2 - According to grain size distribution Coarse grained soil SS Fine grained soil Coarse grained soil Fine grained soil Non-cohesive soil Cohesive soil Cohesionless soil C-soil @-soil Cohesion x v Particle size >0.06 mm Permeability Permeable Impermeable Compression [ small , immediate Bigger , slow examples | Gravel — Sand Silt - Clay Scanned with CamScannerPhase Relationships - Soil: is the product of natural weathering of rocks, a a ia If Voids are filled with air only » Fully dry soil If Voids are filled with water only » Fully saturated soil if Voids are filled with airtwater » Partly saturated soil Scanned with CamScanner* Voids ratio:e = * Prosity:n = w Vs Relation betweene &n 3-Phase diagram * Water content : Wz = ee 100 % © Degree of saturation: 5, = tee 100 % Y Fordysol=0& WM =0 > S,=0% & W=0% ~ Forsaturatedsoll, =Vy & Wy = Wy, > 5,=100% & We = Fe « 100% =72? Ye WY \ i poe mee el gy * Aircontent : a, 1 1-5, % * Percentage of air voids: ng = Ge + 100% * Relative density “Density index” :D, = Jp = = a max * € in the loosest state © Cmin ? e inthe densest state © e: natural voids ratio of the soil Scanned with CamScannerUnit weight “Density” ® Bulk unit weight yp == > Fordry soil yg = ae ate a% > Forsaturated soil Ycar ame > Forsubmerged soil yous = wae * Unit weight of solid particles y, = ape — Wear Fa Py Vsat — Yw } Specific gravity of solid particles G, = 7 Yor gm Ib wee Seo Z-o fe Proofs Scanned with CamScannerl+e -itSre, ~ lte Yw ¥ Fordrysoll S,=0 > a= a teey, ¥ Forsaturatedsoil 5,=100% > Year = Mest = sate Yu Scanned with CamScannerExamples 1- Asoil sample has a bulk density of 1.83 s with a water content of 20% and specific gravity of solid particles equals 2.7 Find : a- Voids ratio ef] sr | b- Porosity c- Degree of saturation d- Ory density We e- Saturated density f- Submerged density g- Amount of water to be added per m3 to make it saturated Data Yo = 1.83 “> & We = 20% & Gs =27 Solution Gs+Spee Gs +Gs*We tte Tee Te 93a 2227402, , lte “e=0,77 e 0.77 n= ge ig ARS 7S 2 = 5, = ant 0.701 = 70.1% Put We=0.2 ¥ 4 yq = tte = SR = 1525 : o ut We = x 14We 140.2 Gste 2740.77 *fy = * wv == = Ysat = Tae * tw = a007 Scanned with CamScanner2- Acylindrical soll specimen has a diameter of 5 cm & height of 10 cm. Ins mass equals 400 gm. After drying it in the oven at 105? for about 24s, the mass has reduced to 350 gm. rents 2 tds » Drydensy beacons Vos ato &: watecontent &- Degree of saturation f saturated density Data 185 W=400gm & W,=3509m cm @h = 10cm “5610 = 1963 em? MW, = WW, = 400 — 350 = S0gm 29540601 740.603 «152155 Scanned with CamScannerGrain size distribution = Grain size distribution : is the determination of various sizes of soil particles and their percentages. What is the major factor affecting Fine grained soil properties ? Significance ¥ Used for soil classification. ¥ Amajor factor affecting coarse grained soil properties. © Design of filters. Grain size distribution methods Coarse grained soil Fine grained soil Particle size 0.075 mm Particle size > 0.075 mm Sieve analysis * Dry mechanical analysis" “Wet mechanical analysis Hydrometer analysis i] I. Sieve Analysis * Itisa screening process in which soil partides are separated using a series of sieves. 2 oe Scanned with CamScannerL %P#200> 50% >> Fine grained soil 60 Adjine equation Fp m 0.73 « (L.L.¥% — 20) PutLL_as a percentage (40 -50-__} a” » How to Choose M or 0 « Lisfterarying < 9.75 Organic (0) LE before dring LLafter drying 20 50 100 * werng 2075 Sile(M) we Point in the hatched area » Dual symbol (CL- ML) IL %P #200 < 50% >>>> Coarse grained soil a- 1* letter determination Data: % P#4 and % P #200 % Gravel =%R#4=100-%P RA Gravel %Sand=% 8 4-% P20 C.G.S.| ——No.#4 z Sand % CCS. fraction = % Gravel + % Sand = 100-% P #200 No. #200 F.G.S. % Gravel >%Sand| | % Sand > % Gravel 1 letter = "G" 1° letter ="S" Scanned with CamScannerUnified soil classification system ( USCS ) Major divisions 1- Coarse grained soil 2- Fine grained soll 3- Organic soil 4- Peat Pea ighly organic soil with musty odor , leaves and twigs. Symbols: 2 tetters 1* letter - Main soil type_ Gravel"G* sit"M" Sand"S" Cay"c" 2"* letter : Gradation , Plasticity or secondary soil type. Well graded "W" Low plasticity" L" silt" M4" Poorly graded"P" High plasticity" H™ Gay"c" Data needed - %P#200,%P #4, Cu, Cc LL, Ip Peo C¢=— “Dio = (On? Deg * Dig Scanned with CamScannerExample Astandard Proctor test was carried out ona soil sample. The following results were obtained: [_Bulkeansitye/ma* [358 [271 | aa2 [1.73 T i6a_| L__wews 73 | [ars To iza [202 | Plot the compaction curve Find the maximum dry ee and optimum moisture content Ifthe field density equals 1. 6 , Find the relative compaction. “Solution ae Ya = T+, Bulk densi efm3 | s.7u J a92 [173 T 164 | a Drydensity"tfm3* | 1.47 | 1.56 Plot the relation between water content and dry density. = 1.62 = Yamax = 4 m O.M.C.= 125% “ Compaction curve 8 20 » Scanned with CamScanneraverting snurarenertsncs ___ eee indicates the uniformity andthe range of grain sie distribution [The soils wellgraded "Wi" # ai4 forgravel — Cu >6 for sand + Mone of these conditions isnot satisfied, the scl is poorly graded “>” ‘© From the curve Dyo = particle dlameter at which 10% of soll weight is finer Day = particle dlameter at which 30% of soll weight is finer Hac paieestentiraentiAleO Nir ait se | —————— ete iis = Use LL &ipto gata point onthe chart 1 Effective size “Effevtive diameter” = Diy = reid tCaarrcing tla ee al = Mthe point ies above Aine, the FG.S. mainly consists of Cay °C oun Denpesaneee + Mfthe point ies below Adine, the F.6.S. mainly consists of Sit "MI. ¥ According tothe 8S. Y According to ASTON Scanned with CamScannerExample Assieve analysis test was carried out on a sand sample weighing 1400 gm. The following results were obtained Danetertnm) [3a as] a0 [es pa | oa] 0 [ors Weimreraned em) | 0 [100 | 120 | 330 | 390 | 210 [ 190 | a- Draw the particle size distribution curve b- Find the value of uniformity and curvature coefficients luti Solution Connie Diameter | weevtretaines | weight | rercentage | percemare Imm) tem) retained retained % passing (em) = n . oo | aeeae 3 a 78 zat] see a 0 0 waar | saa za 30 350 was _—[ span ma 26 760 aac | aan a Be 7350 mae [7a ears = 1330 500 | 50 = 70 ‘oo [0.0 | — a0 (PY __ 19 Dio* Deo O22+5 Percentage passing % Scanned with CamScannerB- Cone penetrometer method 1. The cone is released for 5 seconds to penetrate the soil. Sab GAEN yl bad by Aol SUM oy 2. Determine the penetration depth. 3! 581! Gee apad sy 3. Determine the water content for the tested soil. Bk Aiello og si tad Sy 4. Add more water to the soil and repeat the test. SSS el yal dole! ob etal Gd 2s 5. Draw the relation on a semHog graph, with penetration depth (mm) on x-axis (log scale) and the water content on y-axis (arithmetic scale). grLell og sisall 5 GARY Gee Ge ATT pay gly 6. From the chart, get the water content corresponding to 20 mm of Penetration. (jal pa V+ J gti tal og ginal on gh pel Oe Ligid Limit: it Is the water content which allows the cone to penetrate exactly 20 mm during 5 seconds. 50 - Water content 20 - Penetration (mm) Scanned with CamScannereee Astandard Proctor test was carried out on a soil sample. The following results were obtained: [Mass ot container + wetsample"em” [130 [ a27_[a3s [aa | a27_ | [ Massetcontainer+drysampla"gm" | 125 [as [azo [13 | so7_| [tute density efmas | aes [ars [aes [aay | aes | The weight of the container equals 20 gm. G.s. = 2.7 + Plot the compaction curve + Find the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content + Determine the range of water contents for 95 % minimum relative compaction. - Determine the void ratio and degree of saturation at the point of max dry density. - Draw the 0.0% and 5.0 % air woid lines. luti Solution + Plot the compaction curve “ the relation between We and dry density”. Oe ee WwW atte ‘Wet sample “gm * 110 107 115 111 407 ‘Dry sample “gm ~ 105, 38 100 33 ‘a7 ‘Water content "%" 4.76 3.18 15.00, 19.35 22.99 Dry density " t/m3" 1.54 1.60 1.64 157 1.50 Compaction curve + Finding ¥atmay 2nd 0. t Yamax = 1.64 us wer me O.M.C.=15% Scanned with CamScannerDetermining the range of water contents for 95% R.C. 7, R.C.= —fField < 95% aos = Fie yy, 1558-5 ie 1.64 Fletd =a ° Range of water contents = [6.4%-197%] “, 5) wwe - Atthe point of max dry density. a We = 15% Gse27 y= 164 GstS,ee GytOee Gs eee: ape tae, ae 27 Vey = t= 75! » e=0.646 5, = SLM 2 OS 8 0627 = 62.7% is a Drawing the 0.0 %.and 5.0% air void lines. _ G=n)*Gs* tw Compaction curve 1+We «Gs ‘ t i fie Water content ars sas | 1500 | 1935 | 2299 Density" t/m3™ @ na=0.0% 2 216 1.92 Li 167 Density" t/m3™ @ na=5.0% 2.7 206 1.83 1.68 15a Scanned with CamScannermermennapere Asand cone test was performed on a compacted soil.The following results. were obtained : o Weight of excavated soil = 20 Ibs ‘Weight of sand before performing the test = 57 Ibs o o Weight of sand after performing the test = 25 Ibs. o Weight of sand that fill the cone = 18 Ibs ° ‘Unit weight of calibrated sand = 97.3 mz o Water content of excavated soil = 10 % Determine the bulk and dry density of the compacted soil Determine the relative compaction if the lab density was 129.2 Zz » Calculate the saturated moisture content “G.S. = 2.6" Solution » Determining volume of the excavated soil Weight of sand to fill the hole = Weight of sand before the test - Weight of sand atter the test - Weight of sand chat fill the cone vv Weight of sand to fill the hole = 57-25-18 = 14 Ib - Weight ofxand te6tl thebale 14 a Volume of sand to fill the hole aaa Sag ee 0.143884 fr volume of the excavated soil = Volume of sand to fill the hole = 0.143884 ft* = Determining density of the excavated soil w 20 Ib te" "grasa 9 per Yo 139 Ib "Tew eo = 7636 75 om Arial we 183 = oR Cam Eel w SE 0.978 = 97.8% @sr = 0% os 12636 = “5.624 0.284 eT, ae eee oer ‘ yet edt, WEIS _ ee el @S5r = 100% » W, = ¥ == 0.109 = 10.9% Gs 26 Scanned with CamScannerdb q=KiA=Qmershy+Ke= us mg ee [ <-[> Rann oe *f hedh at q q saz arin) ‘You can use the test well as an observation well a) h,=ho & n=% 2, CONFINED FLOW qe KA QnereD)e Kes 1 bn ba "Sef aE ene dh = ECO dh nz 7 4 iz 2 (bh, = hy) [Lnr, = Lae} = Lnglty = Zeke Tt 4 impermeable layer Rock / Very stiffelay Scanned with CamScannerFIELD TESTS = * Constant head *Unconfined flow «Falling head *Confined flow «Slug method * Suitable : above GWT * Suitable : below GWT 1. UNCONFINED FLOW Assumptions ; a) The Flow Is horizontal. b) At any radius, the hydraulic gradient Is equal to the rate of change of plezometrie level with radius “I= 2. Pa ae AU ya pe Bhd Line ap fad | cf sie oe lal ed ale ¢) For steady flow, The flow towards the well “q” is constant for all radi, Permeable layer Impermeabie layer Rock / Very stiff clay Scanned with CamScannerExample A constant head test was carried out ona sand sample of height 200 mm and area of 43 cm, if the head loss equals 0.33 m and the discharged water equals 0.5 Lin 2 minutes. Find the coefficient of permeability. Solution _Q+L _ (5+ 107%) + (200+ 107%) m = ——________* = 0.03156 —— “heAet (48+ 107) «(033) (2) 156 Tin Example Ina falling head test on a clay sample, the initial head loss was 0,78 m and it dropped 21 em In 35 min, The sample height was 20 em and its diameter was 15 cm. The diameter of the standing pipe was 1.5. Calculate the value of the coefficient of permeability of the tested soil. Solution =78en & hy, =78-21=57cm weed? pe hate gaits =1767em? 8 ae hte = 1,767 cm? asLeLn@) 1.7675208 ind) cm - - - 1 Ae(t—h) 176.7 +35 ps Cie ars Scanned with CamScannerExample Sheet piles were driven in a river with water depth equals 4m . The excavation extended 2 m below river bed. The penetration depth of sheet piles was 3 m.if the coefficient of permeability of the soil equals 0.0003 m/s,the voids ratio for the sand layer equals 0.6 and the specific gracity of its solid particles equals 2.7.Find = 1- The discharge flowing through the permeable sand layer 2- The factor of safety against piping Solution Impermeaable layer Sketching the flow net N, =6 Ng =12 6 q = 0.0003 «5556 = 0.0009 = jm? Scanned with CamScannerExample For the shown soil stratification, Water is pumped out of the soil through a well at the rate of 2.2 t/min. The drawdown curve was meted by two Observation wells. pane [eae [were (eee Calculate the coe“ficient of parmeability of the rou Solution q Impermeable layer La) Tyne of flow: Unconfined » K = —s 2 ail a a a Es eeeeense [eee | —b) ee is =oosses Scanned with CamScannerUses of flow net 1- Estimation of seepage losses “q”. a= Ag eNy = KeBhe Ny = Keo Ny 2- Determination of uplift pressure. 3- Checking the possibility of boiling at the exit of dams Check i < tg - Boiling may occur with upward seepage so perform the check at the exit “upward seepa| | Lis the minimum length of a field at the exit the length // Flow direction Lis minimum to eet maximum i Seepage force force _stressearea (ieZepg)eA Votume Foturne Zea Seepage force per unit volume = mist If the seepage force acts vertically "upward", it is resisted by the soil boyant weight “ste oi Boyant weight per unit volume = Try _ Boyant weight per unit votume Yun _ “tw FOS = = = Seepage force perunitrolome i*y, ? Scanned with CamScannerFOS against piping H ah "dy, 6/12 OS P= lets ™ gg = Lae 704385 Yus GS.-L 27-1 lop = = = 10625 Pe he lite 1406 i< ter * no piping ros = fer — 10828 _ 5453 - 04385 For anisotropic soil use Kyqy = JKy* Kz Given:q&H 9 Drawflownet » getNf&Nd » Sub. In equationq = Ks 2 « Ny » Get K Seepage through the dam & the soil: Draw another flow net inside the dam 1 Ny 9 = Gs + Iaam = ron #4 (EL + Kaam +H « (22) f i flaw net dam flow net Increasing No. of flow channels “ Decreasing the fields area“ » Increasing accuracy Nein =5 flow channels Scanned with CamScanner