Outline of galaxies

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to galaxies:

Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.
The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας), literally "milky", a reference to the Milky
Way. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few billion (109) stars to giants with one hundred
trillion (1014) stars, each orbiting its galaxy's center of mass. Galaxies are categorized according to their
visual morphology as elliptical, spiral and irregular. Many galaxies are thought to have black holes at their
active centers.

The Milky Way's central black hole, known as Sagittarius A*, has a mass four million times greater than the
Sun. As of March 2016, GN-z11 is the oldest and most distant observed galaxy with a comoving distance
of 32 billion light-years from Earth, and observed as it existed just 400 million years after the Big Bang.
Previously, as of July 2015, EGSY8p7 was the most distant known galaxy, estimated to have a light travel
distance of 13.2 billion light-years away.

What type of thing are galaxies?

Galaxies can be described as all of the following:

Astronomical object

Types of galaxies
List of galaxies
Lists of galaxies

By morphological classification

Galaxy morphological classification

Disc galaxy
Lenticular galaxy
Barred lenticular galaxy
Unbarred lenticular galaxy
Spiral galaxy   (list)
Anemic galaxy
Barred spiral galaxy
Flocculent spiral galaxy
Grand design spiral galaxy
Intermediate spiral galaxy
Magellanic spiral
Unbarred spiral galaxy
 Dwarf galaxy
Dwarf elliptical galaxy
Dwarf galaxy#Common dwarf galaxy types
Dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Dwarf spiral galaxy
Elliptical galaxy
Type-cD galaxy
Irregular galaxy
Barred irregular galaxy
Peculiar galaxy
Ring galaxy   (list)
Polar-ring galaxy   (list)

By nucleus

Active galactic nucleus

Blazar
Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region
Markarian galaxies
Quasar
Radio galaxy
X-shaped radio galaxy
Polar jet#Relativistic jet
Seyfert galaxy

By emissions
Energetic galaxies
Lyman-alpha emitter
Luminous infrared galaxy
Starburst galaxy
Dwarf galaxy#Blue Compact Dwarf galaxies
Pea galaxy
Hot, dust-obscured galaxies (Hot DOGs)
Low activity
Low-surface-brightness galaxy
 Ultra diffuse galaxy

By interaction
Field galaxy
Galactic tide
Galaxy cloud
Interacting galaxy
Galaxy merger
Jellyfish galaxy
Satellite galaxy
Stellar kinematics#Stellar streams
Superclusters
Galaxy filament
Void galaxy

By other aspect
Galaxies named after people
Largest galaxies
Nearest galaxies

Nature of galaxies

Galactic phenomena
Galactic year – duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the
Milky Way Galaxy.[1]
Galaxy formation and evolution
Galaxy merger
Hubble's Law

Galaxy components
Components of galaxies in general
Active galactic nucleus
Galactic bulge
Galactic disc
Galactic habitable zone
Galactic halo
Dark matter halo
Galactic corona
Galactic magnetic fields
 Galactic plane
Galactic spheroid
Interstellar medium
Spiral arms
Supermassive black hole
Structure of specific galaxies
Milky Way components
Galactic Center
Galactic quadrant
Spiral arms of the Milky Way
Carina–Sagittarius Arm
Norma Arm
Orion Arm
Perseus Arm
Scutum–Centaurus Arm
Galactic ridge

Galactic cartography
Galactic coordinate system
Galactic longitude
Galactic latitude
Galaxy rotation curve

Larger constructs composed of galaxies

Galaxy groups and clusters   (list)
Local Group – galaxy group that includes the Milky Way
Galaxy group
Galaxy cluster
Supercluster   (list)
Brightest cluster galaxy
Fossil galaxy group
Galaxy filament

Intergalactic phenomena
Galactic orientation
Galaxy merger
Andromeda–Milky Way collision
Hypothetical intergalactic phenomena
 Intergalactic travel
Intergalactic dust
Intergalactic stars
Void   (list)

Fields that study galaxies

Astronomy
Galactic astronomy – studies the Milky Way galaxy.
Extragalactic astronomy – studies everything outside the Milky Way galaxy, including
other galaxies.
Astrophysics
Cosmology
Physical cosmology

Galaxy-related publications

Galaxy catalogs
Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies
Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies
David Dunlap Observatory Catalogue
Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database
Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies
Multiwavelength Atlas of Galaxies
Principal Galaxies Catalogue
Shapley-Ames Catalog
Uppsala General Catalogue
Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov Interacting Galaxies

Persons influential in the study of galaxies

Galileo Galilei – discovered that the Milky Way is composed of a huge number of faint
stars.[2][3]
Edwin Hubble

See also
Barred spiral galaxy
Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
Dark galaxy
Faint blue galaxy
Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
 Illustris project
Protogalaxy
Metallicity#Stars
Cosmos Redshift 7
Large quasar group#List of LQGs
List of quasars

References
1. Cosmic Year (http://www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321/astronomy/index.html#cosmicyear) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20140412221436/http://www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321/astronomy/in
dex.html) 2014-04-12 at the Wayback Machine, Fact Guru, University of Ottawa
2. Galileo Galilei, Sidereus Nuncius (Venice, (Italy): Thomas Baglioni, 1610), pages 15 and 16.
(https://archive.org/stream/Sidereusnuncius00Gali#page/n37/mode/2up) English translation:
Galileo Galilei with Edward Stafford Carlos, trans., The Sidereal Messenger (London,
England: Rivingtons, 1880), pages 42 and 43. (https://archive.org/stream/siderealmessenge
80gali#page/42/mode/2up/)
3. O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 2002). "Galileo Galilei" (http://www-gap.dcs.st-a
nd.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html). University of St. Andrews. Retrieved January 8,
2007.

External links
Galaxies (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003c1cn) on In Our Time at the BBC
Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages (https://web.archive.org/web/20150503170253/http://messie
r.seds.org/galaxy.html)
An Atlas of The Universe (https://web.archive.org/web/20150718054637/http://www.atlasofth
euniverse.com/)
Galaxies — Information and amateur observations (https://web.archive.org/web/2015091219
1650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/)
The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found (https://web.archive.org/web/20020213235836/http://science.n
asa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm)
Galaxy classification project, harnessing the power of the internet and the human brain (htt
p://www.galaxyzoo.org/)
How many galaxies are in our Universe? (http://www.physics.org/facts/sand-galaxies.asp)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150821071507/http://www.physics.org/facts/sand-g
alaxies.asp) 2015-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
3-D Video (01:46) – Over a Million Galaxies of Billions of Stars each –
BerkeleyLab/animated. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08LBltePDZw)

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