ACCUWIND - Classification of Five Cup Anemometers According IEC61400-12-1 Ris-R-1556

Risø-R-1556(EN)
ACCUWIND - Classification of
Five Cup Anemometers
According to IEC61400-12-1
T.F. Pedersen, J.-Å. Dahlberg,

Peter Busche
Risø National Laboratory

Roskilde
Denmark
May 2006
Abstract The characteristics of five cup anemometers were investigated in de-
tail, and data are presented in figures and tables. The characteristics include:
normal wind tunnel calibrations; angular response measurements at 5, 8 and
11m/s; torque coefficient curve measurements from combined tilt and ramp-
gust tests, torque coefficient curve measurements for non-tilted conditions; rotor
inertia measurements and measurements of friction of bearings at temperatures -
10°C to 40°C. The characteristics are fitted to two different time domain cup
anemometer models, and simulations of the cup anemometers are made with ar-
tificial wind generators to make classifications according to annex I and J of the
standard IEC 61400-12-1 on power performance measurements. Results of clas-
sification are shown in graphs of systematic deviations and class index tables.
ISBN 87-550-3516-7
2 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
Contents
Preface 4
1 Introduction 5
2 Cup Anemometer Type Descriptions 5
3 Wind Tunnel and Laboratory Test Results 6

3.1 Normal WT calibrations 6
3.1.1Linear regression results 6
3.1.2Typical time traces from the calibrations 8
3.2 Angular response measurements by tilt tests at FOI 10
3.3 Angular response measurements by tilt tests at DEWI 13
3.4 Torque coefficient curves from combined tilt and ramp-gust tests 15
3.4.3Torque coefficient curves for horizontal flow conditions. 18
3.4.4Comparison of angular response from steady and dynamic measurements 20
3.5 Measurement of Rotor Inertia 22
3.6 Measurement of Friction Characteristics 22
4 Classification 25
4.1 Classification Ranges 25
4.2 Cup Anemometer Models and Fitting 26
4.3 Wind Generation Model 27
4.4 Classification with Inclined-Flow-Torque-Coefficient Model (IFTC) 27
4.4.5Classification of NRG cup anemometer 27
4.4.6Classification of Risø cup anemometer 29
4.4.7Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer 31
4.4.8Classification of Vaisala cup anemometer 33
4.4.9Classification of Vector cup anemometer 35
4.5 Classification with Tilt-Response & Torque-Coefficient Model (TRTC) 37
4.5.10 Classification of NRG cup anemometer 37
4.5.11 Classification of Risø cup anemometer 40
4.5.12 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer 43
4.5.13 Classification of Vaisala cup anemometer 46
4.5.14 Classification of Vector cup anemometer 49
4.6 Classification with Tilt-Response & Torque-Coefficient Model (TRTC) without
friction 52
4.6.15 Classification of NRG cup anemometer without influence of friction 52
4.6.16 Classification of Risø cup anemometer without influence of friction 55
4.6.17 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer without influence of friction 58
4.6.18 Classification of Vaisala cup anemometer without influence of friction 61
4.6.19 Classification of Vector cup anemometer without influence of friction 64
4.7 Comparison of Data 67
5 Conclusions 69
6 References 69
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 3
Preface
This report presents results of a European research project ACCUWIND on im-
provement of evaluation and classification methods of cup and sonic anemometry.
The report presents results of task 1 on cup anemometry. The six ACCUWIND pro-
ject partners are:
o Risø National Laboratory, RISØ, Denmark
o Deutsches Windenergie Institut Gmbh, DEWI, Germany
o Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Sweden
o Centre for Revewable Energy Sources, CRES, Greece
o Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN, the Netherlands
o Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, UPM, Spain
The work was made under contract with the European Commission, project number
NNE5-2001-00831. Additional support to this part of the project was given by Risø
(Risø National Laboratory, DK) and FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE)
4 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
1 Introduction
The present report is an investigation of the characteristics of five commercial cup
anemometers being used in wind energy. All calibrations and tests are made under
wind tunnel and laboratory conditions following the procedures outlined in the gen-
eral report [1]. The measured characteristics are fitted to time domain cup anemome-
ter models, in order for the models to simulate time domain 3D wind conditions. The
models are used to calculate deviations from normal calibration conditions to realis-
tic atmospheric operational conditions by the input of time domain 3D wind, gener-
ated by artificial wind generators [2]. The calculations are used to classify the cup
anemometers according to the annex I of the IEC 61400-12-1 power performance
measurement standard [3]. This report does on the other hand not represent full
evaluation and classification of individual types of cup anemometers as the IEC
standard requires at least two cup anemometers of a type to be tested and evaluated.
2 Cup Anemometer Type Descriptions

The cup anemometers used in the investigations are shown in Figure 2-1. The cup
anemometers have been chosen from their use in wind energy, and they represent
ranges of design and characteristics that should be appropriate for evaluation of the
procedures described in [1,3]. The cup anemometers all have three conical plastic
cups, which are in details different. Four of the cup anemometers have quite slender
shafts, but with hub parts that differ significantly. The details of the cup, rotor, shaft,
bearing and body designs influence the angular and dynamic characteristics as shown
in the CLASSCUP project [4]. Details will not be presented here, but the main
dimensions that are incorporated in measurements and cup anemometer models are
outlined in Table 2-1.
NRG Risø Thies Vaisala Vector

Maximum 40 P2546 First Class WAA151 L100K
(NRG) (RIS) (THF) (VAI) (VEC)
Figure 2-1 Cup anemometer types being used in the evaluation and classification.
Acronyms in parenthesis are used in the report in figures and graphs to identify the
types.
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 5
Table 2-1 Main cup anemometer data being used in the analysis
NRG RIS THF VAI VEC
Cup di- 51 70 80 54 51
ameter
(mm)
Projected 2000 3850 5030 2290 2040
cup area A
(mm2)
Rotor di- 191 186 240 184 155
ameter
(mm)
Radius to 70 58 80 65 52
cup centre
R (mm)
Pulses/rev 2 12*) 37 14 25
*) special purpose tooth wheel while normally being 2
3 Wind Tunnel and Laboratory Test

Results
The characteristics of the cup anemometers have been investigated in the LT5 wind
tunnel at FOI, partly in the Oldenburg wind tunnel (DEWI), and in climate chamber
and in laboratory at RISØ. The investigations follow the procedures described in [1],
and the following chapters describe the results of each test.
3.1 Normal WT calibrations

All tests are preceded by a normal calibration of the anemometer together with the
four light propeller anemometers. The propeller anemometers are used to measure
the instantaneous wind speed during gust tests. The calibration procedure follows in
principal an ordinary calibration [3]. Each data point is acquired during 125 seconds.
The measurement sequence starts and ends with a zero reading with the tunnel shut
down. The first point is 5 m/s then 7, 9 etc. up to 15 m/s. On the way down the even
wind speeds are measured. The analogue volt values from the WT pressure trans-
ducer and tilt angle sensor are sampled at 100 Hz. The pulses from the anemometer
and the propellers are clocked with a 100 kHz timer. The evaluation procedure in-
volves; counting of pulses, conversion of pressure signals to wind speeds and linear
regression fitting.
3.1.1 Linear regression results

The normal calibrations of the five cup anemometers in the LT5 wind tunnel are pre-
sented in Figure 3-1 to Figure 3-5.
6 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
20 0,25
18 NRG : Slope 0,7736 : Offset 0,281 : Correl 0,99995 : St.err 0,036 0,20
16 0,15
Measured-Fitted m/s
Tunnel Speed m/s
14 0,10
NRG :
12 fit 0,05
10 mea-fit 0,00
8 -0,05
6 -0,10
4 -0,15
2 -0,20
0 -0,25
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pulse frequency Hz
Figure 3-1 Linear regression results for the NRG cup anemometer.
20 0,25
18 Ris Slope 0,1026 : Offset 0,213 : Correl 0,99999 : St.err 0,017 0,20
16 0,15
Measured-Fitted m/s
Tunnel Speed m/s
14 0,10
Ris
12 0,05
fit
10 Ris-err 0,00
8 -0,05
6 -0,10
4 -0,15
2 -0,20
0 -0,25
0 50 100 150 200
Pulse frequency Hz
Figure 3-2 Linear regression results for the RIS cup anemometer.
20 0,25
18 THF : Slope 0,0491 : Offset 0,219 : Correl 0,99998 : St.err 0,021 0,20
16 0,15
Measured-Fitted m/s
Tunnel Speed m/s
14 0,10
12 THF : 0,05
10 fit 0,00
mea-fit
8 -0,05
6 -0,10
4 -0,15
2 -0,20
0 -0,25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Pulse frequency Hz
Figure 3-3 Linear regression results for the THF cup anemometer.
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 7
20 0,25
18 VAI : Slope 0,1011 : Offset 0,407 : Correl 0,99996 : St.err 0,032 0,20
16 0,15
Measured-Fitted m/s
VAI :
Tunnel Speed m/s

14 0,10
fit
12 0,05
mea-fit
10 0,00
8 -0,05
6 -0,10
4 -0,15
2 -0,20
0 -0,25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Pulse frequency Hz
Figure 3-4 Linear regression results for the VAI cup anemometer.
20 0,25
18 VEC : Slope 0,0501 : Offset 0,107 : Correl 0,99999 : St.err 0,014 0,20
16 0,15
Measured-Fitted m/s
Tunnel Speed m/s
14 0,10
12 0,05
10 0,00
VEC :
8 -0,05
fit
6 mes-fit -0,10
4 -0,15
2 -0,20
0 -0,25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Pulse frequency Hz
Figure 3-5 Linear regression results for the VEC cup anemometer.
3.1.2 Typical time traces from the calibrations

Figure 3-6 to Figure 3-10 present typical 30-second time traces of each cup ane-
mometer and one of the four propellers. The traces are taken from the calibration
points at 8 m/s wind speed. The graphs are included here to give the reader an im-
pression of the magnitude of the so called “inherent turbulence” which has been
found to be associated with most cup anemometers. As seen from the graphs the
variations of the anemometer readings are significantly higher than the wind speed
reading from the propeller.
8 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
8,5
8,4 NRG_30_185639
p2_30_185639
8,3
Wind Speed m/s
8,2
8,1
8,0
7,9
7,8
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time sec
Figure 3-6 A typical 30-seconds time trace from calibration of the NRG cup ane-
mometer (black curve) and one of the four propellers (red).
8,5
8,4 RIS_01_172847
p2_01_172847
8,3
Wind Speed m/s
8,2
8,1
8,0
7,9
7,8
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time sec
Figure 3-7 A typical 30-seconds time trace from calibration of the RIS cup ane-
8,5
THF_28_224040
8,4 p2_28_224040
8,3
Wind Speed m/s
8,2
8,1
8,0
7,9
7,8
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time sec
Figure 3-8 A typical 30-seconds time trace from calibration of the THF cup ane-
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 9
8,5
VAI_02_151152
8,4 p2_02_151152
8,3
Wind Speed m/s

8,2
8,1
8,0
7,9
7,8
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time sec
Figure 3-9 A typical 30-seconds time trace from calibration of the VAI cup ane-
8,5
VEC_29_163525
8,4 p2_29_163525
8,3
Wind Speed m/s
8,2
8,1
8,0
7,9
7,8
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time sec
Figure 3-10 A typical 30-seconds time trace from calibration of the VEC cup ane-
3.2 Angular response measurements by tilt tests at

FOI
During the tilt tests in the LT5 wind tunnel at FOI the anemometer is slowly (ap-
proximately 2º/sec) tilted back and forth during 1050 seconds. The tilt angle and
tunnel speed are continuously measured with 20Hz and the pulses from anemometer
and the four propellers are sampled with a 100 kHz timer. The evaluation involves
conversion from pulse frequencies to wind speed by using the transfer functions
from the calibration. The data is sorted into 2º tilt bins and averaged. Tests are per-
formed at wind speeds of 5, 8 (+8R) and 11m/s.
Figure 3-11 to Figure 3-15 presents results of the FOI tilt tests.
10 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
Tilt tests with NRG #40, S/N 17306, 050630
1,15
NRG_11_norm
1,10 NRG_8_norm
NRG_8R_norm
1,05 NRG_5_norm
cos
Relative Speed
1,00
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
0,75
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Tilt angle (neg from below)
Figure 3-11 FOI tilt test measurements with the NRG anemometer.
Tilt tests with P2546-ACCUWIND-1, 050701

1,10
cos
1,05 ane_11_norm
ane_8_norm
ane_8R_norm
Relative speed
1,00 ane_5_norm
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3-12 FOI tilt test measurements with the RIS anemometer.
Tilt tests with Thies First Class 4.3350.00.000, 050628

1,05
1,00
Relative speed
0,95
ane_8_norm
ane_11_norm
0,90 ane_5_norm
ane_8R_norm
cos
0,85
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3-13 FOI tilt test measurements with the THF anemometer.
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 11
Tilt tests with Vaisala WAA151, 050702
1,15
VAI_5_norm
VAI_7_norm
1,10 VAI_8_norm
VAI_9,5_norm
VAI_11_norm
1,05 cos
Relative Speed 1,00
0,95
0,90
0,85
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3-14 FOI tilt test measurements with the VAI anemometer.
Tilt tests with Vector A100LK, S/N 1476, Rotor R30K S/N M3T, 050629
1,05 VEC_11_norm
VEC_8_norm
VEC_8R_norm
VEC_5_norm
1,00
cos
Relative Speed
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3-15 FOI tilt test measurements with the VEC anemometer.
12 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
3.3 Angular response measurements by tilt tests at
DEWI
Figure 3-16 to Figure 3-20 presents results of the DEWI tilt tests.
DEWI tilt test

1.10
1.05
.
cos
1.00
Relative Speed
DEWI_NRG_5
DEWI_NRG_8
DEWI_NRG_12
0.95
0.90
0.85
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Tilt Angle (Neg=from below)
Figure 3-16 DEWI tilt test measurements with the NRG anemometer.
DEWI tilt test

1.10
cos
1.05 DEWI_RIS_5
DEWI_RIS_8
.
DEWI_RIS_12
1.00
Relative Speed
0.95
0.90
0.85
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3-17 DEWI tilt test measurements with the RIS anemometer.
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 13
DEWI tilt test
1.10
cos
1.05 DEWI_THF_5
DEWI_THF_8
.
DEWI_THF_12
1.00
Relative Speed
0.95
0.90
0.85
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3-18 DEWI tilt test measurements with the THF anemometer.
DEWI tilt test

1.10
1.05
.
1.00
Relative Speed
cos
DEWI_VAI_5
DEWI_VAI_8
0.95 DEWI_VAI_12
0.90
0.85
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3-19 DEWI tilt test measurements with the VAI anemometer.
DEWI tilt test

1.10
cos
1.05 DEWI_VEC_5
DEWI_VEC_8
.
DEWI_VEC_12
1.00
Relative Speed
0.95
0.90
0.85
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3-20 DEWI tilt test measurements with the VEC anemometer.
14 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
3.4 Torque coefficient curves from combined tilt and
ramp-gust tests
This method to measure torque coefficient curves involves exposure of the tilted
anemometer for wind gusts in a wind tunnel together with accurate measurements of
the instantaneous wind speed and the rotational speed of the cup-anemometer. The
torque-curve for each tilt angle (normalised torque coefficient versus speed ratio) is
derived indirectly from the measured time traces.
The method includes one fitting action where the torque curve Cq for non inclined
flow is matched with the calibration results. The fitting implies that a Δλ is added
to the actual speed ratio such that Cq becomes zero for the speed ratio derived from
the calibration.
The graphs from Figure 3-21 to Figure 3-25 present the results from the evaluation
of the tests. The legends in each graph give information of: tilt angle setting, time of
measurement, number of pulses used to determine the speed of the anemometer,
number of pulses used to determine the speed of the propellers and finally tooth
wheel signature correction (1/0=yes/no)
The inclined flow torque coefficient curves are being used in simulations with the
IFTC model.
NRG-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

cq_-47.30_233315_01_04_1
0,4 cq_-38.44_232848_01_04_1
cq_-29.54_232406_01_04_1
0,2 cq_-23.65_231958_01_04_1
cq_-17.69_231543_01_04_1
cq_-14.71_231142_01_04_1
0,0 cq_-11.78_230741_01_04_1
cq_ -8.87_230347_01_04_1
-0,2 cq_ -5.84_225935_01_04_1
cq_ -2.98_225512_01_04_1
Cq
cq_ -0.03_002718_01_04_1
-0,4 cq_ 2.98_234320_01_04_1
cq_ 5.91_234722_01_04_1
-0,6 cq_ 8.87_235133_01_04_1
cq_ 11.78_235526_01_04_1
cq_ 14.77_235931_01_04_1
-0,8 cq_ 17.74_000347_01_04_1
cq_ 23.61_000754_01_04_1
cq_ 29.53_001217_01_04_1
-1,0
cq_ 38.37_001645_01_04_1
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 cq_ 47.29_002118_01_04_1
Speed Ratio
Figure 3-21 Derived torque coefficient curves (Cq versus speed ratio and tilt angle)
for the NRG anemometer.
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 15
RIS-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio
cq_-47.25_212935_02_04_1
0,4 cq_-38.38_212505_02_04_1
cq_-29.57_211926_02_04_1
0,2 cq_-23.57_211527_02_04_1
cq_-17.74_211123_02_04_1
cq_-14.80_210723_02_04_1
0,0 cq_-11.90_210326_02_04_1
cq_ -8.85_205920_02_04_1
-0,2 cq_ -5.92_205521_02_04_1
Cq cq_ -2.96_205120_02_04_1
cq_ -0.01_213419_02_04_1
-0,4 cq_ 2.94_213839_02_04_1
cq_ 5.91_214235_02_04_1
-0,6 cq_ 8.91_215616_02_04_1
cq_ 11.85_220023_02_04_1
cq_ 14.71_220516_02_04_1
-0,8 cq_ 17.70_220922_02_04_1
cq_ 23.59_221351_02_04_1
cq_ 29.55_221757_02_04_1
-1,0
cq_ 38.46_222222_02_04_1
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 cq_ 47.25_222628_02_04_1
Speed Ratio
for the RIS anemometer.
THF-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

cq_-47.19_021354_04_04_1
0,4 cq_-38.31_020941_04_04_1
cq_-29.64_020534_04_04_1
0,2 cq_-23.61_020126_04_04_1
cq_-17.79_015729_04_04_1
cq_-14.79_015330_04_04_1
0,0 cq_-11.81_014929_04_04_1
cq_ -8.84_014529_04_04_1
-0,2 cq_ -5.93_014112_04_04_1
cq_ -3.01_013709_04_04_1
Cq
cq_ -0.01_021834_04_04_1
-0,4 cq_ 3.00_022244_04_04_1
cq_ 5.89_022700_04_04_1
-0,6 cq_ 8.80_023101_04_04_1
cq_ 11.74_023503_04_04_1
cq_ 14.71_023902_04_04_1
-0,8 cq_ 17.66_024308_04_04_1
cq_ 23.58_024721_04_04_1
cq_ 29.54_025129_04_04_1
-1,0
cq_ 38.39_025554_04_04_1
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 cq_ 47.30_025959_04_04_1
Speed Ratio
for the THF anemometer.
16 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
VAI-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio
cq_-47.68_190822_02_04_1
0,6 cq_-38.67_190402_02_04_1
cq_-29.76_185947_02_04_1
0,4
cq_-23.83_185549_02_04_1
cq_-17.90_185126_02_04_1
0,2
cq_-14.87_184716_02_04_1
cq_-11.96_184305_02_04_1
0,0
cq_ -8.86_183906_02_04_1
cq_ -6.00_183444_02_04_1
-0,2
cq_ -2.95_183044_02_04_1
Cq
cq_ -0.03_182645_02_04_1
-0,4
cq_ 3.00_191808_02_04_1
cq_ 5.98_192217_02_04_1
-0,6
cq_ 8.89_192629_02_04_1
cq_ 11.90_193042_02_04_1
-0,8
cq_ 14.84_193443_02_04_1
cq_ 17.82_193909_02_04_1
-1,0
cq_ 23.79_194329_02_04_1
cq_ 29.70_194739_02_04_1
-1,2
cq_ 38.64_195149_02_04_1
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 cq_ 47.65_195551_02_04_1
Speed Ratio
for the VAI anemometer.
VEC-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

cq_-47.43_201732_04_04_1
0,4 cq_-38.39_201301_04_04_1
cq_-29.48_200844_04_04_1
0,2 cq_-23.70_200437_04_04_1
cq_-17.71_195806_04_04_1
cq_-14.80_195411_04_04_1
0,0 cq_-11.91_194956_04_04_1
cq_ -8.87_194558_04_04_1
-0,2 cq_ -5.91_194158_04_04_1
cq_ -2.98_193759_04_04_1
Cq
cq_ -0.08_202423_04_04_1
-0,4 cq_ 2.94_203452_04_04_1
cq_ 5.84_203901_04_04_1
-0,6 cq_ 8.82_204253_04_04_1
cq_ 11.74_204655_04_04_1
cq_ 14.70_205056_04_04_1
-0,8 cq_ 17.75_205450_04_04_1
cq_ 23.55_205850_04_04_1
cq_ 29.76_210453_04_04_1
-1,0
cq_ 38.30_210921_04_04_1
0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 cq_ 47.46_211602_04_04_1
Speed Ratio
for the VEC anemometer.
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 17
3.4.3 Torque coefficient curves for horizontal flow conditions.
The following graphs in Figure 3-26 to Figure 3-30 presents the torque coefficient
curves for horizontal flow conditions only. These are the curves being used in the
TRTC model simulations.
NRG-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

1,0
0,5
0,0
cq_ -0.03_002718_01_04_1
-0,5
Cq
-1,0
-1,5
-2,0
-2,5
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60
Speed Ratio
Figure 3-26 Derived torque coefficient curve (Cq versus speed ratio) for the NRG
anemometer in non-tilted position.
RIS-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

0,5
0,0
cq_ -0.01_213419_02_04_1
-0,5
Cq
-1,0
-1,5
-2,0
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60
Speed Ratio
Figure 3-27 Derived torque coefficient curve (Cq versus speed ratio) for the RIS
18 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
THF-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio
0,5
0,0
cq_ -0.01_021834_04_04_1
-0,5
Cq
-1,0
-1,5
-2,0
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60
Speed Ratio
Figure 3-28 Derived torque coefficient curve (Cq versus speed ratio) for the THF
VAI-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

1,0
0,5
0,0
cq_ -0.03_182645_02_04_1
-0,5
-1,0
Cq
-1,5
-2,0
-2,5
-3,0
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55
Speed Ratio
Figure 3-29 Derived torque coefficient curve (Cq versus speed ratio) for the VAI
VEC-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

0,5
0,0
cq_ -0.08_202423_04_04_1
-0,5
Cq
-1,0
-1,5
-2,0
0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55
Speed Ratio
Figure 3-30 Derived torque coefficient curve (Cq versus speed ratio) for the VEC
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 19
3.4.4 Comparison of angular response from steady and dynamic meas-
urements
One obvious comparison that can be made to the derived inclined flow torque coeffi-
cient curves is the interception points between each torque coefficient curve and the
Cq=0-line. After normalization of the speed ratios with the speed ratio for non-
inclined flow an angular response curve arise, which indicate whether the angular
responses, measured under dynamic tilted conditions, are similar to the angular re-
sponse curve derived from the steady tilt tests. The five graphs from Figure 3-31 to
Figure 3-35 present the comparison of angular responses.
Tilt tests with NRG #40, S/N 17306, 050630

1,15
1,10
1,05
Relative Speed
1,00
0,95 NRG_11_norm
NRG_8_norm
0,90 NRG_8R_norm
NRG_5_norm
0,85
cos
0,80 tsr-0-aver (1,4,1)
0,75
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 3-31 Comparison of angular response from steady and dynamic measure-
ments on the NRG anemometer
Tilt tests with P2546-ACCUWIND-1, 050701

1,10
cos
ane_11_norm
1,05 ane_8_norm
ane_8R_norm
ane_5_norm
Relative speed
1,00
tsr-0-aver (2,4,1)
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
ments on the RIS anemometer
20 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
Tilt tests with Thies First Class 4.3350.00.000, 050628
1,05
1,00
Relative speed
0,95
ane_8_norm
ane_11_norm
0,90 ane_5_norm
ane_8R_norm
cos
tsr-0-aver (4,4,1)
0,85
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
ments on the THF anemometer
Tilt tests with Vaisala WAA151, 050702

1,15
1,10
1,05
Relative Speed
1,00
VAI_5_norm
VAI_7_norm
0,95 VAI_8_norm
VAI_9,5_norm
VAI_11_norm
0,90 tsr-0-aver (2,4,1)
cos
0,85
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
ments on the VAI anemometer
Tilt tests with Vector A100LK, S/N 1476, Rotor R30K S/N M3T, 050629
cos
1,05 VEC_11_norm
VEC_8_norm
VEC_8R_norm
1,00 VEC_5_norm
tsr-0-aver (4,4,1)
Relative Speed
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
ments on the VEC anemometer
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 21
3.5 Measurement of Rotor Inertia
The rotor inertia of each cup anemometer was measured by dismantling the rotor
from the cup anemometer body, weighing the rotor and applying an oscillation iner-
tia measurement procedure [1]. Shaft inertia was insignificant in most cases. For the
NRG cup anemometer some body parts were included in the measurement, and an
estimate of the inertia of this part was withdrawn. Results of inertia measurements
are shown in Table 3-1.
NRG RIS THF VAI VEC

Figure 3-36 Oscillation tests for determination of rotor inertia according to the
procedure in [1]
Table 3-1 Estimated rotor inertia according to oscillation test method [1]
Cup anem NRG RIS THF VAI VEC
Rotor iner- 1.01E-04 9.92E-05 2.89E-04 6.14E-05 4.40E-05
tia (kgm2)
3.6 Measurement of Friction Characteristics

The friction in bearings was measured in climate chamber with a flywheel decelera-
tion test, see [1]. Each rotor was dismantled from the cup anemometer and a fly-
wheel with approximately the same weight as the rotor was mounted on the shaft.
The flywheels on the cup anemometers are shown if Figure 3-37. At each tempera-
ture up to five runs were made on each cup anemometer.
The calculated friction from the deceleration runs are shown in Figure 3-38 to Figure
3-43. In the case of the NRG cup anemometer at 40°C the variations in friction was
high. This was investigated separately, see [1]. In one case, RIS Figure 3-40, the fric-
tion tends to decrease at higher rotational speed. The reason for this is that in some
cases the fitting of data to third order polynomial was made on rotational speeds that
did not reach the full rotational speed range.
22 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
NRG RIS THF VAI VEC
Figure 3-37 Flywheels mounted on cup anemometer shafts for flywheel decelera-
tion tests in climate chamber according to the procedure in ref. 1.
Friction NRG
2.00E-04
1.80E-04
1.60E-04
1.40E-04
Friction (kg*m^2/s^2)
1.20E-04 -10
1
1.00E-04 10
30
8.00E-05
40
6.00E-05
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Angular speed (rad/s)
Figure 3-38 Friction of NRG cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by

flywheel test
Friction Risø
2.00E-04
1.80E-04
1.60E-04
1.40E-04
-10
friction (Nm)
1.20E-04 0
10
1.00E-04
21
8.00E-05 30
40
6.00E-05
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ome (rad/s)
Figure 3-39 Friction of Risø cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by fly-
wheel test
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 23
Friction Risø
8.00E-04
7.00E-04
6.00E-04
-10
5.00E-04
friction (Nm)
0
10
4.00E-04
21
30
3.00E-04
40
2.00E-04
1.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ome (rad/s)
Figure 3-40 Friction of Risø cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by fly-
wheel test
Friction Thies FC
2.00E-04
1.80E-04
1.60E-04
1.40E-04
-10
Friction (Nm)
1.20E-04 0
10
1.00E-04
22
8.00E-05 31
40
6.00E-05
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
ome (rad/s)
Figure 3-41 Friction of Thies FC cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by

flywheel test
Friction Vaisala (triangles indicating heating)
2.00E-04
1.80E-04
1.60E-04
1.40E-04 -10
0
friction (Nm)
1.20E-04 4
4
1.00E-04
10
8.00E-05 20
30
6.00E-05 40
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
ome (rad/s)
Figure 3-42 Friction of Vaisala cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by

flywheel test
24 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
Friction Vector
2.00E-04
1.80E-04
1.60E-04
1.40E-04
-10
friction (Nm)
1.20E-04 0
10
1.00E-04
20
8.00E-05 30
40
6.00E-05
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ome (rad/s)
Figure 3-43 Friction of Vector cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by

flywheel test
4 Classification
Classification of the five cup anemometers with data derived form wind tunnel and
laboratory test is made according to annex I in the standard IEC61400-12-1, [3].
4.1 Classification Ranges

The classification according to the IEC standard on power performance measure-
ments [3] divides the classification of cup anemometers into two classes, A and B.
Table 4-1 show the required operational ranges of these two classes, including the
turbulence models being used in the present evaluation.
From simulations of systematic deviations of the cup anemometers under the given
ranges of operational conditions for a given class, a class index number is derived
from the maximum of deviations ε i for all wind configurations. The class index
number is determined according to the formula:
εi
k = 100 ⋅ max
U i / 2 + 5m / s
Where
Ui is wind speed in bin i
εi is a systematic deviation within wind speed bin i
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 25
Table 4-1 Operational condition ranges of Class A and Class B category classifica-
tion
Class A Class B
Terrain meets require- Terrain does not meet re-
ments in annex B of stan- quirements in annex B of
dard standard
Min Max Min Max
Wind speed range to 4 16 4 16
cover [m/s]
Turbulence intensity 0,03 0,12+0,48/V 0,03 0,12+0,96/V
Turbulence structure 1/0,8/0,5 1/1/1
σu/σv/σw (non-isotropic turbulence) (isotropic turbulence)
Kaimal wind spectrum Von Karman wind spec-
with a longitudinal turbu- trum with a longitudinal
lence length scale of turbulence length scale of
350m 170m
Air temp. [°C] 0 40 -10 40
Air density [kg/m3] 0,9 1,35 0,9 1,35
Average flow inclina- -3 3 -15 15
tion angle [°]
The wind speed is in the IEC standard [3] defined as the horizontal wind speed:
U hor = u 2 + v 2
The deviations, calculated by the simulation models are based on 10min averaging:
U dev = ∑U
10 min
hor , measured − ∑U
10 min
hor
The wind speed can alternatively be defined as a scalar vector wind speed:
U vec = u 2 + v 2 + w2
The deviations are calculated as:
U dev = ∑U
10 min
vec , measured − ∑U
10 min
vec
In this analysis the classification of the cup anemometers is made on the vector wind
speed definition, as well as the horizontal wind speed, as required in [3].
4.2 Cup Anemometer Models and Fitting

The classification is made with the use of two different cup anemometer models,
TRTC and IFTC. The two models are described in detail in [1].
The TRTC model makes use of static tilt tests for angular response measurements,
torque coefficient curve measurements from horizontal flow static or dynamic tests,
oscillation tests for rotor inertia measurements, and climate chamber bearing friction
tests.
The IFTC makes use of inclined flow dynamic torque coefficient tests, while the
model at present is not implemented to take account of bearing friction.
For both models a fitting is made of torque coefficient curves to fit the normal cali-
bration curves. This is made because the tests have been made under different condi-
tions at different times, and there are statistical variations which must be accounted
26 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
for. The fitting consist of inclusion of a delta speed ratio which ensures that simula-
tion of the normal calibration is very precise.
4.3 Wind Generation Model

The turbulence model used to generate the 3D wind files for the calculations in this
report is made by Jacob Mann [2], using either Kaimal spectra with longitudinal
length scales of 350m or von Karman isotropic spectra with longitudinal length
scales of 170m. Ten minute time series of 25Hz data are made for each calculation.
The input data for the model are taken from the tables of operational ranges Table
4-1.
4.4 Classification with Inclined-Flow-Torque-

Coefficient Model (IFTC)
The following chapters show the results of simulation of systematic deviations of the
five cup anemometers with the IFTC model. The simulations show deviations for
Class A and Class B categories, as well as for horizontal or vector wind speed defini-
tions.
4.4.5 Classification of NRG cup anemometer

Figure 4-1 to Figure 4-4 presents simulated deviations with the IFTC model of the
NRG cup anemometer.
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Horizontal WS definition

NRG cup anemometer
Model: Inclined-Flow-Torque-Coefficient (IFTC)
0.8
0.7 Class-Index: 0,6
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-1 Classification of NRG cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class A –
horizontal wind speed definition
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 27
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Vector WS definition
NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-2 Classification of NRG cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class A –
vector wind speed definition
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Horizontal WS definition

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-3 Classification of NRG cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class B –
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Vector WS definition

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-4 Classification of NRG cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class B –
28 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.4.6 Classification of Risø cup anemometer
Risø cup anemometer.

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-5 Classification of Risø cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class A –

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-6 Classification of Risø cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class A –
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 29
RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-7 Classification of Risø cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class B –

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-8 Classification of Risø cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class B –
30 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.4.7 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer
Thies FC cup anemometer.

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-9 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class
A – horizontal wind speed definition

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
A – vector wind speed definition
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 31
THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – horizontal wind speed definition

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – vector wind speed definition
32 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.4.8 Classification of Vaisala cup anemometer
Vaisala cup anemometer.

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-13 Classification of Vaisala cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class
A – horizontal wind speed definition

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
A – vector wind speed definition
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 33
VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – horizontal wind speed definition

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – vector wind speed definition
34 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.4.9 Classification of Vector cup anemometer
Vector cup anemometer.

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-17 Classification of Vector cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class A
– horizontal wind speed definition

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-18 Classification of Vector cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class A
– vector wind speed definition
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 35
VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-19 Classification of Vector cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class B
– horizontal wind speed definition

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
.
0.3
Class 1
Deviations [m/s]
0.2
0.1 Class 2
0 Class 3
-0.1 Class 5
-0.2
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-20 Classification of Vector cup anemometer with IFTC model for Class B
– vector wind speed definition
36 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.5 Classification with Tilt-Response & Torque-
Coefficient Model (TRTC)
five cup anemometers with the TRTC model. The simulations show deviations for
Class A and Class B categories, as well as for horizontal or vector wind speed defini-
tions, and for angular response measurements made by either FOI or DEWI. The
simulations include influence of friction.
4.5.10 Classification of NRG cup anemometer

Figure 4-21 to Figure 4-24 presents simulated deviations with the TRTC model of
the NRG cup anemometer with FOI angular response measurements, and Figure
4-25 to Figure 4-28 presents simulated deviations with DEWI angular response
measurements.
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Horizontal wsp definition
NRG cup anemometer
Model: Tilt-Resp&Torque-Coeff &FOI tilt data
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 2.4
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-21 Classification of NRG cup anemometer with TRTC model for Class A –
horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data (note: friction variations are high
for low wind speeds, see [1])
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Vector wsp definition

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 2.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 37
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Horizontal wsp definition
NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 8.3
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-23 Classification of NRG cup anemometer with TRTC model for Class B –
horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data
Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Vector wsp definition

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 3.0
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

NRG cup anemometer
Model: Tilt-Resp&Torque-Coeff &DEWI tilt data
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 2.4
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data
38 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 2.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 7.7
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 4.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 39
4.5.11 Classification of Risø cup anemometer
the Risø cup anemometer with FOI angular response measurements, and Figure 4-33
to Figure 4-36 presents simulated deviations with DEWI angular response measure-
ments.

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.4
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-29 Classification of Risø cup anemometer with TRTC model for Class A –

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.7
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
40 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 5.1
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-31 Classification of Risø cup anemometer with TRTC model for Class B –

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 9.2
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.9
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 41
RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 2.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 8.0
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 12.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
42 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.5.12 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer
the Thies FC cup anemometer with FOI angular response measurements, and Figure
measurements.

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.8
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-37 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer with TRTC model for
Class A – horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Class A – vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 43
THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 3.8
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Class B – horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 4.4
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Class B – vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.5
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Class A – horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data
44 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 1.9
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Class A – vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 2.9
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Class B – horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 6.3
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Class B – vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 45
4.5.13 Classification of Vaisala cup anemometer
the Vaisala cup anemometer with FOI angular response measurements, and Figure
measurements.

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 2.2
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-45 Classification of Vaisala cup anemometer with TRTC model for Class
A – horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.7
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
A – vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data
46 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6 Class-Index 11.9
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 6.1
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.7
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
A – horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 47
VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 1.2
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
A – vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 5.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data
48 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.5.14 Classification of Vector cup anemometer
the Vector cup anemometer with FOI angular response measurements, and Figure
measurements.

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.8
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-53 Classification of Vector cup anemometer with TRTC model for Class A
– horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
– vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 49
VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 4.5
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-55 Classification of Vector cup anemometer with TRTC model for Class B
– horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 4.0
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
– vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.8
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
– horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data
50 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 1.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
– vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 4.5
0.5
0.4 Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
– horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 4.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
– vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 51
4.6 Classification with Tilt-Response & Torque-
Coefficient Model (TRTC) without friction
five cup anemometers with the TRTC model without influence of friction. Other-
wise, all conditions are the same as in the former chapter.
4.6.15 Classification of NRG cup anemometer without influence of friction

the NRG cup anemometer without influence of friction, and with FOI angular re-
sponse measurements. Figure 4-65 to Figure 4-68 presents simulated deviations with
DEWI angular response measurements.

NRG cup anemometer
Model: Tilt-Resp&Torque-Coeff &FOI tilt data &without friction
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.0
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of friction

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of friction
52 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 8.3
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 2.2
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

NRG cup anemometer
Model: Tilt-Resp&Torque-Coeff &DEWI tilt data &without friction
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.9
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data without influence of friction
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 53
NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 2.1
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data without influence of friction

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 7.7
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

NRG cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 4.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
54 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.6.16 Classification of Risø cup anemometer without influence of friction
the Risø cup anemometer without influence of friction and with FOI angular re-

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.4
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.7
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 55
RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 5.1
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 9.2
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.9
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
56 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 2.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 7.9
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

RIS cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 12.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 57
4.6.17 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer without influence of friction
the Thies FC cup anemometer without influence of friction and with FOI angular
response measurements. Figure 4-81 to Figure 4-84 presents simulated deviations
with DEWI angular response measurements.

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.8
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Class A – horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of
friction

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Class A – vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of friction
58 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 3.8
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-79 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer with TRTC model Class B
– horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of friction

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 4.4
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
– vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of friction

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.5
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-81 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer with TRTC model Class A
– horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data without influence of friction
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 59
THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 1.9
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-82 Classification of Thies FC cup anemometer with TRTC model Class A
– vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data without influence of friction

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 2.9
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

THF cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 6.3
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
60 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.6.18 Classification of Vaisala cup anemometer without influence of friction
the Vaisala cup anemometer without influence of friction and with FOI angular re-

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 2.0
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
A – horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of friction

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.5
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
A – vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of friction
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 61
VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – horizontal wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of friction

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 5.9
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – vector wind speed definition and FOI tilt data without influence of friction

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
A – horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data without influence of friction
62 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 1.1
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
A – vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data without influence of friction

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – horizontal wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data without influence of friction

VAI cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 5.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
B – vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data without influence of friction
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 63
4.6.19 Classification of Vector cup anemometer without influence of friction
the Vector cup anemometer without influence of friction and with FOI angular re-
sponse measurements. Figure 4-97 to Figure 4-100 presents simulated deviations
with DEWI angular response measurements.

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.7
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.5
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
64 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 4.4
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 3.4
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 1.7
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 65
VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 1.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
0.6 Class-Index 4.4
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]

VEC cup anemometer
0.8
0.7
Class-Index 3.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
Class 0.5
Deviations [m/s]
0.3
0.2 Class 1
0.1 Class 2
0
-0.1 Class 3
-0.2 Class 5
-0.3 deviations
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed [m/s]
Figure 4-100 Classification of Vector cup anemometer with TRTC model for Class
B – vector wind speed definition and DEWI tilt data without influence of friction
66 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
4.7 Comparison of Data
Table 4-2 to Table 4-6 summarize the classification indices by the use of the two cup
anemometer models IFTC and TRTC.
Table 4-2 Classification of five cup anemometers according to IEC51400-12-1 using

the IFTC model (without influence of friction)
Classification IEC61400-12-1
Horizontal Vector
wsp definition wsp definition
Cup anemometer Class A Class B Class A Class B
NRG max 40 0.6 7.5 0.5 2.6
Risø P2546 1.3 5.0 1.7 9.2
Thies FC 2.0 3.6 2.1 5.1
Vaisala WAA151 2.4 11.9 2.0 6.6
Vector L100 1.3 4.0 1.1 3.6

the TRTC model with FOI tilt data and with influence of friction
Model: TRTC +FOI tilt response +with friction
Horizontal Vector
NRG max 40 2.4 8.3 2.7 3.0
Risø P2546 1.4 5.1 1.7 9.2
Thies FC 1.8 3.8 1.6 4.4
Vaisala WAA151 2.2 11.9 1.7 6.1
Vector L100 1.8 4.5 1.6 4.0

the TRTC model with FOI tilt data and without influence of friction
Model: TRTC +FOI tilt response +without friction
Horizontal Vector
NRG max 40 1.0 8.3 0.8 2.2
Risø P2546 1.4 5.1 1.7 9.2
Thies FC 1.8 3.8 1.6 4.4
Vaisala WAA151 2.0 11.8 1.5 5.9
Vector L100 1.7 4.4 1.5 3.4
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 67
the TRTC model with DEWI tilt data and with influence of friction
Model: TRTC +DEWI tilt response +with friction
Horizontal Vector
NRG max 40 2.4 7.7 2.8 4.8
Risø P2546 1.9 8.0 2.4 12.0
Thies FC 1.5 2.9 1.9 6.3
Vaisala WAA151 1.7 11.1 1.2 5.5
Vector L100 1.8 4.5 1.7 4.0

the TRTC model with DEWI tilt data and without influence of friction
Model: TRTC +DEWI tilt response +without friction
Horizontal Vector
NRG max 40 1.9 7.7 2.1 4.4
Risø P2546 1.9 7.9 2.4 12.0
Thies FC 1.5 2.9 1.9 6.3
Vaisala WAA151 1.6 11.0 1.1 5.4
Vector L100 1.7 4.4 1.6 3.4
Comparison regarding torque coefficient data

Torque coefficient data are varied in the simulations with use of the IFTC model,
Table 4-2, and the TRTC model without friction, Table 4-4. Comparing only the FOI
data, it is seen that for horizontal wind speed definition the IFTC model predicts
lower class indices. For NRG, VAI and VEC the difference in Class A is 0.4, while
for THF it is 0.2 and for RIS only 0.1. For Class B the difference is 0.8 for NRG, 0.4
for VEC, 0.2 for THF and 0.1 for RIS and VAI.
Comparison regarding angular response variations

Angular response data are varied in the simulations with the TRTC model using data
from FOI or DEWI tilt tests. Looking at the data that includes influence of friction,
shown in Table 4-3 and Table 4-5, and for horizontal wind speed definition, it is seen
that the class indices changes individually for each cup anemometer. Same class in-
dices are seen for the VEC anemometer and for NRG Class A, while for the RIS the
class index increases with 0.5 for Class A and 2.9 for Class B going from FOI to
DEWI tilt data. The THF goes down with 0.3 for Class A and 0.9 for Class B. The
VAI goes down with 0.5 for Class A and 0.8 for Class B.
Comparison regarding friction

Simulations with the TRTC model with or without inclusion of friction are shown in
Table 4-3 and Table 4-4 for FOI angular response data. It is seen that influence of
friction does not seem to change the class indices of the Risø and Thies FC cup ane-
mometers. The VAI and VEC cup anemometer changes 0.1-0.2 when friction influ-
68 RISØ-R-1556(EN)
ence is included, and the NRG changes 0.4-0.5. It should be noted, though, that the
friction measured on the NRG varies quite a bit 40°C, and this explains the differ-
ence, see [1].
5 Conclusions
Five cup anemometers have been assessed and analysed for torque characteristics,
angular response characteristics and friction. The measured characteristics have been
fitted to two different cup anemometer models, the IFTC and TRTC models, which
are presented in detail in [1]. Model calculations were used to simulate responses of
free field operational conditions and to determine systematic deviations from normal
calibration data. The results are shown in graphs of systematic deviations, according
to classification of cup anemometer, annex I and J of the IEC standard on power per-
formance measurements [3].
The results of the classification according to the horizontal wind speed definition of
the NRG cup anemometer in Class A was 0.6-2.4, and in Class B 7.5-8.3. Classifica-
tion of the Risø cup anemometer in Class A was 1.3-1.9, and in Class B 5.0-8.0.
Classification of the Thies FC in Class A was 1.5-1.8, and in Class B 2.9-3.8. Classi-
fication of the Vaisala cup anemometer in Class A was 1.6-2.4, and in Class B 11.0-
11.9. Classification of the Vector cup anemometer in Class A was 1.3-1.8, and in
Class B 4.0-4.5.
6 References
[1] Pedersen, T.F, Dahlberg, J-Å, “ACCUWIND – Methods for Classification of
Cup Anemometers”, Risø-R-1555(EN), May 2006
[2] Mann J “Wind field simulation”, Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 13(4):
269-282, Oct 1998
[3] IEC 61400-12-1, first edition 2005-12, Wind turbines – Part 12-1: “Power
performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines”
[4] Dahlberg, J.-Å., Gustavsson, J., Ronsten, G., Pedersen, T.F., Paulsen, U.S.,
Westermann, D., “Development of a Standardised Cup Anemometer suited
to Wind Energy Applications”, Contract JOR3-CT98-0263, Publishable Fi-
nal Report; June 2001
RISØ-R-1556(EN) 69
Author: Troels Friis Pedersen (Risø), Jan-Åke Dahlberg (FOI), Risø-R-1556(EN)
May 2006
Peter Busche (DEWI)
Title: ACCUWIND - Classification of Five Cup
Anemometers According to IEC61400-12-1
Department: Wind Energy Department
Abstract (max. 2000 char.): ISSN 0106-2840

ISBN 87-550-3516-7
The characteristics of five cup anemometers were
investigated in detail, and data are presented in figures
and tables. The characteristics include: normal wind
tunnel calibrations; angular response measurements at 5,
8 and 11m/s; torque coefficient curve measurements
from combined tilt and ramp-gust tests, torque
coefficient curve measurements for non-tilted conditions; Contract no.:
rotor inertia measurements and measurements of friction
of bearings at temperatures -10°C to 40°C. The
characteristics are fitted to two different time domain cup
Group's own reg. no.:
anemometer models, and simulations of the cup
anemometers are made with artificial wind generators to
make classifications according to annex I and J of the
Sponsorship:
standard IEC 61400-12-1 on power performance
measurements. Results of classification are shown in
graphs of systematic deviations and class index tables.
Cover :
Pages: 70
Tables: 8
References: 4
Risø National Laboratory

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Risø-R-1556(EN)

T.F. Pedersen, J.-Å. Dahlberg,

Risø National Laboratory

2 Cup Anemometer Type Descriptions 5

3 Wind Tunnel and Laboratory Test Results 6

2 Cup Anemometer Type Descriptions

NRG Risø Thies Vaisala Vector

3 Wind Tunnel and Laboratory Test

3.1 Normal WT calibrations

3.1.1 Linear regression results

Tunnel Speed m/s

3.1.2 Typical time traces from the calibrations

Wind Speed m/s

3.2 Angular response measurements by tilt tests at

Tilt tests with P2546-ACCUWIND-1, 050701

Tilt tests with Thies First Class 4.3350.00.000, 050628

Relative Speed 1,00

DEWI tilt test

DEWI tilt test

DEWI tilt test

DEWI tilt test

NRG-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

THF-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

VEC-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

NRG-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

RIS-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

VAI-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

VEC-Normalized Torque Coefficient Cq vs Speed Ratio

Tilt tests with NRG #40, S/N 17306, 050630

Tilt tests with P2546-ACCUWIND-1, 050701

Tilt tests with Vaisala WAA151, 050702

NRG RIS THF VAI VEC

3.6 Measurement of Friction Characteristics

Figure 3-38 Friction of NRG cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by

Figure 3-41 Friction of Thies FC cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by

Friction Vaisala (triangles indicating heating)

Figure 3-42 Friction of Vaisala cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by

Figure 3-43 Friction of Vector cup anemometer measured in climate chamber by

4.1 Classification Ranges

4.2 Cup Anemometer Models and Fitting

4.3 Wind Generation Model

4.4 Classification with Inclined-Flow-Torque-

4.4.5 Classification of NRG cup anemometer

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Horizontal WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Horizontal WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Vector WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Horizontal WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Vector WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Vector WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Horizontal WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Vector WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Vector WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Horizontal WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Vector WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Vector WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Horizontal WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Vector WS definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Vector WS definition

4.5.10 Classification of NRG cup anemometer

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Vector wsp definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Vector wsp definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class A - Horizontal wsp definition

Classification IEC61400-12-1 Class B - Horizontal wsp definition