To cite this paper: Int. J. Rock Mech. & Min. Sci. 34:3-4, paper No. 305.

Published by Elsevier Science Ltd 1997

Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd

Int. J. Rock Mech. & Min. Sci. Vol. 34, No. 3-4, 1997 ISSN 0148-9062
To cite this paper: Int. J. RockMech. &Min. Sci. 34:3-4, Paper No. 305

STRESS AND D E F O R M A T I O N B E H A V I O U R OF OIL

S T O R A G E CAVERNS D U R I N G EXCAVATION
Y. N. L e e ; Y. H . S u h ; D. Y. K i m ; K. S. J u e

Hyundai Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of stress and deformation measurement carried out during excavation to
study the behaviour of the rock mass around large underground oil storage caverns. These results are
compared with those of numerical analysis, which has been performed to examine the three-dimensional
behavior of rock and the face advance effect. Based on the results of these studies, the complex
behaviour of the rock mass due to the face advance and the blasting effect is also discussed.
Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd

KEYWORDS
Blasting effect • D e f o r m a t i o n • Face a d v a n c e effect • Oil storage cavern • R o c k m a s s b e h a v i o u r •
Stress c h a n g e

INTRODUCTION
Major underground oil storage facility has been constructed in southern part of Korea. This facility
mainly consists of six storage caverns, construction tunnels, two shafts and water curtain tunnels, as
shown in Figure 1. Six storage caverns, to be left unlined at EL.(-)30m - EL.(-)60m, are aligned parallel
to each other in the direction of N80°W and each of these caverns is horseshoe-shaped and its dimension
is 18m wide, 30m high and 400 - 600m long. The construction tunnel is also horseshoe-shaped and the
dimension of 8m wide and 7.5m high. The tunnel elevation changes from EL.(+)10.0m at the entry to
EL.(-)60.0m at the bottom level of cavern with about 12% slope in between these two levels. The water
curtain tunnels at EL.(-)1.0m are horseshoe-shaped, 4.5m wide and 5m high.
The bedrock at the site is metamorphosed andesitic tuff of the Late Cretaceous Period. The tuff is dark
grey colored and very tight and has welding texture at the boundary of rock fragments. There are three
joint sets( N70 - 80°E/70 - 80°NW, N10 °E/70 - 80°SE and N45°W/20°SW) and random joints in the
bedrock. These joints are in general tightly-healed, but locally coated or filled with calcite. The
mechanical properties of the intact rock obtained from site investigation are shown in Table 1. The
average uniaxial compressive strength is about 250MPa and the average modulus of elasticity is 83GPa,
indicating that the tuff can be classified as rock having very high strength and medium modulus
ratio(Deere, Miller 1966).
The excavation of storage caverns was carried out in four 7.5m-high sections(gallery, bench-1, bench-2
and bench-3) using the drill and blast method. The excavated caverns were supported by a combination
of rock bolt and shotcrete.

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Changes in rock stress and displacement during excavation were monitored to understand the behavior of
a excavated storage cavern and check the stability of the cavern. These results were compared with those
of numerical analysis, which has been carried out to examine the three-dimensional behavior of rock and
the face advance effect. Based on the results of these studies, the complex behaviour of the rock mass
around the excavation face due to the face advance and the blasting effect was discussed.

M E A S U R E M E N T S OF D I S P L A C E M E N T A N D STRESS C H A N G E S
Displacements and stress changes during excavation have been monitored using MPBX and vibrating
wire stressmeters which had been installed before the excavation face of the cavern passed the measuring
section. Two sections(A and B) were selected for the installation of instruments as shown in Figure 1.
The layout section of the instrumentation is shown in Figure 2. At station A, the monitoring of
displacements at the depths of 3m, 7m, 15.7m and 26.4m above the cavern crown, and the tangential
stress changes at the depths of 3.5m, 10.6m and 23.15m above the crown have been carried out, in a
vertical hole downward from a water curtain tunnel, and the effect of gallery, bench-1, bench-2 and
bench-3 excavations has been monitored. At station B, the measurements of radial displacement and
stress changes in the tangential and radial direction, at the depths of 3m, 6m, 1lm and 19m apart from the
sidewall of bench-1 have been measured in a horizontal hole toward the storage cavern from a
construction tunnel. The monitoring results at station B have covered for the excavation activity of
bench-l, bench-2 and bench-3 because the instuments were installed after the excavation of gallery had
finished.
The displacements above the crown during excavation are plotted against the distance between the
measuring section and the excavation face in Figure 3(where D is the width of the cavern and x is the
distance between the measuring section and the excavation face). From the results in this Figure, it is
shown that a small amount of displacement was measured, indicating the bedrock is competent, and the
behavior of surrounding rock of the cavern rapidly converged upon completion of excavation. In gallery
excavation, a heaving trend of displacements was seen at all points as the excavation face got near the
measuring section. This phenomenon may be attributed to the uplifting of rock mass above the crown by
the dynamic loading due to blasting. As the face passed through the measuring section, the rock mass
moved downward due to the release of the initial stress. When bench-l, bench-2 and bench-3 were
excavated, the displacements show a upward trend again due to the shape of the cavern and the relatively
high horizontal initial stress.
To verify the heaving trend of displacement above the crown due to blasting effect at the time of gallery
excavation, dynamic analysis to simulate the excavation by blasting was carried out. For this analysis, a
axisymmetric model was used and the gallery was assumed to be the equivalent circular tunnel.
Detonation pressure was determined empirically from Sadwin et al. 1965 and Stecher et al. 1981. From
the results of this analysis, a agreement in the trend of rock behavior was observed that upward
movement happened as the excavation face got near the measuring section, and downward movement
took place as the face passed through the measuring section.
Stress changes in the tangential direction above the crown during excavation is shown in Figure 4. In
gallery excavation, shown in Figure 4(a), the tangential stress was rapidly decreased as the face
approached to the measuring section, and increased after the face had passed it. It is thought that this
decreasing trend is due to the blasting effect, and the stress increase in reality should be larger, resulting
in the higher stress concentration over the crown. As the excavation of benches proceeded, it was
observed from Figure 4(b, c, d) that tangential stress increased due to the cavern shape and the relatively

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high horizontal initial stress.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
To study the three-dimensional behavior of rock around the cavern and the face advance effect,
numerical analysis by Finite Difference Method (FDM) was carried out using the commercially available
program FLAC and 3D-FLAC. Figure 5 shows the 2D and 3D model used in this analysis. The input data
for this analysis were determined from the results of field tests, and laboratory tests summarized in Table
1. The deformation modulus of the rock mass was determined from plate loading test at the site and
details of the test may be found in Lee et al. 1996. Deformation moduli determined from this test range
from 37GPa to 43GPa, with an average value of 40GPa, which was used in the analysis as a
representative modulus of the rock mass. The insitu stresses of the rock mass were measured from the
overcoring method with USBM deformation gauge(Lee et al. 1995). From the results, the initial stress of
20MPa parallel to the cavern axis and 14MPa perpendicular to the cavern axis were used for the analysis.
The vertical stress at the cavern level was estimated to be between 5 to 7MPa, depending on the
overburden depth above the cavern level.
The results of this analysis are plotted for displacement and stress changes as the excavation proceeded in
Figures 6, 7 and 8. In Figure 6, the radial displacements of the crown and the sidewall at different stages
of excavation are plotted for 2D and 3D analysis. From the results shown in this Figure, the following
observations may be made : In 2D analysis, maximum displacement at the crown became maximum of
1.7ram at the time of gallery excavation. As the excavation proceed, the crown moves upward, resulting
in the minimum displacement at the end of bench-3 excavation. It is interesting to observe, from the
result of 3D analysis, that the final displacement at the crown is almost zero near the surface and shows
pure upward movement some distance away from the surface, indicating that upward movement of crown
is more extensive than the results of 2D analysis. This behavior maybe attributed to the effect of stress
parallel to the direction of tunnel excavation, which can not be simulated in 2D analysis. At the sidewall,
it is shown that displacements have increased during excavation. After the completion of excavation, the
maximum displacements near the surface is 7.6ram in 2D analysis and 9.2ram in 3D analysis. The
magnitude of displacements at sidewall is larger than that at crown, resulting in the stress relief at the
sidewall and the higher stress concentration at the crown.
The radial stress changes of the crown and the sidewall at different stages of excavation for 2D and 3D
analysis, are shown in Figure 7. In 2D analysis, it is observed that the radial stress over the crown, which
were redistributed after gallery excavation, has increased as the excavation proceeds. This is a reasonable
agreement in the tendency of upward displacements over the crown in Figure 6. In 3D analysis, this
phenomenon is more remarkable and higher radial stress than initial stress is distributed at the end of
behch-3 excavation. At the sidewall, it is observed that radial stresses have decreased during excavation
due to the stress relief, and the radial stress near the surface has become zero.
The tangential stress changes of the crown and the sidewall at each stage of excavation for 2D and 3D
analysis, are shown in Figure 8. It is observed that the tangential stress of the crown has increased during
excavation due to stress concentration, and that of the sidewall has decreased due to stress relief, resulted
in the cavern shape and initial stress condition. In 2D analysis, maximum tangential stress at the crown
surface became 1.6 times as large as initial stress at the time of gallery excavation, 2.4 times at the end of
bench-3 excavation. In 3D analysis, the magnitude of stress increase at the crown surface was higher,
which became 1.9 times as large as initial stress at gallery excavation and 2.6 times at completion of
excavation.

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COMPARISON AND DISCUSSIONS

From the result of 3D analysis, it is observed that the displacement begins to take place ahead from three
times the distance of the cavern width, and it converges behind to three times the distance of the cavern
width. It is calculated that the preceding displacement which had happened before the face passed the
measuring section is 33% of the total displacement. Regarding to the measured one, this preceding
displacement could not be measured due to blasting effect. Therefore, a correction for the measured
displacement should be made, to compare it with the calculated one.
At 3m-point over the crown, the measured displacement, which the precedent displacement was added to,
and the calculated one by numerical analysis, are plotted in Figure 9. From this figure, it may be
observed that there is reasonable agreement in the trend of the displacement during excavation and it also
shows little discrepancy in the magnitudes.
Figure 10 shows the tangential stress changes at different points over the crown obtained from the
measurement and numerical analysis. As shown in this Figure, there is a good agreement in the tendency
of stress changes with each excavation stage between the measured and the calculated one, while there is
discrepancy in the magnitude of stress increments.

CONCLUSION
The results of measurements and numerical analysis, carried out to study the behavior of oil-storage
caverns during excavation, have been presented in this paper. The complex behavior of the rock mass
due to the face advance and the blasting effect was also reported. The following conclusions may be
drawn from the results of this study.
1) Due to the face advance and the blasting effect, the behavior of the rock mass around the opening is
complex at the time of several stages of excavation.
2) The results of numerical analysis and measurements show a rather reasonable agreement in the trend
of behavior, but a little discrepancy in the magnitude.
3) The instrumentation and numerical analysis carried out in this project give a clear picture for the
excavation behavior of the rock mass, hence will be used for the optimum design in the future
project.

FIGURES

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Paper 305, Figure 1.

A
~ ~ "ICA,~,TEI~.OUI~T,~,INTUr,/~,IRI.

~ _ ~ g ~- #=~T,'q:-~? /

5~:jp--- -4~v ~ X.:/ gi /

• ~.~ i ¢__~

~o.~, J 1.. ~.~.= ~ l--~ ~a I

~T.O R,0,G,E CAvERNCE- UNIT.S) CONSTRUCTION TUNNEL WATER CURTAIN TUNNEL

Figure 1. Schematic view of the underground oil storage facility

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Paper 305, Figure 2.

,',.'1--" B .":"
Water Curtain Tunnel
l'I.,. (-) 1.0 m

STA A -? I~=:

t
i ."mm"J ~II':
[] .
S!]ic~lll/.Ct~l • ( R~.k] ;i:-1[ )

Strcssmctcr ('l~ng~ii::u|)

l,Jo h.

"! ii: 3.5m

t Muki-L'oint Boreholc E.~tcasomctcr(Mt>l ]X)

I l';Io. (-) 30.0 m

~I .':1 ConstrtL~:tiocl
"funnel
...... to:;¢.':1¢.?.- I .~¢coM~r?.'

t 75ILL
Bench-1 ~-~ O 0 .. ¢
I:1. (-.) ~-'~, 2"- u J
,i. $ • • e" .'~
~" ..,
Nil) [] ~ .:;3 II .q ;
"t Ul
Bench-2 (; rI~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 9 .'l'.
2; :r.
Bench-3 STA, B
P;I.. (-) 60.0 nt
1N T)I

Figure 2. Layout section showing instumentation details

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Paper 305, Figure 3.

.6
Bench-3
Gallery Bench-2 ¢~.~..<. _. --'...1 1 I!
A
~-'.4 -4o~- A . ~ / ~ ' " - @

~, Bench-[ t ,/x.~#,..----Cr-- '

~.~/ ~ _ ~__©
..~>~'
~,-'~ ' ¢ • .,..~"3 c," I b.3' 1:1
.2 i~~ ~ , o - - • ..+._,...~;.,, C K - ~ ' "

i- " .h - "_'~
~2(,4:"
r~

~5
.,'. 22"
0 gs

-.2 i
-2 ,,1 f) ] 2 3 4 - g - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 -~t 0 1 2 3 4 -g - 4 - 3 - 2 - [ 0 [ 2 3 4
Relative d i s t a ~ c flora tunnel f~ce (x:'[) t

Figure 3. Displacements above the crown during excavation

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Paper 305, Figure 4.

, -'--,
.i ".'5
i

IIl • .-~..-T. JLI

f-";• "Ill "~'~ L5
ILl t
..z Jg o i',1
,j =-.b
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./
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-L rl I 2

[{C[:LtiVC dislOLrlCg i'rtJlil lltlgi~l~] ] i i c c (:V[.?) l;:¢laliv¢ di,~hln~ liom lumhc[ 1:t~ (x,'l.)

(z) Gaile~ e?~cavat]on (b) Bench-] excaYation

,C" i.~ i
,--4
=
-j
l~cn~h-2 ~.n
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5

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• + I(: rilrl / ".3
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-15 -/5
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R¢l~llivc didaacc IrolU. tunnel t;~cc (x.,"[?) Rul~tiv~ dista]l~ Izom ti~m~L i'~,~CLX.,"[)}

I C) Bench-2 excavation (d) Ber~ch-3 exc.avaUon

Figure 4. Tangential stress changes above the crown during excavation

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Paper 305, Figure 5.

150m
jl~ ~ ~'~ ~ . ~ f]

...... i.... # ...... ('I

/ -- ,."' I
LII
' i • .I - J'"~'..d" ..,I : i I
,,I,1[I --,"~.i I "' ! i -.
i" , III

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.. i:i!i .-

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I hl:ll
%1 F -i :~\2~'~ , J "-,. l
!:!II1',.~F -~,-~.'."@)', ,i"~- -
_~_~:~:,,~ ", [
I q, "_ ",-, ~ "',i

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-___L_ ,,
_ ..&-.' ,,J
IIn~LLSm ~]~dS~.~

(a) 2D model (b) 3D model

F i g u r e 5. Numerical models

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Paper 305, Figure 6.

I)i~pl-~ccmL~tt(nn~ o.-, I "~iN'~lm..:c'q'K:~it(it nl'l .I

: ".~ -:', I~ ~, I 12"
E
~.-3 'l " " - i ..........

~,~.~ ('~ : I'~l~nward

~z..i
c15 /-35- ;:.~.:e:?""~
~ .'..3 I '-,0-V,.,.9- c .,. 1t
I--0-I.'cr;'?,- q
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i ' .'-'~ __ ';"~
/ f : , ~%~ lt:.

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I ] ]1 ~.'11

............
I

t
J

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= I," I :~ 2r. 25 I 5 ] c, Ih 2o 3:-
)'.sr;I:'P"L' t"i"fl'WI ~,;LIL:',.:,,'UI' sttl'l~',2cl].'YJI) ] ):~,T:n;#L: l:l,;na', h~C]=",.',,.~ll £U1"-1~1,312(=)11)
Bench-2 Bencb-2

Bench- 3 Bench-3

(a) 2D ~matysis (a) 3 D a n a l y s i s

Figure 6. Displacements at the crown and the sidewall

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Paper 305, Figure 7.

Radial slr,~ss R a d i a l .~r~s~

~" I~ 20 aC- ~0 ~0
E-'S , "-3"25. " -- - [
~ t
~ 23 .
~. ..... I.-~,,,.~ ~;: I:l', ( ...... :,,-....'~
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..".
.$enoll.l/
.-~erl~ll-'-" J
/'/:li I÷ I
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1- ~
t ~ L÷ :~:'~':"J
i~ ,W.,.~ ~=- .
2"~:<',
- t .............................. ~ ...... i ('~fl ..~

Gallery ~ '~'= a[] LS"

..............
= ' ....................
~., N':I E-
.;::, ~. • I~J -

Bench- 1 ,
• • - - -
n ~"
--;u
1 Be,,d,-] =
1.,:,. ~,:';,
~ 5 (, 1• :".: .!, ............. ) "-, III I -~ __.tl

g ~O}1-2 i )ist~n~e from sidewall ~U,~k,e~im) I ;'i.~,~,~.ce t"ront .'s[d.~:',.',,'M] .:..,~j'~,"~,: m]

Bench-2
e2 [ (') " C~J]npt~stm, ......................................... [ [ - ] : (:cn!pres~ior
t-} ; l~-.~,on / i-) : "L'L-~.~Ion ]
Bunch-3 / Bench- 3
[ uui[ "kp,'.~'m~ ) ¢ ',:i.[1 " k - : . c m " )

(a) 2D analysis (b) 3D a~alysis

Figure 7. Radial stress changes at the crown and the sidewall

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Paper 305, Figure 8.

"I'4'-tLgct'-tiz I f.ress "Tart ~e:,.I.,.a I '.,"It..; >$

3 "1 I I';:~ 2 iIIiI( . 3l'I~ I i: :~i I
133 "IL~II ii111": CIIiI; ~ii~ .i..
- .',..~ ~ . . . :~-.

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i-
. ~ 3C ~.¢r.,• = ~ I ~ CI:~ I~ll I

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.4~ 3 I~idll " h - . ~

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . , , , ,

Bench.- 1 . , ,-. ....... .......................................

r ............ t _'~,,
........................... I: :n I .~ 2 II 2 "i ................................... 5 III I III 2Ii I

.[~ eric.["l-2 J_)i~.larg;~ lr£irii siduwa[1 su.rJa~{;(m) Bench-2 Distance t'rcm .~t<t~ :dl s~LrEae~[m;,

(-.} : C e m p r ~ d e n
('.1 : I[II21~il)ll j
I ................................ k,:.ii_] ~)i .1.Q~il l ~J) : [Ir I~ [~25i~I IIlI.
Bench-3 ' Bench-3
( lll'tlt : k.~ ;~m" ) ( Ullil kT."m 2

(a) 2D mode[ (b) 3D model

Figure 8. Tangential stress changes at the crown and the sidewall

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Paper 305, Figure 9.

Bc]tch-3
Bc:IL'.h-2
(]:tllcry
Bench t
:~e~
-.2
j---~-

9,
f
L 2 Mt'asurcd
"g ~-----o o- ( u cutatcd

-12 ........
- 5 - ' - ' - 3 - 2 - [ ,3 ] 2 3 4 ~ 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 ~) I 2 3 4-.t ,;J I 2 .q 4 - -4-3-2-1 (:, I 2 3 4 .-,.
Rela~t,:e di~lmace ~-t31"J|".ittnr.e,] taee ( ~ ' D )

Figure 9. Comparison of displacements at 3m-point above the crown

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Paper 305, Figure 10.

'~' 17.Q =.~ I "U

i..ll.t
.-_,-,
3])]"J.AC

:~ 61)
.-_.-,

:2
X
,.,t.

•= (iI

J J

=~
:.._, -30 k--
r.';~ll~l}' ]-':h~lI )l'lI I Ben¢h-2 I ~Cll~ll-:~ (~.Ni4~, llt:nch-I 3"I..Lr tl.:.h - ~. Ll,~n~h-3

I.;.xcavalion ~;tagu

(a) 3,5 m (b) [ 0,6 m

~ ',.-." l 2./) "

M~u.~u~:d
e,J5
')0
~*- 3DI"I..AC :
¢...It

_~ 00

",..-i 3(t

_.=-~.

-3(t
£~1¢r~, ]~,'...'[q,,:]l- I I ii,-'t: =11-'.:~ [t~n~:i't --'l

(c) 23.15 in

Figure 10. Comparison of tangential stress changes above the crown

TABLES

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Paper 305, TABLE 1.

TABLE 1
T H E M E C H A N I C A L P R O P E R T I E S OF I N T A C T R O C K

Property No. o f sample Average value Range

tested
Uniaxial compressive strength(MPa) 12 250 215-331
Tensile strength(MPa) ...... 12 22 16-3I
, L

Elastic modulus(Gpa) ...... 12 83 70-97

Poisson's ratio 12 0.23 0.2I-0.25
Internal friction angle( °) 4 51.5 49-54
,Cohesion(MPa) .,. 53 48-59

References

References
Bieniawski Z. T. 1984. Rock mechanics design in mining and tunneling, A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam/Boston.
Deere D. U., Miller R. P. 1966. Engineering classification and index properties for intact rock. Air Force
Weapons Lab. Rep. AFWL-TR-65-16. Kirkland, New Mexico.
Lee Y.N., Sub Y. H., Kim D. Y. 1996. Deformability of metamorphosed andesitic tuff from plate loading
test. Proc. of the 2nd North American Rock Mechanics Symposium : NARMS '96, Montreal, Canada,
1573-1579.
Lee Y.N., Sub Y. H., Kim D. Y., Nam H. K. 1995. Three-dimensional behavior of large rock caverns.
Proc. of 8th Int. Congress on Rock Mechanics, Vol.2, 505-508.
Sadwin L.D., Junk N.M. 1965. Measurement of Lateral Pressure Generated from Cylindrical Explosive
Charges, U.S. Bureau of Mines, RI no.6701.
Stecher Fourney 1981: Prediction of crack motion from detonation in brittle material, Int. J. Rock. Mech.
Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 18:1, 23-33.

ISSN 0148-9062