aiai23, 1249 PDF js viewer Dorp ies ZOVINN ABS ROEZOZIS "1012023, Mises akan gpl refactor Tor Dee Cea Dee eee Cee er eee ag Sire Ce ere ey Cotte! De ee eee Cee een Cosel one ety ee Coed eee Peetrretetery ecpegkotocenslde Mee ns Lore area ern Laer eee tees es Piseraretee meer cerry neers Siem: 20220020, ‘ere 2020471 aban: 2093.03.09 acral torn ac detains Cane fander ae Scape 2023 VetorFncicabs sens tat —d Deemer nate Comet Production and egg quality in chicken layers fed with Tithonia diversifolia Abstract We evaluated the effect of ciferent dietary Tithonia diversifola (TD:0, 10,20, ‘and 309) on productive traits, egg quality, and economic efficiency in laying hens, Feed intake was higher in hens fed the 20 and 30% TD diets (120.6 and 1190 g/day) compared with those fed the 0 or 10% TD diets, (P-<0.0010). Feed egg weight conversion increased with dietary TD inclusion (P < 0.0010). The laying rate was higher (P < 0.0020) in hens on 0 and 10% TD diets (94.5 and 94.69%, respectively) than those on 20 and 30% TD diets (89:7 and 84.9%). Eggs and yolks were heavier in hens fed 0, 10, ‘and 20% TD compared with those fed the 30% TD diet (P < 0.0020 and P<0.0040, respectively) which also had poorer albumen width (P<0.0010). The yolk had a more intense yellow as the level of dietary TD increased (P <0.0001). Dietary TD did not affect economic efficiency. In summary, the inclusion of up to 109% TD in laying hen diets seems feasible as it did not affect productive traits, economic efficiency, and egg quality traits. ‘Keywords: Keywords: Laying hens; Ez qualty; Tree forage; Economic efficiency Gite ths as Diaz Echeveria VF, Velmar-ChanV, Santos Rcalde RH, Segura-Corea IC, Pat Ake | Chavaria-Dia AC, Oros-Ortega |, Casanove-Lugo F, Cen Hoy A, Kim Barrera . Production and egg quay in chicken layers fed wth Tania divest. Vterinaia México OA. 202310. doi: 1022201/ivz24486760€ 2023.13. hitps:veterinatamexico mvz.unam mxlindex.phoivetartclelview!1133/805aiai23, 1249 PDF js viewer a a rs ‘sin Study contribution In the south of Mexico, there are many plants natural resources that could be used to fed poultry instead ofthe traditional food commonly used in poutty diets. Some of those plant resources lke Tithonia diversifolia, have great content of protein and «carotenoids necessary to pigment the egg yolk However, there is litle information ‘on the contiibution of 1 dversifolia to chicken layer nutitional requirements and egg yolk pigmentation. This study evaluated some productive and egg quality traits in laying hens fed diets with : diversfofia. The resuits indicate that it is possible the use of up to 10% of T diversifolia in the diets without any effect on productive traits, inceasing yok yelowness and keeping the economy efficiency of the flock ‘Therefore, T diversfolia isa promising resource to fed poulty layers. Introduction ‘The success and proftabiity of poultry production depends largely on the cost of feed, which represents 70% to 80% of the total cost of production, mainly due to the use of conventional sources of protein and energy.) Therefore, the use of alternative inputs in the poulty retion is @ good option for successful poultry production, ®) and profitability. in laying poultry, energy and protein inthe feed rep- resent the highest nutitional requirements of diets, where com grain and soybean. meal have been the conventional inputs for the supply of those nutrients.©) The high costs of com and soybean, which are widely used in animal feed, has driven to the search for feeding alternatives in developing countries, which could help to decrease production costs and improve profitabiity, without affecting the produc tive performance of animals.) in this regard, Abou-Elezz etal) points out thatthe shortage in the production of animal protein for human consumption in developing ‘counties and the high cost of conventional inputs for animal feed, have accelerated research into the use of new low-cost and easly avaiable food resources. Likewise, it has been signaled that there is a need for the use of cheaper, highly available food ingredients that do not compete with human consumption; vg, leaf flours from trees, which are gaining acceptance 2s feed in the poultry diet due to their high nustient content?) In the tropics, numerous trees and shrubs could be used as a practical and economically viable aleratives to guarantee sustainable animal production. Tithonia dlversifolia is a nor leguminous promising plant for the feeding of diferent, animal species. itis forage with great potential, high nutitional value, high protein ‘and mineral contents, high digestibility of dry matte, presence of ols and a high percentage of total sugars. It has an excellent nutrtional qualty with reported values of 16.3% to 22.59% of ctude protein, 44.4% to 70.4% of carbohydrates and 15.8% to 21.8% of raw fiber The abilty to digest fibrous feed in birds has been reported to be low, liming the indusion of forage tree meal in their diets.8.9) However, when chickens are fed high fiber iets, they can increase intake to meet their nutrient requirements. ‘There is litle information on the use of tropical forages in the feeding of laying hens, especially on the use of T diversifolia. in previous studies, up to 20% indlu- sion in the diet of laying hens was tested, but the productive taits were negatively affected. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect ofthe inclusion in the diet of hitps:veterinatamexico mvz.unam mxlindex.phoivetartclelview!1133/805 ans.aiai23, 1249 PDF js viewer SSS a DOr ean N2ZOVINN? ABST OEZOZIS "1012023, Up to 30% of F.dversifolia leat meal on productive tats, egg quality and economic ficiency of laying hens. Materials and methods Ethical statement At the Instituto Tecnoligico de la Zona Maya there is not an animal care review board. However, the management of the birds was cartied out according to the offical Mexican rules related to technical specifications for animal management «are and use of experimental animals (NOM-062-200-199). Moreover, the birds Used in this experiment were housed under the double of space recommended in poultry layer manuals (800 cm? per bird, instead of 400 cm? per bird), Location ‘The study was conducted at the “Instituto Tecrologico de la Zona Maya,” located at the geogrephic coordinates of 18° 31° 58” N and 88" 29" 19° W. The dimate of the region fs warm subhumid type AW, the average annual temperature fluctuates between 24.5° and 25.8 °C, and with an average altitude of 15 meters above sea level Animals and management Seventy-two Bovans white hens, 30 weeks of age, were used, which started lay- ing at 18 weeks of age. The initial ive weight was 1.57 + 0.087 kg. The hens: were housed in pairs, in an open bam with natural ventilation, in metal cages (11600 cm?), equipped with linear feeders and automatic pivotype drinkers. From ‘week 18 of age until the start of the experimental period, the hens were Kept in metal cages, and fed commercial feed, based on com and soybean meal Treatments and experimental management ‘The vegetative material Tthonia diversfola (TD) was harvested in a 45-day 1e- ‘growth plot. Leaves and tender stems were cut, ried in a forced air oven at 60°C Until constant weight, and then ground with a 3 mm sieve, The flour ofthe TD was stored in plastic containers with lids until it was used. Dry matter, organic matte, crude protein, neutral detergent-iber were determinate. Adcitionally, total tanins by Folin-Ciocalteau method suggested by Makar("®) and condensed tannins by Vainilina method recommended by Price et al") were determinate (Table). Diets included 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% TD flour. The treatments were dis- ‘buted in a completely randomized design wth nine replicates (cages) with two hens per cage. The diets were formulated according to the requirements proposed by the nutrition management guide for Bovans white hens from Hendrix genetics® for laying hens of 30 to 43 weeks of age. nthe elaboration ofthe diets, TD flour, «cassava flour, soybean meal, round com, vitamin and mineral premises, syrthetic amino acids and additives were used (Table 2) hitps:veterinatamexico mvz.unam mxlindex.phoivetartclelview!1133/805 33aiai23, 1249 PDF js viewer eas eee ea aa DOr ean N2ZOVINN? ABST OEZOZIS "1012023, ‘Table. Nutritional composition ofthe leaf flour of T. diversilia Tetons Dry matter (0) 968 (Organic mater (46) 84 Crude protein (6) 207 Neutral detergent fiber (26) 50.1 Total tannins (mg/)" 38 Condensed tannins (rmg/e) 281 | Method Folin-Ciecalteu method 2 Vainilina method Table 2. Diet conformation and chemical composition a Ingredients (00) ° 10 20 30 os an ee Soybean meal 335 28.9 24 225 oom cen ce a Calcium carbonate 89 85 81 73 COrthophosphate 20:20 33 32 31 31 Pigment (vermin) o1 1 01 o7 ‘Chlorine chloride? 0.05, 0.05 0.05, 0.05 Minerals and vitamins? 0.08, 0.08 0.08, 0.08, EE pp Ps Bo Si Neutral detergent fiber 84 O7 12.1 124 aaa a " 2096 Calcium, 20% Phosphorus 2700 g/kg of Choline chloride 3 Minerals and vitamins: Min, 65mg; |, 1mg: Fe, 55mg, Cu, 6mg: Zn, 55mg; Se, 03mg; vitamin A, 8000 vitamin D, 2500 vitamin E, 8UL: vitamin k, 2mg: vitamin B, 0.002mg; ribolavin, § Sg; calcium pantothenate 13mg; niacin, 36mg; Choline chloride, S0Omg: folic acd, 05mg; thiamin, 1 mg; pyridorine, 2.2mg; bitin, 0.05mg. hitps:veterinatamexico mvz.unam mxlindex.phoivetartclelview!1133/805 ans.aiai23, 1249 PDF js viewer a a DOr ean N2ZOVINN? ABST OEZOZIS "1012023, ‘The experimental period lasted 14 weeks due to the amount of TD flour aval- able. The productive variables recorded were feed intake, laying hen rate, feed ‘conversion and egg weight, measured every week for 14 weets. Egg quality [AL 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 days of the experimental period, two eggs were collected from each cage. Immediately after collection, the eggs were identified and transferted to the laboratory and sampled. They were individually weighed on an Ohaus®) CS 200 scale and the length and width of the egg were measured with a digtal vetnierto calculate the egg shape index. immediately after, the eggs were «carefully broken, and the contents were deposited on a plastic plate. After removal of the inner membrane of the shell with dissecting forceps, the thickness of the shell atthe middle, tip and the base of the egg was measured with a digital vemier and the data were averaged. The weight ofthe shell was determined after drying in a forced air oven for four hours at 60°C. ‘The width and height of the albumen were measured in the middle portion of the thick albumin, between the edge ofthe albumen and the membrane of the yolk using a digital vemier. The yolk was carefully removed with the help of a spoon ‘and weighed on a garnet scale. The weight ofthe albumen was calculated as the difference between the total weight of the egg and the weight of the shell plus the weight of the yolk. With those values, the percentages of albumen, yolk and shell weight were estimated based on the weight of the egg. The length, width and height ofthe yolk were measured with a digital vernier. The yolk index was calculat- ed by dividing the height by the diameter, and the result was multiplied by 100, The color ofthe yolk was measured using the scale from Roche « yolk color fan, with 110 15 yellow scale. To calculate the Hugh units (UH), the height ofthe egg white and the weight of the egg were used, using the formula proposed by Eke at al(!2) Economic efficiency ‘The economic efficiency for each treatment was calculated as the difference be- tween the economic income per kilogram of egg produced per hen/day, and the average daily feeding cost/hen. The income per kilogram of egg produced per hen per day was estimated using the average egg weight in each treatment, adjusted to the respective laying percentage (Table3), and multiplied by the price per kilogram of egg at that time (1.80 dollars per kg). The daily cost of feed per hen was cal ‘ulated by muttiplying the average feed consumption by the price per kilogram of feed for each treatment. To calculate the cost of feed, the price ofthe ingredients at that time and a price of 0.10 dollars per kilogram of Tithonia diversifoia meal were considered. (5) The economic efficiency was expressed as the dollars returned for ‘each dollar invested. Statistical analysis ‘As has been mentioned before, the 72 hens were housed in pais, so, there were 9 replicates per treatment. Normal distibution of the data were tested using hitpsveterinatamexico mv2.unam mxlindex.phoivetartclelview!1133/805 5113aiai23, 1249 PDF js viewer eas eee ea ara Ve DOr ean N2ZOVINN? ABST OEZOZIS "1012023, ‘Table 3. Productive traits of hens fed different levels of T- diversifolia ; Peet) ne a ee | 9 9 9 ca) a Initial werght of hens (ke) 157 157 155 158 0.030 0.9614 Final weight of hens (kg) 151 145 144 val 0027 0.1140 Feed intake (g/hen/day) loss 114021206 190 2.647.010 Laying rate (08) 945? ose? ag nah 2662 0.0020 gg weight (@) 59.48 sr 5758 567> 0638 0.0020 Feed conversion (kg feed/ig eg) 20 2ie 2at 2st 0078 G0010 " SEM = Standard ertor of the means 38, Means with equal letters per row are significantly different (P<0.05) Univariate procedure and the Shapiro-\iks test.“ initial and final weight of the hens were subjected to an one way analysis of variance.) The production and quality of the egg tats were subjected to an analysis of variance for a completely randomized design with repeated measures using the ‘GLM procedure of SAS program.) The means of the treatments were compared using the Tukey test. Results Productive traits ‘The productive performance of hens non-given and given TD inthe diets is shown in Table3. The inital weight ofthe hens was siilar (P> 0.9614), The hens lost weight a the end of the experiment in al treatments, however, no statistical differences ‘were found between treatments (P > 0.1140). The hens fed 20 and 30% TD flour consumed more feed than those fed 0 and 10% TD (P <0.0010). The laying rate and the weight ofthe egg gradually decreased as the level of TD in the diet in- creased (P < 0.0020), being the lowest in diet with 30%. The feed conversion increased as did the level of TD, the highest feed- egg weight conversion being in the diet belonging to the diet with 30% TD (P< 0.0010). Egg quality traits Egg quality is show in Table 4. Most ofthe egg qualty characteristics evaluated in this experiment were not affected by the inclusion of TD in the diets (P > 0.0040). However, the width of the albumen was shorter in the diet with 30% TD ( <0.0010). The weight ofthe yolk was similar in diets with 096, 109%, and 20% ‘TD and lower in the diet with 30% TD (P< 0.0040). The color of the yolk was mote intense in the diets with 10%, 20%, and 30% TD, compared with the diet with 0% (P< 0.0001). hitpsveterinatamexico mv2.unam mxlindex.phoivetartclelview!1133/805 ans.aiai23, 1249 en Yeu ‘Table 4. The egg quality trait means for hens fed different levels of Tithionia diversifotia a a 9 9 9 9 gg length (mm) 566 560 560 556 028 0.1260 Egg width (mimi) 452 448 446 aaa 022 02057 ‘Shape index (0) m7 119 nA m7 045 08759 ‘Shel thickness (rar) 033 032 032 033 ‘01 907 Shell weight (2) 58 55 55 56 0.01 o.076s ‘Albumen weight (@) 395 384 387 317 049 0.1620 Albumen height (mm) 75 75 78 3 013 05151 Albumen length (mim) 1240 1275 1206 1170 362 03028 ‘Albumen width (mm) los7# to9s# 039? 101.5 1.08 0010 ‘Albumen index (06) 0.07 0.06 07 0.07 01 02544 Yolk weight (2) 15.42 1518 147% 14s oe ‘0.0040 Yolk eight (mm) 150 149 a7 144 oir (000525 Yelk length (mm) 397 392 388 392 025 0.1901 Yale with (mma) 378 375 374 376 ois oaoia Yolk index (90) 388 320 386 315 052 o2as Yolk olor? 49° sab 6.08 or on (0.0001 Hugh units (6) 867 867 876 86.1 073 05810 1 SEM = Standard error ofthe means. 2 Roche® Yolk Color Fan PDF js viewer ee een WI DOr ean N2ZOVINN? ABST OEZOZIS 2 Eyeans with equal letters ae significantly diferent (P < 0.05) Table. Economic efficiency of hens fed different levels of Tithionta diversifoka to) a ae ee Feed consumption (kg/day) Price per kg of feed (dolar) Cost offeed consumed (dll) gg produced /hen/day (bg)! Price per kg of egg lla) Income per eggs sold (dollar) eens efciensy? "Calalated as average egg weight ‘ono ona 0121 ans 036 034 031 030 040 a039 ose 036 0.056 0055 052 048 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80) 0.100 0099 0.094 0.086 25 25 25 24 {adjusted by the percentage of lay per treatment The economic efficiency i expressed as the dollars retumed for each dollar invested hitpsveterinatamexico mv2.unam mxlindex.phoivetartclelview!1133/805 73aiai23, 1249 PDF js viewer esos ea ara ane eterna eon Economic efficiency ‘The cost ofthe feed consumed, decreased as the level of TD in the diet increased (Table). However, the kg of egg produced per hen/day was reduced as the level of TD in the diet increased. ‘Therefore, income per egg sold, also decreased, which explains that the eco- nomic efficiency was similar forthe diets with 0%6, 10%, and 20% TD. However, ‘economic efficiency was reduced slighty in the diet with 30% of TD because of {an evident reduction in egg produced/hen/day and the consequent reduction in income from eggs sold Discussion ‘The increase in food consumption observed in the diets with 20 96 end 30 % TD ‘compared wth diets with 0% and 10% TD may be associated with increases in the percentage of NFD, going from 84% and 9.7% in 0% and 10% TD diets, respectively, to 12.11% and 12.4% in the diets with 20% and 309% TD, respec- tively, which could affect the efficiency in the use of nutrients, Additionally, the levels of 1D here evaluated may have reduced the available nutrients and energy intake, increasing animal consumption to meet energy requirements. (15-17) ‘An increase in fiber and feed consumption, when TD meal was used has been previously reported in hens fed 15% TD,(® and in Rhode sland red hens fed up to 159 of Leucaena leucocephala or Moringa oleifera Additionally, those authors mention that laying hens fed high fiber diets can increase their feed consumption to meet their nutrient requirements, particularly energy, which could explain the increase in consumption found in diets with 20% and 30% of TD compared to diets with 09 and 10% of TD. ‘The reduction in laying rate and egg weight here found, with 20% TD may irectly be related to energy consumption and digestibilty, since it has been re- ported that high fiber diets reduce energy digestbility ofthe diet(1® The low capa- city ofthe hen digestive system in the use of high fiber foods must be considered, since the cecum is the only place to digest plant fiber and this is very short Likewise, by including forage tree meal in diets for laying hens, the presence of anti-nutitional factors such as tannins is increased, which form complex products with proteins, starch and digestive enzymes, causing reduction of digestibility, main- ly of proteins, which reduces the availabilty of amino acids for maintenance and production. In the present research the TD ultlized had 28.1 mg/g condensed tannins. and 3.6 mg/g total tannins that increased in the experimental diets as the levels of TD increased ‘The results obtained in this study indicate that the use of 1096 TD in the diet of laying hens did not affect the laying rate and egg weight. These results agree with those reported by Rodriguez et al(®) for hens fed 0% to 20% TD meal in the diet. Comparing the results, here obtained, with those in the erature, where laying hens were fed with forage trees, such as Morus alba(!®) and Glrciaia sepium the production was maintained using low levels of forage inclusion, as happened here. Feed conversion increased as the level of TO in the diet increased. It was as- sociated with a linear dimb in feed consumption and the linear reduction in laying hitps:veterinatamexico mvz.unam mxlindex.phoivetartclelview!1133/805 ans.aiai23, 1249 PDF js viewer a a DOr ean N2ZOVINN? ABST OEZOZIS "1012023, Tate, as the level of TD increased; feed conversion was better for the control (09) et, followed by 10% TD diet. Similar results were reported by Rodriguez et al in laying hens, where the worst feed conversion was for birds consuming diets with more of 20% TD. Better feed conversion with diets based on com and soybean meal, compared to those with forage tree leaves, has also been reported in chick- ‘ens by Abou-Elezz et al(°) The results found hete for many of the egg traits evel uated agree with those reported by Rodriguez et al(©) who observed that levels of 20% TD in the diet, did not affect the thickness, weight and eggshell strength. Tis, ‘abso agrees with that of Herrera et al results, who mention that the inclusion of 5% of forage meals of Glrcidia sepium, Cojanus ogjan, and Morus alba did not affect the size, weight and shape of the egg of Rhode Island Red hens. ‘Abou-fllez7 et al(29) reported the reduction of the yok weight as an effect of the inclusion of forage inthe diet in hens fed with fresh Moringa olefera leaves as a dietary supplement, which agrees in part with what was found here. This could be explained by a reduction in the energy densty of the diet due to the inclusion of ‘TD. tis highly probable that the metabolzable energy value assigned to the forage ‘of TD was underestimated when designing the diets. The most intense color of the yolk due to the inclusion of TD with respect to the control diet (096) may be due to, the presence of xanthophyils and carotenoid ‘compounds in the TD meal(20 similar resus have been reported by Mohamed cet al) in Rhode Island Red hens with access to natural vegetation, and by Abou- Elezz et al(22) in hens supplemented with fresh Moringa olerfera leaves. Addi- tionally, de Koning et al(@2) mentioned that the egg yolk color from hens reared free range improved significantly when they were consuming plants like Satbush (Atriplex nummutara). The inclusion of TD in the diets here evaluated, reduced the price per Kilo- «gram of feed; however, egg produced/hen/day was also reduced and feed intake increased for 20% and 30% TO diets. Therefore, the economic efficiency of the iets with the highest levels of TD was not enhanced. Several authors have report ‘ed the reduction in the fixed costs of feed due to the inclusion of cheaper inputs in the feed of laying hens, athough the reduction in feed costs was not necessarily reflected in higher egg production 2.2) Conclusion Itis feasible to use up to 10467D meal in laying hen diets, without affecting pro- ductive traits, economic ficiency and egg quality traits except the increase in the yellow of the yolk with respect to the economic efficiency, the use of up to 20% ‘of TD could be recommended, The level of 30% TD in the diet reduced the laying Tate and the economic efficiency. hitps:veterinatamexico mvz.unam mxlindex.phoivetartclelview!1133/805 ons.aiai23, 1249 PDF js viewer ee DOr ean N2ZOVINN? ABST OEZOZIS "1012023, Data availability Datasets used in this experiment are available from the corresponding author on request. Acknowledgments ‘To the Productora Nacional de Huevos SA de Cy of the State of Yucatan (CRIO), to MV Julio Flores Flores and to IAZ Luis Cortazar Sancher for providing the birds and the eggs that were used for this study. Funding statement ‘This work was partial funded by Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico. Conflicts of interest ‘The authors confirm that there are no conficts of interest associated with this publication. Author contributions ‘Conceptualization: VF Diaz-Echeverti, W Chan, AC Chavarri-Diaz, | Oros-Ortega Experimental procedure and data collection: WW Chan. Data processing: F Casanova-Lugo, | Pat Ake. Funding acquisition: VF Diaz-Echeveria, Project administration: AC Chavarta-Diaz, VF Diaz-Echevetia, A Cen-Hoy, © Kime Banter Statistical analysis: IC Segura-Correa, VF Diaz Echeverria Writing original daft: BH Santos-Ricalde, VF Dlaz-Echevertia | Oros-Ortega, Writing eview and editing: RH Santos Ricalde, JC Segura Correa, VF Diaz-Echeverti, References 1. 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