Divider / Median; * Divider is an element provided along centerline of road for following purposes ; 1. To separate two-way traffic. 2. To avoid head-on-collision. 3. To reduce glare effect due to headlight of vehicle coming from opposite direction. + As Per IRC 1. Desirable Min width of divider required for a Rural highway = Sm 2. Min width of divider where land is restricted = 3m 3. Desirable width of divider in urban Area = Sm 4, Absolute Min width of divider required in Urban Area = 6. Kerb; La Kerb is a separator between pavement and footpath. It provides lateral support to the pavements,7. Cross-Section diagram of road _; La