Research Design

Dr. Ribed Vianneca W. Jubilee

 Agenda
Introduction

Aims and approach

Types of Research Design

Population and Sampling

Data Collection Methods

Data Analysis Strategies

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 Introduction
“A research design is a plan for answering a research question using
empirical data”.
Creating a research design involves making a series of choices about the type
of research you’ll do and how you’ll do it.
You need to decide on: Your overall aims and approach. The type of design
you’ll use. How you’ll select participants. Your data collection methods. The
procedures you’ll follow. Your data analysis strategies.

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 Aims and approach

Quantitative Qualitative Mixed-Methods

Deals with number Deals with words and Integrates aspects of
and statistics meanings both

RESEARCH PROBLEM: There has been a rapid rise in remote learning,

but teachers don’t know how to effectively adapt their lessons from
in-person to online classes.

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 Types of Research Design

Quantitative designs Qualitative designs

• Descriptive & correlational • Case studies & ethnography
• Experimental & quasi- • Other qualitative designs
experimental

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 Population and Sampling
Define the population
• The more precisely you
define your population, the
easier it will be to gather a
representative sample.
• For more manageable
research and precise
conclusions, focus on a
narrower population.
Research Design
Sampling Case selection in
1. Probability sampling qualitative research
• Carefully consider choice of
• Sample is selected using random methods. case or community.
• Mainly used in quantitative research. • Justify why the case is suitable
• Sampling methods: Simple random sample, for answering research
systematic sample, stratifies sample and question.
cluster sample. • Case study that reveals an
unusual or neglected
2. Non-probability sampling
aspect.
• Sample is selected in a non-random way. • Compare several similar
• Used in qualitative and quantitative or different cases.
research.
• Sampling methods: Convenience sampling,
Voluntary response sampling.
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 Data Collection Methods

▪ Data collection methods are ways of directly measuring variables and

gathering information. They allow you to gain first-hand knowledge and
original insights into your research problem.
▪ Surveys allow you to collect data about opinions, behaviours,
experiences, and demographic characteristics by asking people directly.
• Questionnaires are more common in quantitative research. They usually
include closed questions with multiple-choice answers or rating scales. This
allows you to collect consistent data from many people and analyze the
responses statistically.
• Interviews are more common in qualitative research.
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 Data Collection Methods

▪ Observation allow you to collect data unobtrusively, observing

characteristics, behaviours or social interactions without
relying on self-reporting.
• Quantitative observation involves systematically measuring or
counting specific events, behaviours, characteristics, etc.
• Qualitative observation involves taking detailed notes and writing
rich descriptions of what is observed. This means you don’t have to
decide in advance how to categorize your observations.

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 Data Collection Methods

▪Other data collection methods:

• Media and communication = a sample of texts to be analyzed.
• Psychology = Technologies to measure things like attention or
reaction time.
• Education = Tests or assignments to collect data.
• Physical sciences = Scientific instruments to measure things like
weight or blood pressure.

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 Data Collection Methods

▪Secondary data
• But wait – what if you don’t have the time or resources to collect data from
the population you want to study? Instead of collecting your own data, you can
use secondary data that other researchers already collected – for example,
datasets from government surveys or previous studies on your topic.
• With this raw data, you can do your own analysis to answer new research
questions that weren’t addressed by the original study.
• Using secondary data gives you access to much larger and more varied samples
than you could collect yourself.
• However, it also means you don’t have any control over which variables to
measure or how to measure them, so the conclusions you can draw may be
limited.
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 Data collection procedures

• How will you reliably measure • What steps will you take in
your variables? collecting and managing the data?

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 Data Analysis Strategies

• Choosing statistical tests that match your variables.

• Planning your approach to coding and interpreting the data.

Quantitative Qualitative
• Decide which calculations and • Consider what approach to
statistical tests to use for take for categorizing and
analysis. interpreting data.

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 Data Analysis Strategies
[Quantitative Data Analysis]

• Statistics can: • Then, to test a hypothesis about a

• Summarize your sample data relationship between variables, you
• Make estimates about the can use a statistical test.
population
• Test hypotheses
• Regression & correlation
• Look for association between two or
• Descriptive statistics more variables
• Mean: describe average score
• Comparison
• Standard deviation: describes the
variability of the scores. • T-Test/ANOVAs look for differences in
the outcomes of different groups

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 Data Analysis Strategies
[Qualitative Data Analysis]

• Qualitative data analysis: • Discourse analysis

• Comb through the data in details.
• Interpret its meanings
• Extracts the parts that are most
relevant to the research question
• Thematic analysis
• Findings pattern in the data.
• Label recurring topics and concepts,
then group them into themes.
• Pays attention to social context and
structure
• Analyze what is said and how it’s
said
• To get a sense of how researchers
analyze qualitative data, try reading
some qualitative research papers
in your field.

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 Reflect and Grow

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 Ribed Vianneca W. Jubilee
Thank you
ribed@ums.edu.my